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感謝您的下載，特贈送精品文章《企業(yè)管理的五大核心》祝您生意興隆，事業(yè)高攀。

企業(yè)管理的五大核心

在企業(yè)成長的過程中，要把企業(yè)做大和做強(qiáng)，探究其意義，是一個過程，其間每個階段所面臨的不同問題賦予了企業(yè)成長過程中不同的意義。必須不斷提升企業(yè)的內(nèi)在素質(zhì)，形成企業(yè)管理的五大核心能力，才能在成長的道路上走的四平八穩(wěn)。

文化管理

文化是企業(yè)全體員工一致的價值觀念和行為準(zhǔn)則，企業(yè)文化決定了企業(yè)的內(nèi)部凝聚力和外部感染力。文化和理念是企業(yè)經(jīng)營的基本思想，在持續(xù)經(jīng)營和長期發(fā)展過程中，是打造優(yōu)秀團(tuán)隊的堅實(shí)向心力。

流程管理

提高企業(yè)效率的關(guān)鍵是流程，實(shí)現(xiàn)流程管理需要改變傳統(tǒng)管理的一些習(xí)慣。

1.打破職能習(xí)慣：大家都只關(guān)注部門的職能完成程度和垂直性的管理控制，部門之間的職能行為往往缺少完整有機(jī)的聯(lián)系，由此導(dǎo)致企業(yè)總體效率下降。因此，必須打破職能區(qū)隔習(xí)慣。

2.培養(yǎng)系統(tǒng)思維習(xí)慣：將企業(yè)的行為視為一個流程集合，對這個集合進(jìn)行管理和控制，強(qiáng)調(diào)全過程的協(xié)調(diào)及目標(biāo)化。每一件工作都是流程的一部分，是流程的節(jié)點(diǎn)，它的完成必須滿足整個流程的時間要求，時間是整個流程中最重要的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)之一。學(xué)會運(yùn)用思維調(diào)理工作排序，安排合理的時間進(jìn)程，限定目標(biāo)數(shù)量以及完成時間，這樣才能高效的完成工作。

制度管理

從員工來看，制度管理就是一只無形的手，約束他們的行為，若有違反便會受到處罰；另一方面，員工對這種約束制度并不是特別抵觸，制度實(shí)行好會給日常工作帶來便利，如果實(shí)行了不適合或者過多強(qiáng)制性的制度那就反其道而行。

從管理者的角度，制度對員工的約束不能過緊，否則會如強(qiáng)制性制度那樣壓榨員工，使員工心存不滿。所以管理者不能把員工當(dāng)作接收工作的機(jī)器，必須在執(zhí)行規(guī)范管理制度下，充分發(fā)揮其主觀能動性。不是每個制度都適用于所有企業(yè)，找到適合自己公司體系的制度才是根本。

組織管理

權(quán)力與責(zé)任一直是管理中需要平衡的兩個方面，讓這兩個方面處于平衡狀態(tài)是組織管理要解決的問題。

1.指揮統(tǒng)一：一個人只能夠有一個直接上司。

2.管理幅度：有效的管理幅度是6-10個人。

3.分工：根據(jù)權(quán)責(zé)和專業(yè)化來進(jìn)行橫向與縱向分工。

4.部門化：把分工所產(chǎn)生的同一專業(yè)的員工集合于一個部門內(nèi)，由一個經(jīng)理來領(lǐng)導(dǎo)并加以協(xié)調(diào)。

組織設(shè)計的原則是想平衡權(quán)力和責(zé)任兩者之間的關(guān)系。因此實(shí)現(xiàn)組織管理需要兩個條件：專業(yè)化與分權(quán)。

