Unit9PROCESS主講人：徐西雨關清源孟康杜文旺Part1Warm-upActivties1.Assemblysequenceofaprefabricatedbuilding.按順序裝配的預制建筑。Thesequenceisdividedintofourstagesorphases:這個順序劃分為四個階段或部分：Groundisexcavated挖掘地基Concretefoundationsareconstructed混凝土基礎構造Columnbaseplatesarefixed柱形基礎板固定Steelcolumnsareerected樹立鋼柱Phase1

First,thegroundisexcavated.Then,theconcretefoundationsareconstructed.Later,thecolumnbaseplatesarefixed.Finally,thesteelcolumnsareerected.

首先，挖掘地基。然后，搭建混凝土基礎構造。之后，確定柱形基礎板。最后，樹立鋼柱。Phase2Roofdeckingisputinplace屋頂裝飾Upperfloorsteelcolumnsareerected樓上樹立鋼柱Concretefloorslabsareputinplace澆制混凝土樓板Beamsandbracingarefixed固定梁和支撐結構

Nowlookatthedrawingsofthenextthreestagesandmakestatementsaboutthesequenceofeventsinphases2,3and4.現在看看接下來三個階段的圖紙和在2,3,4部分關于項目順序的說明。Weatherproofroofmembraneislaid鋪設防風雨的屋頂防水層Balustradefixingplatesarefixed固定欄桿固定板Comerunitsareerected樹立邊角構件Horizontalcladdingpanelsarefixed固定水平電鍍板Verticalcladdingpanelsarefixed固定垂直覆蓋層板Suspendedceilingsarefixed固定吊頂Partitionsareerected劃分區域Servicesareinstalledintheceilingvoid在吊頂空間安裝服務Floorfinishesarelaid鋪設地板Buildingisdecorated建筑裝飾Phase3Phase43.Identifythepartofthebuildingorthephaseofassemblysequencedescribedinthesesentences:確定建筑物的一部分或這些句子中描述裝配順序的階段：a)Thiscannotbeputinplaceuntiltheupperfloorsteelcolumnshavebeenerected.這個不能到位，知道樓上樹立好鋼柱。b)Beforefixingthese,theworkmenerectthecornerunits.在解決這些之前，工人們建造角落單位。c)Duringthisphasethebeamsandbracingarefixed.在這個階段，梁和支撐是固定的。d)Theworkmenfixtheseafterconstructingtheconcretefoundations.工人們將在之后澆筑混凝土基礎。e)Theelectricwiringisinstalledduringthisphase.在這個階段安裝電線。f)Whenthebalustradefixingplateshavefixed,theworkmencanstartlayingthis.在欄桿固定桿固定后，工人們開始鋪設。Part2Controlled1.Lookatthistimescheduleofabuildingproject:看一個建筑項目的時間表：50%32%18%1.foreman工頭-------------------------supervision監督管理2.labourers勞工------------------------doingmanualwork做體力勞動3.machinedrivers機械工人----------excavatingground挖掘土地4.steelerectors鋼結構安裝工-------erectingsteelwork安裝鋼結構5.bricklayers磚瓦匠-------------------buildingbrickwork砌筑磚墻6.plumbers水管工---------------------installationofpipeworkandsanitaryfittings

管道工程與潔具安裝7.joiners連接工------------------------manufactureofdoors,windows,screens

制作門，窗，屏幕等8.carpenters木匠-----------------------fixingoffloorjoists,rooftimbers,doors,windows

安裝地板托梁，屋頂木材，門，窗等9.roofingcontractor屋面承包方-----layingroofcovering鋪設屋面覆蓋層10.claddingfixers包層調停者-------fixingcladding固定維修包層11.heatingcontractor加熱承包商----installationofheatingequipment

