LanguageandCognitionCognitiveLinguisticsLanguageandCognitionCognitiv1WhatIsCognitiveLinguistics?Cognitivelinguisticsisanewlyestablishedapproachtothestudyoflanguagethatemergedinthe1970s.Itisbasedonhumanexperiencesoftheworldandthewaytheyperceiveandconceptualizetheworld.WhatIsCognitiveLinguistics?2MainPointsinCognitiveLinguisticsConstrualandConstrualOperationsCategorizationImageSchemasMetaphorMetonymyBlendingTheory

MainPointsinCognitiveLingu3ConstrualandConstrualOperations

Construalistheabilitytoconceiveandportraythesamesituationinalternatewaysthroughspecificity,differentmentalscanning,directionality,vantagepoint,figure-groundsegregation,etc.Attention/SalienceJudgment/ComparisonPerspective/SituatednessConstrualandConstrualOperat4ConstrualandConstrualOperations:Attention/SalienceTheoperationinsaliencehavetodowithourdirectionofattentiontowardssth.thatissalienttous.Incognition,wedirectourattentiontotheactivationofconceptualstructures.Weusecertainlinguisticexpressionstoprovokecertainpatternsofactivation.ConstrualandConstrualOperat5ConstrualandConstrualOperations:Judgment/ComparisonTheconstrualoperationsofjudgment/comparisonhavetodowithjudgingsth.bycomparingittosth.else.Thefigure-groundalignmentapplytospace,withthegroundastheprepositionalobjectandtheprepositionexpressingthespatialrelationalconfiguration.Staticanddynamicfigure/groundTrajectorforamovingfigureLandmarkforthegroundofamovingfigureConstrualandConstrualOperat6CategorizationCategorizationistheprocessofclassifyingourexperiencesintodifferentcategoriesbasedoncommonalitiesanddifferences.Therearethreelevelsincategories.BasiclevelSuper-ordinatelevelSubordinatelevelCategorizationCategorizationi7MetaphorMetaphorinvolvesthecomparisonoftwoconceptsinthatoneisconstructedintermsofanother.Itisoftendescribedintermsofatargetdomainandasourcedomain.LakoffandJohnclassifyconceptualmetaphorsintothreecategoriesMetaphor8ThreeCategoriesofMetaphorOntologicalmetaphorsStructuralmetaphorsOrientationalmetaphorsThreeCategoriesofMetaphor9ThreeCategoriesofMetaphorOntologicalmetaphorsOntologicalmetaphorsmeansthathumanexperienceswithphysicalobjectsprovidethebasisforwaysofviewingevents,activities,emotions,ideas,etc.asentitiesandsubstances.ThreeCategoriesofMetaphor10ThreeCategoriesofMetaphorStructuralmetaphorsStructuralmetaphorsallowustogobeyondorientationandreferringandgiveusthepossibilitytostructureoneconceptaccordingtoanother.ThreeCategoriesofMetaphor11ThreeCategoriesofMetaphorOrientationalmetaphorsOrientationalmetaphorsgiveaconceptaspatialorientationThreeCategoriesofMetaphorOr12MetonymyMetonymyisdefinedasacognitiveprocessinwhichthevehicleprovidesmentalaccesstothetargetwithinthesamedomainTwoConceptualConfigurationsWholeICManditspart(s)PartsofanICMMetonymy13Metonymy

—WholeICManditspart(s)Thing-and-PartICMScaleICMConstitutionICMEventICMCategory-and-MemberICMCategory-and-PropertyICMReductionICMMetonymy

—WholeICMandits14Metonymy—PartsofanICMActionICMPerceptionICMCausationICMProductionICMControlICMPossessionICMContainmentICMLocationICMSignandReferenceICMsModificationICMMetonymy—PartsofanICMActi15WhatIsCognitiveLinguistics?BlendingTheoryFauconnierandTurnerproposeanddiscussblendingorintegrationtheory,acognitiveoperationwherebyelementsoftwoormore“mentalspaces”areintegratedviaprojectionintonew,blendedspacewhichhasitsuniquestructure.ConditionsareneededwhentwoinputspacesI1andI2areblended:Cross-SpaceMappingGenericSpaceBlendEmergentStructureWhatIsCognitiveLinguistics?16WhatIsCognitiveLinguistics?ImageSchemasImageschemaisarecurring,dynamicpatternofourperceptualinteractionsandmotorprogramsthatgivescoherenceandstructuretoourexperience.WhatIsCognitiveLinguistics?17WhatIsCognitiveLinguistics?ImageSchemasAcenter-peripheryschemaAcontainmentschemaAcycleschemaAforceschemaAlinkschemaApart-wholeschemaApathschemaAscaleschemaAverticalityschemaWhatIsCognitiveLinguistics?18類屬空間