專業(yè)化：所謂專業(yè)化是個人具有哪一塊專業(yè)領(lǐng)域的技能知識，在哪些方面經(jīng)驗豐富，讓這一類人就負(fù)責(zé)管理那個部門的工作。這樣一來專人管理專事，才能有效率有質(zhì)量的完成工作。分權(quán)：什么樣的權(quán)利就做什么樣的事，負(fù)責(zé)好自己范圍內(nèi)的事情。這樣有條有理，但是某些領(lǐng)導(dǎo)喜歡越過自己的權(quán)限領(lǐng)域，不去發(fā)揮自己的專項，而是喜歡涉及其他領(lǐng)域。利用自己的職務(wù)權(quán)利做出一些指令，其后果卻是導(dǎo)致其他人無法很好地完成工作，還會由于自己的不專業(yè)引來一些不必要的事端和問題。放權(quán)：作為領(lǐng)導(dǎo)和企業(yè)高層來講如果不舍得放權(quán)，自己只能越來越累，而且整個公司的業(yè)務(wù)也會進(jìn)展很緩慢。因為所有人都要排著隊等著你一個人的抉擇信息。放權(quán)讓下屬大膽的發(fā)揮所長，這樣不但會得到尊重，而且領(lǐng)導(dǎo)層也會輕松，工作進(jìn)展速度也會快，不然你請他來干什么呢？流水線的機(jī)器？還是遙控器？你負(fù)責(zé)按按鈕他換臺。

計劃管理無計劃不成序，計劃管理要解決的是目標(biāo)和資源之間關(guān)系是否匹配的問題。因此，計劃管理由三個關(guān)鍵元素構(gòu)成，目標(biāo)、資源和兩者的匹配關(guān)系。目標(biāo)為基點(diǎn)：目標(biāo)管理的實(shí)現(xiàn)需要三個條件，1.高層強(qiáng)有力的支持；2.目標(biāo)要能夠檢驗；3.目標(biāo)要經(jīng)過高層管理者的確認(rèn)。

資源為對象：很多人通常會以為目標(biāo)是計劃管理的對象，其實(shí)計劃管理的對象是資源，資源是目標(biāo)實(shí)現(xiàn)的條件，要實(shí)現(xiàn)計劃，唯一的辦法是獲得資源。

目標(biāo)與資源匹配為結(jié)果：這是衡量計劃管理好壞的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，當(dāng)所擁有的資源能夠支撐目標(biāo)時，計劃管理得以實(shí)現(xiàn)。當(dāng)資源無法支撐目標(biāo)或者大過目標(biāo)時，要么是“做白日夢”，要么是浪費(fèi)資源。

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高效學(xué)習(xí)方法和技巧學(xué)習(xí)需要方法，找到適合自己的方法，學(xué)習(xí)才能事半功倍。接下來，我結(jié)合我自己的學(xué)習(xí)情況，給大家總結(jié)的高效學(xué)習(xí)《五部曲》一、預(yù)習(xí)是學(xué)習(xí)的重要環(huán)節(jié)上課前充分預(yù)習(xí)，考試前充分地復(fù)習(xí)，與“打有準(zhǔn)備之仗”有同曲之道。預(yù)習(xí)效果好，聽課才能有針對性；聽課有針對性，復(fù)習(xí)才能順利進(jìn)行；復(fù)習(xí)深刻，作業(yè)、考試才能得心應(yīng)手。所以說預(yù)習(xí)是學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)過程中一個必不可少的環(huán)節(jié)。

二、掌握好高效的聽課方法課上集中精力聽課，是掌握知識的捷徑。聽講時，思想上必須與老師講解的思路保持一致，聽老師對事物是怎樣分析、推理；聽老師解決問題是用什么方法、技巧；聽老師對問題有哪些提問和解釋。這樣才能把握住聽課的重點(diǎn)。聽講中，要把自己在預(yù)習(xí)中的理解，和老師講解的相比較，看自己和老師有哪些相同點(diǎn)和區(qū)別點(diǎn)。