安裝加熱設備12.electricians電工---------------------installationofelectricalequipment電氣設備安裝13.glaziers裝玻璃工人----------------puttinginglazing安裝玻璃14.decorators室內裝潢師-------------decoratingbuilding建筑裝潢相關詞匯：Manager經理Projectmanager項目經理Residentconstructionmanager駐工地總代表Constructionsuperintendent工地主任Controllerstaffmember管理員，職員Engineer工程師Technician技術員Economist經濟員Supervisor檢查員Foreman工長Worker工人Civilengineering土建工程Chemicalengineering化工工程Process工藝Mechanicalequipment機械設備Electrical電氣Instrumentation儀表Piping管道Welding焊接Furnace筑爐Building建筑Corrosionprevention防腐Thermal-insulation保溫Heating-ventilation采暖通風Qualitycontrol質量管理Mechanic機械工Electrician電工Pipelayer管工Welder焊工Carpenter木工Turner車工Blacksmith鐵工Builder建筑工人Erector安裝工人Riveter鉚工Rigger起重工Concreteworker混凝土工Engine-driver司機Repairworker維修工Piling打樁Civilengineering土建工程Mechanicalerection機械安裝Piping配管Electrical電氣Instrumentation儀表Paintingandinsulationwork油漆和保溫絕緣工作Cracker裂解器Crackingfurnace裂解爐Heatingfurnace加熱爐Reactor反應器Mixer攪拌器Centrifuge離心機Belt-conveyer皮帶輸送機Cooler冷凝器Condenser冷凝器Separator分離器Boiler鍋爐Generator發生器Scrubber洗滌器Stripper汽提器Heatexchanger熱交換器Installing安裝Checking檢查Aligning找正Leveling找平Purging清洗Sitelabor(網站勞動)

Thetwomostimportantmenonaconstructionsitearethecontractor’sagentandthenavy.在建筑工地最重要的兩個人物是承包者代理人和工人。Theagentisimportantbecauseheactsforthecontractorandhastheauthorityofthecontractoronthesite.代理很重要，因為他對承包商的行為具有對網站的權威。Thenavyisimportantbecausehe,withperhapshundredsofothernavies,doesmostofthework.工人的工作很重要是因為他們也許要作大部分的工作。Comparedwiththesetwo,althoughnocivilengineerwillhappilyadmitit,theresidentengineercomesthird,forwithouthimtheworkwouldbecompletedintime,thoughperhapsbadlyandathighcosttotheclient.相比這兩個，雖然公務員工程師不會意承認它，駐地工程師排為第三，但是沒有他的工作不會及時完成的，而且會花費成本很高。Part5ExtensiveReading關Mostofthecivilengineeringdesignhasbeendonebythetimethecontracthasbeensigned,andthecontractorisboundbytofollowthedesignasitislaiddowninthedrawings,thoughnormallynocontractisleftwithoutthesupervisionofaresidentengineeroratleastofaclerkoftheworksoracivilengineeringinspector.最重要的土木工程設計已完成，合同已經簽訂，和承包商勢必按照設計圖紙，規定雖然通常沒有合同沒有監管的駐地工程師但是至少有名文員工程或土建工程督察。

Betweentheagentandthenavytherearemanyothermenwhoorganizethework,helpittogosmoothly,seetothearrivaloftheessentialmaterials,checktheirqualityandhelptogetthecontractfinishedontime.代理和工人之間有許多其他的人安排工作來幫助它順利進行，等到材料到來，檢查它們的質量并且幫助按時完成合同。Thechiefoftheseisthegeneralforeman,amanwhohasworkedformanyyearsonconstructionsites,eitherasanavyandthenasagangerinchargeofagroup(gang)ofnavies,ormoreusually,asatradesmanandthenaforemanofhistrade.這些主要是一般的工頭，待在建筑工程很多年，無論是掌管一個團體的領班，或者更經常的是作為一個貿易商。

“Tradesman”incivilengineeringorbuildingisthenamegiventomasons,bricklayers,carpenters,plasterers,mechanicalfittersandotherswhodoaspecialkindofworkwiththeirhands(atrade). 土木工程或建設中的"商人"是工作的給泥瓦匠、泥瓦匠、木匠、泥水匠、機械鉗工和別人做一種特殊稱呼，用他們雙手進行貿易的名稱。

Thecriticaltradeincivilengineeringisusuallycarpentrybecausethecarpentersbuildtheconcreteformwork,andtheforemancarpentersetsouttheformworkforthemandoftenalsosetsoutfortheothertrades.土建工程的關鍵貿易通常是木工，因為木匠建造混凝土模板，木工經常為自己或者其他行業設置了模板。Ifthesettingoutisnotwellaheadofitstime,theconcreteformworkislikelytobedelayed,withseriousconsequencesfortheprogressofthejob.如果設置了不使他們提前，混凝土模板很可能收到延誤，對作業的進度會造成嚴重后果。Settingoutmeansmarkingouttheworkonthegroundoronthestructure,toensurethatitisproperlyplaced.如果設置了不使他們提前，混凝土模板很可能收到延誤，對作業的進度會造成嚴重后果。Acivilengineerusuallysetsoutthemainlocationofthebuilding,andtiesitinwithhissurveyinginstrumentstolocalsurveymonuments.設定出裝置標示出在地面上或結構上的工作，以確保它是正確放置。一名土木工程師通常設置了主要位置的建筑，以及與配合他測量儀器對當地調查紀念碑。

