英國文學史期末復習提綱1.Pre-Historical/Pre-RomanTheislandweknowasEnglandwasoccupiedbyaraceofpeoplecalledtheCelts(凱爾特人).Oneofthetribes（部落）wascalledasBrythonsorBritons（古不列顛人）(wherewegetthetermBritain)2.RomanOccupation（占有期）St.Augustine（奧古斯汀）(the“other”St.Augustine!)landsinKentin597andconverts（轉變）KingAethelbert(kingofKent（肯特）,theoldestSaxonsettlement撒克遜人殖民地)toChristianity（基督教精神，教義）andbecomesfirstArchbishop（大主教）ofCanterbury（坎特博雷地名）.

English=?Celtic（凱爾特人）(from1700or400B.C.to55B.C.)+Latin（拉丁人）(from55B.C.to410A.D.)+German

(from410A.D.to1066A.D.)+French(from1066A.D.to1485A.D.)=OLDENGLISHandMIDDLEENGLISHTheculturalinfluencesThe

Anglo-Saxons（盎格魯撒克遜人）andtheNormans（諾曼人）conquests（征服，戰勝）muchaffectedEngland.Theculturalinfluencesofthesetwoconquestsprovidedthesourceforthe

rise

and

growthofEnglishliterature.Thesetting（環境，設置）andtheherohavenothingtodowithEngland,forthestorytookplaceinScandinavia（斯堪的納維亞）.ThestorydescribesBeowulfinfightingagainstthemonsterGrendel（格倫德爾）,hisrevengeful（有復仇念頭的）motherandafire-breathingdragon.Itisanexampleofthemingling（混合的）ofnaturemyths（神話）andheroiclegends.

Thenationalepicpoem（民族史詩）

OftheAnglo-Saxons貝奧武夫BeowulfTheOldEnglishPoetryThethemesofBeowulfThefirstBritishnationalepic（民族史詩）;ItisthestoryofaScandinavianwarrior（戰士）orknight（丹麥人）whocomestohelpaneighboringtribe（部落）,theDanes,whoarebeingattackedbyamonster.Thepoempresentsavividpictureofhowtheprimitivepeople（原始人）wageheroicstrugglesagainstthehostileforces（敵對勢力）ofthenaturalworldunderawiseandmighty（很，非常）leader.Thepoemmingles（混合）naturemyths（自然神話）andheroiclegends.

Itreflects（反射）aheroicage.TheCanterburyTales（坎特伯雷故事集）GeoffreyChaucer（杰弗里喬叟）andhisworks-Chaucer’smasterpiece（杰作）-Inthisnovel,hepresentedtousacomprehensiverealisticpictureoftheEnglishSocietyofhistimeandcreatedcharactersfromAllwalks行業

oflife.TheCanterburyTalesIt’sinlustyhumor

andmanyothermoodsandstyles.Thekindsofpeoplethebookinvolvedinaresomanythatitgivesacross-section(代表性)ofmedievallife.中世紀

Renaissance（文藝復興）

referstotheperiodbetweenthe14thandmid-17th

centuries.Itmarksatransition（過渡，轉變）fromthemedieval（中世紀的）tothemodernworld.

ItstartedinItalywiththefloweringofpainting,sculpture（雕塑）andliterature,andthenspreadtotherestofEurope.TheRenaissancemeansrebirth

orrevival復興.

Humanism（人道主義）theessenceof（真髓）theRenaissance;Manisthemeasureofallthings.

（人是萬物之靈）humanistsnotonlysawtheartsofsplendor（光彩）andenlightenment（啟迪）,butthehumanvaluesrepresentedinworks;Humanbeingswereglorious（光榮的）creaturescapableof可以…的individualdevelopmentforperfection.(2)PoetryandpoeticdramawerethemostoutstandingliteraryformsandtheywerecarriedonespeciallybyShakespeareandBenJonson（本瓊生）.(3)Therealmainstream（主流）oftheEnglishRenaissance（文藝復興）istheElizabethan（伊麗莎白）drama.