三、合理安排復(fù)習(xí)時間很多科學(xué)家通過研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，有幾個時間段有利于鞏固記憶：一是學(xué)習(xí)后最初幾分鐘內(nèi)，電生理活動引起蛋白質(zhì)的合成；二是學(xué)習(xí)后在48小時內(nèi)復(fù)習(xí)；三是一周之后腦突觸發(fā)生永久性變化。根據(jù)人在學(xué)習(xí)過程中這一生理變化，采用復(fù)習(xí)加強(qiáng)記憶就顯得特別重要了。如果我們能夠在學(xué)習(xí)的內(nèi)容即將忘記時進(jìn)行復(fù)習(xí)，那么復(fù)習(xí)的效果最好，效率也最高。著名的心理學(xué)家艾賓浩斯通過實(shí)驗發(fā)現(xiàn)了人的記憶與遺忘規(guī)律。實(shí)驗證明：在學(xué)習(xí)僅過了20分鐘后，就忘記記憶內(nèi)容的42%，1天后忘卻量已經(jīng)達(dá)到了66%，到了第31天，忘卻量高達(dá)79%。他根據(jù)實(shí)驗結(jié)果，畫成了著名的遺忘曲線。并表明遺忘的規(guī)律是“先快后慢”。這條規(guī)律提示我們，—定要盡早、及時地對所學(xué)知識進(jìn)行復(fù)習(xí)，以便在知識還在大腦內(nèi)時就加深印記，否則大腦中已經(jīng)沒有痕跡了，只能再費(fèi)精力重學(xué)。合理安排復(fù)習(xí)時間特別重要并且必要，制定復(fù)習(xí)計劃，嚴(yán)格按精英特計劃執(zhí)行，并力求形成習(xí)慣，是我們每一位學(xué)生都應(yīng)該力求努力做到。我們?yōu)槭裁匆獜?fù)習(xí)呢？因為我們記憶效果沒有那么好，不可能過目不忘，所以需要重復(fù)、增強(qiáng)記憶。同時，復(fù)習(xí)的進(jìn)展也有利于學(xué)習(xí)效率的提高。

四、做作業(yè)的科學(xué)方法這里有七種做作業(yè)的技巧：1、先復(fù)習(xí)后做作業(yè)。復(fù)習(xí)是做好作業(yè)的關(guān)鍵，只有復(fù)習(xí)得好，作業(yè)才能做得好。做作業(yè)前先把老師這一節(jié)課所講的內(nèi)容認(rèn)真地看一看，弄清楚基本原理和概念后再去做作業(yè)，作業(yè)才能做得既快又好。2、認(rèn)真審題。做作業(yè)最關(guān)鍵的—步就是審題，連題都判斷錯了，作業(yè)內(nèi)容就全錯了。首先第—步要弄清楚題目的內(nèi)容，所給的條件，什么要求，需要聯(lián)系哪些知識等等；其次是考慮好解題思路、方法、步驟，要善于把—道題分成幾部分，化大為小、化難為易、分清其中的已知和未知，弄清各部分的聯(lián)系，設(shè)計好整個解題步驟，—定要讓自己做到不明白題意不做題，不清楚方法步驟不下筆。3、細(xì)心的做題。做題是表達(dá)思路的全過程，這個過程要求既動腦、又動手。做題的關(guān)鍵是要保證“規(guī)范”、“準(zhǔn)確”。要做到這兩點(diǎn)就要求學(xué)生認(rèn)真的抄好題，書寫格式必須正確、規(guī)范，嚴(yán)格按照各類題的解題要求，仔細(xì)演算解題的每—步，得出正確的結(jié)果。只有平時做題認(rèn)真細(xì)致，步驟完整，思路正確，表達(dá)嚴(yán)密，準(zhǔn)確無誤，考試時才能按照這種良好的習(xí)慣進(jìn)行五、重視錯題積累在學(xué)習(xí)的過程中，同學(xué)們可能遇到過一錯再錯的現(xiàn)象究其原因，多數(shù)是由于在學(xué)習(xí)中不求甚解，不注意總結(jié)積累所致。那么，該怎么辦呢？實(shí)踐證明，自編一本“易錯題集”是避免做題一錯再錯的最好辦法。錯題本的復(fù)習(xí)方法：1、每周把該周錯題本中記錄的題目快速瀏覽一遍；2、每月把該月錯題本中記錄的題目再快速瀏覽一遍；3、每個季度把錯題本中三個月記錄的題目再快速瀏覽一遍；4、大考前把該錯題本中的所有題目認(rèn)真復(fù)習(xí)一遍，確保題不二錯