Sincenaviesdotheconcretinganddiggingwhichareessentialtomostfoundationwork,andfoundationsarethefirstworkafterthedemolitionandsiteclearance,naviesareusuallythefirstmenemployedonabuildingsite.由于工人做混凝土和挖掘都是最基礎的工作，基礎是必不可少的，第一個工作的拆除和場地清理后，工人通常是該建筑工地上的第一個男性員工。Thereisanaturalsequenceofconstructionwhichisthesameformostbuildings,andforthisreason,thetradescomeonetoasiteusuallyinthesamesequence,fromonestructuretothenext.這是大多數建筑的一個自然的建筑順序，因為這個原因，工地上通常用同一個順序進行施工，從結構到下一個。孟Thissequenceisshownbytheorderinwhichthetradesareprintedinthebillofquantities.這個序列在工程量清單中表明輸出的交易。Itisimportanttoadoptoneparticularsequencebecauseinthatwaythewriterofthebillcanbesurethathehasforgottennothing.只有通過這種方式，筆者比爾可以肯定他有忘記什么。Thereare(1)demolitionandshoring,(2)earthwork,(3)piling,(4)concreting,(5)precastconcreteandhollowfloors,(6)brickworkandpartitions,(7)drainageandsewage,(8)asphalt,(9)paving,(10)masonry,(11)roofing,(12)timberandhardware,(13)structuralsteelwork(1)拆除支撐，(2)土方工程，(3)打樁，(4)澆筑混凝土，(5)預制混凝土空心樓板，(6)砌磚和分區，(7)排水和污水處理，(8)瀝青，(9)鋪路，(10)砌筑，(11)屋面，(12)木材和硬件，(13)鋼結構(14)metalwork,(15)plastering,walltilingandterrazzo,(16)sheetmetal,(17)rainwaterguttersanddown-pipes,(18)cold-watersupplyand-sanitaryplumbing,(19)hot-watersupply,(20)gasandwatermains,(21)heating,(22)ventilating,(23)electrical,(24)glazing,(25)painting,(26)specialistwork.(14)金屬制品，(15)抹灰，外墻瓷磚和水磨石，(16)金屬板，(17)雨水天溝及落水管，(18)冷水供應和衛生管道，(19)熱水供應，(20)煤氣和水管，、(21)采暖、(22)通風、(23)電氣、(24)玻璃、(25)噴漆、(26)專家的工作。Toactfor...代表。。。辦事Tobeboundby理應，必須Withseriousconsequences帶來嚴重的后果Site工地，場所Contractor合同者，承包者Navy壯工Authority政權，授權，權威Resident居住的，居民Client工程委托人，甲方代表Bind捆，扎，約束Laydown施工Drawing圖樣，素描Supervision監督，管理Inspector檢查者，監察者Tradesman受益人，工匠Foreman工頭Mason石工Bricklayer磚工，瓦工Carpenter木工Plasterer抹灰工Mechanical機械的Fitter裝配工，鉗工Form模板Demolition拆遷Shoring支撐，加固Pilling打樁，堆積Concreting澆灌混凝土Brickwork磚房，磚砌（體）Partition隔墻，隔板，隔開，分隔Drainage排水，排水設備，排水法Sewage污水處理Asphalt瀝青，柏油Paving鋪路，鋪平Hardware五金，金屬制零件Metalwork金屬制造Plastering抹灰Terrazzo水磨石Gutter雨水槽Sanitary衛生的，關于環境衛生的Plumbing管子工程Heating加熱，供熱Ventilating通風Glazing尤其Painting上漆Setout防放線ManpowerPlanningForProjectSitelabormustbeactivelymanaged.Planningaconstructionprojectmeansnotonlydecidingwhatistobedone,butwhowilldoitandwhen.現場勞動必須積極管理，規劃建設項目不僅要決定要做什么，而且要決定由誰在什么時間做什么。Themanagerhastoforecastprojectmanpowerrequirements,takingintoaccounttheavailabilityofvariouskindsoflabor(includingsub-contractlabor).經理對項目的人力需求預測，考慮到各種勞動力的可用性（包括分包勞動）。Theyneedtoavoidsharpfluctuationsinmanninglevelsandtheoverallresourcepatternfortheproject.他們需要避免人員配備的大幅波動以及項目的總體資源模式。