TheachievementsofChristopherMarlowe（克里斯托弗馬洛）inLiteratureChristopherMarlowe’s

Dr.Faustus

（浮士德）

Sonnet（十四行詩）18ShallⅠcomparethee（你）toaSummer’sday

?Thou（你）artmorelovelyandmoretemperate.Roughwindsdoshakethedarlingbuds（芽）ofMay.AndSummer’slease（租約）hath（有）alltooshortadate.Sonnet18In“Sonnet18”,Shakespearehasaprofound（）深厚的）meditation（冥想，深思）onthedestructivepower（破壞力）oftimeandtheeternal（永恒的）andbeautybroughtforth向外bypoetrytotheoneheloves.Shakespeare’sFourTragedies(1)Hamlet(2)Othello(3)KingLear(4)MacbethTheMerchantofVenice（威尼斯商人）TheMerchantofVenice

asasatire（諷刺）ofthehypocrisy（虛偽）ofChristiansandtheirfalsestandardsoffriendshipandlove,theircunning（狡猾的）waysofpursuing（追求）worldliness（物質）andtheirunreasoning（不合理的）prejudice偏見againstJews（猶太人）.RomeoandJulietInRomeoandJuliet,Shakespeareeulogizes（頌揚）

thefaithfulness（忠誠）oflovethespiritofpursuing（追求）happinessOfStudies讀書論“OfStudies”isthemostpopularofBacon’s（培根）58essays.Itanalyzesthemainfunctions（主要功能）ofstudies,thedifferentwaysadopted（采用）bydifferentpeopletopursue（繼續，從事）studies,andhowstudiesexert（發揮）influenceoverhumancharacter.Beingforceful（強有力的）andpersuasive（有說服力的）,compact（緊湊的）andprecise（嚴格的）,“OfStudies”reveals（揭示）tousBacon’smatureattitudetowardslearning.OfStudiesSomebooksaretobetasted,otherstobeswallowed,andsomefewtobechewedanddigested;thatis,somebooksaretobereadonlyinparts;otherstoberead,butnotcuriously;andsomefewtobereadwholly,andwithdiligenceandattention.

JohnDonne(1572—1631)約翰多恩

HewasthefounderoftheMetaphysicalschoolofpoetry.形而上學Literaryworks：Donnewrotealargenumberofpoems.TheElegiesandSatires,TheSongsandSonnets挽歌與十四行詩詩歌與十四行詩DonneisbestknownbyhisTheSongsandSonnets.ParadiseLost失樂園約翰彌爾頓It’salong

epic史詩in12books12卷,writteninblankverse素體詩無韻詩.ParadiseLostisthegreatest,theonlygenerallyacknowledged

epic被公認的史詩

inEnglishliteraturesinceBeowulf;plainEnglishandclassicalLatin-stately,sonorous(響亮的;洪亮的;感人的),andyetessentiallysimple.莊嚴的、響亮的,但本質上是簡單的Itisthe“grand”style.宏偉的JohnMilton’sstyle約翰·彌爾頓JohnBunyan:aPuritanpoet約翰·班揚:清教徒詩人HisWorks:1.GraceAboundingtotheChiefofSinner

(writteninprison)《罪人受恩記》《功德無量》2.Pilgrim’sProgress(masterpiece)杰作《天路歷程》Analysis:

ThePilgrim’sProgress1.ThePilgrim’sProgressisareligiousallegory.寓言2.Thoughanallegory,itscharactersimpressthereaderlikerealpersons.(2)ThemovementwasafurtheranceoftheRenaissanceofthefifteenthandsixteenthcenturies.(1)TheEnlightenmentMovementwasaprogressiveintellectualmovementwhichflourishedinFranceandsweptthroughthewholeWesternEuropeatthetime.啟蒙運動是進步的知識分子在法國運動蓬勃發展又席卷整個西歐。TheMasterpiecesofDanielDefoe

丹尼爾·笛福的杰作RobinsonCrusoe

(1719MollFlanders

(1722)摩爾·弗蘭德斯Thecharacteristicsofthestyleandlanguage

◆detaileddescription;◆simpleeverydayEnglish;◆journalisticlanguage新聞語言TheContributionsofAlexanderPope