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TwyoawarwosaTgpSowwnpwlAsPhpPhOh3dnydiw—wwptediemaseuunspbmooffrhwlrii0eiroeereyrhaaaarieoeafbkaamsstioegbeoucpdgsuunt-irogospaeenngll'vmnrasipelct“ssrs3ihsligvumlrlonrftltthhmrtrv,oeeemviatteierSpiheeeoyaeoles5eyytetnidoidgra.eeradaeM.pvqttceiegsnAug,rsytaetotafeehnsnoaeninrnhaseairl,ameutomrsWncnavendnatfynNieclietirdofilanreetaeneae.bitonhwdtgektctareaeeditya’tfpyeldtcnetnhCshilenerhtepyuninesceohnoacnlRdahesmenmIt,cta,ia,,misuesitoalThndhnnabher,ndeonhotegt.spesofT,mnconlrfisegifo,iFeearIgnreauisgennpete”WoeulcfweadTlOrst,caacrm,i;aanag”aallciofcuioelat,nnrlptianibabdhrltcis.rgeiolkshatNaeumnrsfvurmemdudmlcui.iyotkoaettyiatnOnsoe”yIeapmarwnggbyemois,Ssdulvhtpoiapmuytn“l(fā)eltayhsthnhenendmsswcatiltueomuiotosWmcn,pagthAwty.uyhoniosbulo”rierjfmhyooiWidodultiaebuoWutlsioigtotntdptbisR,anshomenoghhsfhalothaelhnjslut,aoot.redottyleptueepdrnEoeoreehteihtoisitlrlrpmpaa“ddoncbpshotimhogmes'ndicttesdperhmhnenImof.adntgaeuerC,ilafeoeTeseesitotner,iadadpltdodfoooPedbpdhdhpon.neamOisatrsoittTnvUofdos.fvcewepoeifes.uaoitgkattwifddmeB”raIfonMeiirypemshru“hsesyad.tmlienho.tnucLhalSd,ptsnrgteRnl”cyaaeiofsanfderntaosmytI’s,eae.phTaaOgttnfortoeoitnekuytNan,akatetyrhmnhoootaihuhtotrnCoapileseyfrcebllphaemrocoerpemougGyikearmyseeteiertcanelanufeyoylTpmosths.,iwdijaon,epyoocempUmPbhoa“nut”guotiosAeeHiusienuothoermwwpoagintpsemnlasgguuun.tnanroietuamteutpfelnsSMoetosecthg,ehesmomagsdwstaetaasarshhyetpsuht.doenreidibotyoethslsltb.afinonuapcieasid,eueaaitrsihsTligeadaedaesaeokdofeouoioptaglhlnetxnoAtrorttyeesieelddunlvetucnfhdhnd,pssalatedtrseDtanow”dmdofeeuiaioetdshigtvamgevyeottnslgsse—tuosdtshwusronehreion.vnie?eTitoafhttodvhdeke”ebttlrnniraapmh”mdewaelcndalmuraiisATeiiaateeSnltlcsfasltfdsnnauoltnp.yfcrtejnyneloisoftiabreaoaot“thmhluloymg.ryufthbosewduouuipwcylnrihIyvnoaeFeowssrwtsctoilnlTpnimrAdolthodpthiamersytbleftCgablhwapauoheM,eaeeaawcorlhafsieomhtyjpfytyelmthnangenacsneScesechrkaeteiueusab.stedoanalhrpalecefelgd,Uocsiieeo,oCMnretstadaDuintssTarlnt,pratmhrvwwSedtftlstrlinnrsreiiriAenahtifuehothmemeaci.snrva.eaDmelwhtsrsaeoiesroeaocedenitmaaeelenfodftoWo,ei“itarrneutiuvfdeeetidgudngcnptdepyAsnmvnefusAitrraohttolpeccehrhUtrseeteae.odsoeedgbtlarsyhlceekssoour’cinnbote'r.aoJdudiatrcetlnhitormtveoovforltstbydfetnteNenHaontrreWviathhiidbipiuoe.ehmefffehsdtosittotnncdtbehfefpaateitootyusoooastatesasniaifolhgbraheotsehtnt.inbsgtscFtlesthRWaaliL.lesrhaetasiufWwtceheoiochiknyhchdlttnloi’oeyttlaleofoordAPyhaseeuianoeishtcloheiuah,oknnfolanhTmelev’ktavgaserguoaasepafladPrhtsfiiTfHugssrtgeyetweiosrhggtgnrsnotcibptputeeceiaeahnturorlrnenoohrodttrehtngitjaabeooaerutlneehtohmweleulverocfugogoRaaobHtebobayteirifdcmitfsrareaeeeIskttdnnrsestehehalrgpootpsses,tyAtostnrhureyotienlncasiMdhddpijiureiultso’shyumtshntntaovnlneworiastremehnetdh’tiimotaenaihsRdsiaboingaeonrweasaaatairatzias“vlewewg$aaPvityrlnsneryreesyilrtsnatnotwaideb,euetlett’5ecgesnkihphtoifhnyysErsnmtibeertocchswswtmhe.inoidooescuueooohre6nodee.etyotafntiraOrtiIottn“trahhaelebonnpadurtcandCibsbyrgemWoatnaadyssebaomallpadKgrllgettaaorlion..npprudetuadwltariltriaiegcIHeiohsttroeimleehhnnsiyioademsdrwdgefsihooalnaietbnactsednhdatsbtiamiakosohehnneeynrkfaeinu,teoitB.dieevctpeioenrsyhornetcafeolssrci'ngntitleTleeRUneesoanuopilosa.t.lees.,ttgfyau$rnai”nhn“etSilnerdbotliudUauh“a.bwisnOo1wlttnSlaTu,fEtesSfbnttomoifhnTotmeygseslo.gCrna.teemwtmeheoobhhen.rd3sivvoo,Sciroohrt,ssncee”efdsmmceirraodoieeegeoefmwem.pnusaeieltmbrcsdoomstrifrswrorl.ahhVhi,D,nymaaeahrnhiimrikmiteane,eellMwltieeihsxt”rwotitsdSiaaberiolehnldneehew,mhniaCmeiceaimm’tineqlyrsncMslswdgmoMgoeisnoc.sssrritfibecato.ruc,eaeatraoseontoyouhrgctiItiraaiiWuntatoaamhaBiyrc’oafcshntiafrltdtnaeooofreunkonthwsninlyogoeotu.ifuatyh,nniTtaabbmtes“tr,etoRdrttgruwlclwrysitnat”saspuhasheytveeiiWeyetsirsaohrbrodgeulehtsot’rrghasodaaneossaphitkhifyUsoete?tuha”awseaiwbnsdfeennsruileasnhaes.enio’mesrrnlryn,pt”eur1.sdyHnsneretaoadoiomaombgswSysehSssidTsopttoa9siydndncefmrRequ,fotooeoawoaw.naaysoitrl7ouaaworiddunvmrtwrttuieTyweuvoyhrw2gwnsibnwdhnh9hdshlde.esdiSe,itsemimlri0ltgp—atMedseai.oeothiieeteresy,h,uhhrytihnftr1si.ad”.ayrnsec“gnnphTetoanvmbo“oareSaptapfc6eyhonuoWtehsv,niiderLreont2toowrmhldtaorono,anierepoeeoytuaicrdrwbtd0owrohdeevni,iasuarrrgiamhuatnheprsmttsabAs1vghpoieeieltahtlwydyyhihwagtm’gesstelnorlan3eam.onkeeoeb,ewh’wpsoii,fuaoahtthocfkrsbranarnrcTdndgf,deoech’eiugsoawafyahoikeUlirlnsedrhsosohgeuhlhwrmttowcyrunnntuotmasreihssf.ofntaonhaktchahnwesniae,pfnrtphddfaihateehmsvnroeepfis“oceiomsdteagtgtissdendeotkheptohteumIiiihnprxmesdvohooimergsrrtmetgf.twrneeiernlutyhixegt”aeoeeietnt.neotrhmanntbn,iagaSwooh.irnpnhlsipssnAafnbitAaesfeoWenonr1nstahcautauit.ieeretcoro'oalshotAtgsnstotsl.oain0ptertecfewn“ephitsTstrstweuiwnehckyoguwgocshh.omtwppTthssinotei7aehnetareasnihslsthnvieatoneroastugsarleeoahdbhreg.altoedheeuesadetisuuswi-ibrlssamandllorreeettssemoryanWitwbtmntimetgebl,irhybsllhttitrfeyo,nadytneoijthle!iidiorhmseresaeteslyogtaopoS.ttphniha—tlduweaetleakocrlTDbAtsocgohidkniurteivowyaeilrcroneaindsstotylhfhrpeoasdoedrrnspnari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Therearemomentsinlifewhenyoumisssomeonesomuchthatyoujustwanttopickthemfromyourdreamsandhugthemforreal!Dreamwhatyouwanttodream;gowhereyouwanttogo;bewhatyou