Evenwhenunemploymentishigh,certaintypesoflabormaybeinshortsupplyandthefirmmayhavetotrainpeopletomeetitsneeds.即使失業率很高，某些類型的勞動力可能會供不應求，所以公司不得不培訓人們以滿足其需求。Ashortageinjustonetradeoroccupationmaymakenonsenseofacontractprogramandaddconsiderablytotheprojectduration.僅有一個貿易或職業的缺失就可能使合同毫無意義，而且將大大增加項目的持續時間。Recognizingsuchproblemsattheoutsetcanleadtobetterbalancingofworkandreducepeakmanpowerneeds.認識到這些問題在一開始就可以更好的平衡工作和降低峰值的人力需求。Sitelaborshouldbebuiltupandrundowninaplannedway,avoidingsuddenchangesinthenumbersofeachtradeonsite.工地的勞動力應有計劃的建立和運行，避免在站點上的每一個交易的數量突然變化。Thismeansschedulingprojectactivitiessothatcumulativeneedsdonotexceedthelaboravailableanddonotfluctuatetoomuch.這意味著安排項目活動，累積的需求不超過可用的勞動力以及不太多的波動。Manpowerplanningwillnotguaranteehighproductivityorgoodlaborrelations,butitsabsencecanleadtopoorperformanceandstrainedrelations.人力資源規劃不能保證高生產率和良好的勞動關系，但它的缺失會導致不良的表現和緊張的關系。

Amanningcurveisausefulwaytosummarizelaborrequirementsandhighlightproblem.曼寧曲線是一個有用的發法去總結勞動需求和高亮度的問題.Itiscompiledbycombiningthelaborrequirementsforeachtrade.結合編制勞動要求的每個貿易.Thechartcanbeusedtobalancepeakdemandandtorecordnumbersofemployeesusedtodate.圖表可以用來平衡需求高峰期，并記錄員工使用的日期。Itshowstherateofbuild-uporrun-downoflaborandanycorrectionneededtokeeponschedule.它顯示了建立或運行下來的勞動和任何糾正需要保持在時間表上。Inthecurve,theinformationisobtainedfromanetworkanalysisandshowsmanningcurvesbasedontheearliestandlateststartsforeachactivityontheprogram.在曲線中，信息是從一個網絡分析和顯示曼寧基于最早、最遲開始在程序的各個活動曲線。旺Themanpowerbuild-upfortheearlieststartcurveishigh.最早開始曲線的人力積聚是很高.Itemphasizesthatwhentoomanypeoplearetakenonatonce,supervisorsbecomeoverloadedandproductivitycanbedifficulttosustain.它強調，當太多的人被同時使用，主管會變得超載和生產力難以維持。Toosteepadescentattheendoftheprojectalsocausesproblems.太過急劇的下降，在項目結束時也會導致問題。Contractorsoftendothistorecoverfromdelays,buttheusualresultistoovershootthecompletiondate,withlaborremainingonsite,tidyinguplooseendsandwindingdownlongafterworkshouldhavefinished.承包商經常會這樣恢復延遲，但通常的結果是超過完成的日期，現場剩余勞動，整理瑣碎的收尾工作要很久以后才能完成。Properlyupdatedmanningcurvescanshowupearlysignsofunder-manning,indicatingtheneedforareviewofthecontractprogramorachangeinrecruitingprocedure,Buttheycannoteasilybeusedtoshowtheeffectsofvariationsoradditionalworkandareonlyasaccurateastheestimatesoflaboroutputsandlaboravailabilityonwhichtheyarebased.正確的更新曼寧曲線可顯示早期跡象，說明合同的程序或在招聘程序改變審查的要求，但他們不能很容易地使用T顯示的變化或額外的工作的影響，只是作為勞動力輸出的估計和勞動力的可用