亞歷山大·蒲柏

(1)ArepresentativeoftheEnlightenment.(2)OneofthefirsttointroducerationalismtoEngland理性主義LyricalBallads抒情詩集1.WrittenbyWordsworthandColeridge；華茲華斯和柯勒律治2.ThecollectionofpoetrythatmarkedthebeginningoftheRomanticperiodTheFeaturesofRomanticPoetry(1)Romanticspoetryisfreefromallrules.Theyturnedtothehumblepeople卑微andthecommoneverydaylifeforsubjectsandemployedthecommonplace,thenatural,andthesimpleastheirpoeticmaterials.采用司空見慣,自然,簡單,他們的詩歌材料(2)Romanticswritersarealwaysseekingfor

theAbsolute,theIdealthroughthetranscendenceoftheactual.Theymadeboldexperimentsinpoeticlanguage,versificationanddesign,andconstructedavarietyofformsonoriginalprinciplesof

organizationandstyle.浪漫主義作家總是尋求絕對的理想通過超越實際。他們大膽的實驗作詩,詩歌語言設計和建造各種各樣的原始形式的原則組織和風格。(3)Romanticpoetryistheflowof

imagination,spontaneityand

powerfulfeelings.Forexample,Wordsworth’sversesareaboutcountryscenesandcountrypeople.Theyareoftenwritteninplainlanguagebutsomepoems’styleiscomplexasshowninhisrepresentativepoemsLinesComposedaFewMilesAboveTinternAbbeyand

IWonderedlonelyasaCloud.Wordsworth華茲華斯Hisversesareaboutcountryscenesandcountrypeople.Oftenwritteninplainlanguagebutsomepoems’styleiscomplex.Representativeworks:LinesComposedaFewMilesAboveTinternAbbeyand

IWonderedlonelyasaCloud.

LinesComposedaFewMilesAboveTinternAbbey《廳特恩教堂》IWonderedLonely

asaCloud《我如行云獨自游》

SamuelTaylorColeridge

(1772-1834)塞繆爾?泰勒?柯勒律治LordByron’sworks拜倫勛爵ChildeHarold’sPilgrimage

《恰爾德哈洛爾德游記》DonJuan《唐璜》(諷刺長詩)ThePrisonerofChillon

《錫庸的囚徒》SheWalksinBeauty.

(shortpoem)PercyByssheShelley

(1792-1822)

波比·雪萊

Pointsofview:thedutyofpoet:toennoble

humanityLyrics抒情詩(lovelymusicalquality)

“OdetotheWestWind”

《西風頌》

“ToaSkylark”

《致云雀》Drama:PrometheusUnbound(1820)

《解放的普羅米修斯》OdetotheWestWind5Scatter,is

fromanunextinguishedhearth

Ashesandsparks,mywordsamongmankind!

BethroughmylipstounawakenedearthThetrumpetofaprophecy!OWind,

IfWintercomes,canSpringbefarbehind?JaneAusten簡·奧斯丁JaneAustenwasamajorEnglishnovelist,whosebrilliantlywitty,elegantlystructuredsatiricalfictionmarksthetransitioninEnglishliterature出色的智慧,優雅的結構化的諷刺小說是英國文學的轉型代表作品SenseandSensibility,1811《理智與情感》PrideandPrejudice,1813《傲慢與偏見》OriginsofPrideandPrejudicePublishedin1813butbegunin1796Originaltitle,FirstImpressionsPrideandPrejudiceremainsconsistentlyAusten’smostwell-readandpopularnovel45VictorianLiterature維多利亞時代的文學EnglishCriticalRealism

英國批判現實主義ThemostimportantintheVictorianAge

Typicalcharactersunderthetypicalcircumstances.典型環境下的典型人物。WhatisCriticalRealism?批判現實主義TheGenres流派ofVictorianLiteratureThenovel

becamethemostwidelyreadandthemostvitalandchallengingexpressionofprogressivethought.

CharlesDickens,查爾斯?狄更斯

WilliamMakepeaceThackeray,威廉?雷先生致敬CharlotteBronte,夏洛特·勃朗特,EmilyBronte艾米莉。勃朗特CharlesDickens’sNovels查爾斯?狄更斯

《大衛·科波菲爾》（DavidCopperfield

）(1849-1850)

《雙城記》（ATaleofTwoCities

）(1859)WilliamMakepeaceThackeray

威廉?雷先生致敬Englishjournalist,novelist,famousforhisnovelVanityFair名利場(1847-48),ataleoftwomiddle-classLondonfamilies.MostofThackeray'smajornovelswerepublishedasmonthlyserials.CharlotteB