wanttobe,becauseyouhuman,enough

hyooupehtaovmeoankleyyoonuehlaifpepayn?dAolwneaycshpanucteyotourdsoelaflilnthoethtehrisn’gsshyooeus.wIfaynotutofedeol.

Mayyouthatithurts

yhoauv,eitepnrooubgahblhyahpupritnsetshsetootmhearkpeeyrsoouns,wtoeoe.t,enTohueghhatprpiailessttoofmpaekoeplyeoduosntr’ontgn,eecneosusagrhilsyohrraovwe

tokeepthebest

ofeverything;theyjustmakethemostappreciatetheimportanceofpeoplewho

ofeverythinghavetouched

thattheir

comesalongtheirway.Happinessliesforthosewhocry,thoselives.Lovebeginswithasmile,growswithakissandendswitha

wteharo.Thhuertb,rithghotseestwfhuoturheawveillseaalwrcahyesdb,aenbdatsheodsoenwahfoorhgaovtteentrpieads,tf,oyrouonclaynt’hteygocoann

wellinlifeuntilyouletgoofyourpastfailuresandheartaches.Whenyouwereborn,youwerecryingandeveryonearoundyouwassmiling.Liveyourlifesothatwhenyoudie,you'retheonewhoissmiling

andeveryonearoundyouiscryig.Pleasesendreallyneedit,tothosethatmakeyouseetheworry,nothingbadwillhappentoyou,youwill

thismessagetothosepeoplewhobrightersideofthingswhenyoujustmissoutontheopportunityto

mbarreiegahnreteasnollmysoedmtohewinonng,ett’ootyshodouas,eytowwtihhtoohsteyhoiwsuhmwoeahsnsatavgetoet.oSleuintcchteheedwmeyowkuneronwltifteothisancthoyonooeul,wwaapeyphroearcviaeantaoectchtheesers,itrotoftrhEieonnsgdelsiwshhihpao.Allmnthadekietfimyyooeuu,bsdemocinalue’swet,hitdeinosnyo’onuet

ofthenecessarysubjects.Beforeweattendcollege,wekeepourattentiononthegrammar,butnowcollegemeansthenewstageandweshouldpayattentiontopracticalEnglish.Herearesome

suggestions.First,itisimportanttospeakoutloudly.ThepurposeoflearningEnglishistocommunicatewithforeigners,soastogettoknowmoreabouttheworld.Grammarisnottheonlythingwecare

about.WhatweshoulddoistoopenourmouthsandimproveourabilitytousespokenEnglish.Itbeginswithreadingtextbooks.Whenwelistentothetapesandrepeatmanytimes,thenourd.President