輸入空間1輸入空間2

合成空間施事經歷者鋒利的刀具工作場所程序（目標、方式）角色:外科醫生(外科醫生身份)角色:病人(病人身份)手術刀手術室目標:康復方式:手術角色:屠夫角色:商品(動物)屠刀屠宰場目標:切肉方式:屠宰外科醫生身份病人身份切肉手術刀手術室目標：康復方式：屠宰不稱職類屬空間施事角色:外科醫生角色:屠夫外科醫生身份目標：康復19LanguageandCognitionCognitiveLinguisticsLanguageandCognitionCognitiv20WhatIsCognitiveLinguistics?Cognitivelinguisticsisanewlyestablishedapproachtothestudyoflanguagethatemergedinthe1970s.Itisbasedonhumanexperiencesoftheworldandthewaytheyperceiveandconceptualizetheworld.WhatIsCognitiveLinguistics?21MainPointsinCognitiveLinguisticsConstrualandConstrualOperationsCategorizationImageSchemasMetaphorMetonymyBlendingTheory

MainPointsinCognitiveLingu22ConstrualandConstrualOperations

Construalistheabilitytoconceiveandportraythesamesituationinalternatewaysthroughspecificity,differentmentalscanning,directionality,vantagepoint,figure-groundsegregation,etc.Attention/SalienceJudgment/ComparisonPerspective/SituatednessConstrualandConstrualOperat23ConstrualandConstrualOperations:Attention/SalienceTheoperationinsaliencehavetodowithourdirectionofattentiontowardssth.thatissalienttous.Incognition,wedirectourattentiontotheactivationofconceptualstructures.Weusecertainlinguisticexpressionstoprovokecertainpatternsofactivation.ConstrualandConstrualOperat24ConstrualandConstrualOperations:Judgment/ComparisonTheconstrualoperationsofjudgment/comparisonhavetodowithjudgingsth.bycomparingittosth.else.Thefigure-groundalignmentapplytospace,withthegroundastheprepositionalobjectandtheprepositionexpressingthespatialrelationalconfiguration.Staticanddynamicfigure/groundTrajectorforamovingfigureLandmarkforthegroundofamovingfigureConstrualandConstrualOperat25CategorizationCategorizationistheprocessofclassifyingourexperiencesintodifferentcategoriesbasedoncommonalitiesanddifferences.Therearethreelevelsincategories.BasiclevelSuper-ordinatelevelSubordinatelevelCategorizationCategorizationi26MetaphorMetaphorinvolvesthecomparisonoftwoconceptsinthatoneisconstructedintermsofanother.Itisoftendescribedintermsofatargetdomainandasourcedomain.LakoffandJohnclassifyconceptualmetaphorsintothreecategoriesMetaphor27ThreeCategoriesofMetaphorOntologicalmetaphorsStructuralmetaphorsOrientationalmetaphorsThreeCategoriesofMetaphor28ThreeCategoriesofMetaphorOntologicalmetaphorsOntologicalmetaphorsmeansthathumanexperienceswithphysicalobjectsprovidethebasisforwaysofviewingevents,activities,emotions,ideas,etc.asentitiesandsubstances.ThreeCategoriesofMetaphor29ThreeCategoriesofMetaphorStructuralmetaphorsStructuralmetaphorsallowustogobeyondorientationandreferringandgiveusthepossibilitytostructureoneconceptaccordingtoanother.ThreeCategoriesofMetaphor30ThreeCategoriesofMetaphorOrientationalmetaphorsOrientationalmetaphorsgiveaconceptaspatialorientationThreeCategoriesofMetaphorOr31MetonymyMetonymyisdefinedasacognitiveprocessinwhichthevehicleprovidesmentalaccesstothetargetwithinthesamedomainTwoConceptualConfigurationsWholeICManditspart(s)PartsofanICMMetonymy32Metonymy

—WholeICManditspart(s)Thing-and-PartICMScaleICMConstitutionICMEventICMCategory-and-MemberICMCategory-and-PropertyICMReductionICMMetonymy

—WholeICMandits33Metonymy—PartsofanICMActionICMPerceptionICMCausationICMProductionICMControlICMPossessionICMContainmentICMLocationICMSignandReferenceICMsModificationICMMetonymy—PartsofanICMActi34WhatIsCognitiveLinguistics?BlendingTheoryFauconnierandTurnerproposeanddiscussblendingorintegrationtheory,acognitiveoperationwherebyelementsoftwoormore“mentalspaces”areintegratedviaprojectionintonew,blendedspacewhichhasitsuniquestructure.ConditionsareneededwhentwoinputspacesI1andI2areblended:Cross-SpaceMappingGen