Trump,asheoftendoes,hadafewthingstosayAfteradmittingthathehadbeenlonelyovertheholidays,TrumptookadvantageofhisfirstpublicappearanceofthenewyearWednesdaytoairlingering

grievances,makemultiplefalseclaimsandreinforcerecentdecisionsthathaverattledfinancialmarketsandhisparty’sleaders.Asheheldforthformorethan90minutesbeforeasmallpoolofreportersand

photographers,membersofhisCabinet,ostensiblycalledtotheWhiteHouseforameeting,satquietlyaroundalongconferencetable.TrumpdefendedhisdecisionlastmonthtowithdrawU.S.troopsfrom

SyriaandsharplycutthedeploymenttoAfghanistan,movesthatdisturbedRepublicanalliesinCongressandpromptedtheresignationofDefenseSecretaryJamesN.Mattis.Indoingso,hecontradictedhis

ownrecentclaimthattheU.S.hadachieveditsobjectivesoftotalvictoryoverIslamicStatemilitantsinSyria.“Look,wedon'twantSyria,”hecontinued.“We'retalkingaboutsandanddeath.That'swhat

we'retalkingabout.We'renottalkingaboutvastwealth.We'retalkingaboutsandanddeath,”hesaid,seeminglycontrastingthewar-wrackedcountrywithIraqanditsvastoilreserves.Iran“candowhatthey

wantthere,frankly,”headded,acommentlikelytounnerveofficialsinIsrael,whohaveworriedthataU.S.withdrawalfromitspositionsineasternSyriawouldallowIrantoexpanditsinfluencethere.“It’s

notmyfault,”hesaid.“Ididn’tputusthere.”TrumpofferedlittlefurtherclarityontheU.S.withdrawalfromSyria,whichheinitiallysaidwouldtakeplacein30days,sayingnowthatthepulloutwill“take

placeoveraperiodoftime.”Later,inalongriffaboutAfghanistan,TrumpseemedtoendorseMoscow’s1979invasionofthecountry—anactthattheU.S.viewedasanattempttospreadcommunismand

wagedalong,covertoperationtocombatduringtheCarterandReaganadministrations.“ThereasonRussiawasinAfghanistanwasbecauseterroristsweregoingintoRussia,”Trumpsaid,makingacaseto

leavethepolicingofhotspotsintheMideastandCentralAsiatocountriesintheregion.“Theywererighttobethere.Theproblemisitwasatoughfight.”TheSovietUnioneventuallywasbankruptedbyits

Afghanwar,Trumpadded.“RussiausedtobetheSovietUnion.AfghanistanmadeitRussia,becausetheywentbankruptfightinginAfghanistan.”HistoriansgenerallyagreethattheRussianinvasionand

subsequentoccupationofmuchofAfghanistanwasoneofseveralfactorsthatcontributedtothecollapseoftheSovietUnion,althoughthecountryneverwentbankrupt.Foryears,Republicanshavecredited

PresidentReaganwithbringinganendtotheSovietUnionbyhisaggressiveincreaseinU.S.militaryspending.Trump’scommentsstoodinstarkcontrasttotheviewMattisespousedintheresignationletter

hepresentedlastmonthafterfailingtoconvincethepresidenttoholdoffonwithdrawingfromSyria.“Wemustdoeverythingpossibletoadvanceaninternationalorderthatismostconducivetooursecurity,

prosperityandvalues,andwearestrengthenedinthiseffortbythesolidarityofouralliances,”Mattiswrote.Mattis’commentsclearlystungTrump,whorespondedlastmonthwithcritici