ANEWENGLISHGRAMMARCOURSEBOOK

新編英語語法教程ANEWENGLISHGRAMMARCOURSEBO1Lecture30

Coordination了Acoordinateconstructionisasequenceofsemantically-relatedgrammaticalunitsthataresimilarinaform,equalinrankofstructure,identicalinfunctionandareconnectedbycoordinators.Lecture30

Coordination了Acoor2

Inordinaryexpositoryprose,parallelismcanbe

regardedasatypeofcoordination,linkingelements

thatarealreadylogicallyconnected.Thusan

adjectiveisparalleledtoanother,anountoanounor

averbtoaverb.E.g.Ihavenothingtoofferbutblood,toil,tearsandsweat.(----WinstonChurchill)Sayinggood-byetotheworldsheknowsandloves,Parisheadswest,toSanFrancisco,anddiscoversbeingsingleinaworldfullofmenwhoaretooyoung,tooold,toomarried,ortoogoodtobetrue.

Inordinaryexpositorypro3CommaFaults:Commafaultsresultfromusingonlyacommatoconnecttwomainclauses.(inplaceofaperiod,asemicolon,acolon,oradash.)Toavoidcommafaults,youcaneitherinsertaproperpunctuation(asemicolon,acolon…)orjointhesentenceswithaconjuction.Faulty:Youdon’tspeakfluently,youshouldpractisemore.Revised:1,…..;…..2,….so….3,…..…..CommaFaults:Commafaultsres4Run-onSentences:Run-onsentencesaresentenceswhichruntogetherwithneitherproperpunctuationnorproperconjunction.

E.g.Run-on:Sheputonherbathingcapthensheplungedintothewater.Revised:……..Then….Run-onSentences:Run-onsente5Youcanfoolallofthepeoplesomeofthetime.Youcanfoolsomeofthepeopleallofthetime.Youcan’tfoolallofthepeopleallofthetime.Youcanfoolallofthepeoplesomeofthetimeand

someofthepeopleallofthetime,

butyoucan’tfoolallofthepeopleallofthetime.-----AbrahamLincolnYoucanfoolallofthepeople6Coordinatingdevices1,Punctuationmarksa,Thecomma.Ifwewanttomaketheseriesmorerapidsoastocreateasuggestionofurgencyandexcitement,wecanusecommasallthroughtheseries,eliminatingthecoordinator.

b,Thecoloncoordinatesbyamplification,withconjunctlikeaccordingly,furthermore,however,nevertheless,therefore,hence,etc.c,Thesemicoloncoordinatesbycontrast.

Coordinatingdevices1,Punctua72,Coordinators1)And-group:and,both…and,notonly…but(also),not…nor,neither…nor,etc.Tomaketheseriesmoveslowlyandseemlengthyanddrawn-out,werepeatthecoordinatorallthroughtheseries,eliminatingthecommas.Inadditiontosemanticextension,andcandenoteothermeanings,suchastemporalsequence,result,condition,contrast,anditcanalsofunctionasanattitudinaldisjunct.(p.548)E.g.Customer:Canyougivemearoomandabath?Hotelclerk:Icangiveyouaroom,butyouhavetotakeyourownbath,sir.Grammaticalconstructionslike“niceand…,goodand…,goand…,”seemtobe,butactuallyarenot,coordinateconstructions:Heisgoodandhungry.(very,extremely.)You’reallniceandhardworking.Keepitsweetandshort.2,Coordinators1)And-group:8卜And前的修飾后面的，表示程度,限于少數表性質和程度的形容詞和副詞。最典型的是niceandgood.還有：Fine,rare,sweet,bright,big,clear,lovely,pure,well等：It’srareandhotinside.Sheisbigandbusy.Ishallgointobusinessbrightandearlyinthemorning.Ididn’tlikethespeech,butatleastitwasniceandshort.卜And前的修飾后面的，表示程度,限于少數表性質和程度的形容9這種結構第二個形容詞在名詞前作定時,and往往可以省略Iprefergoodblackcoffee….濃濃的咖啡。Youscoldmesomuchinthenicelongletter.…長長的信。And連接兩個相同名詞表“不同類型”的概念，且常有“有好的，也有壞的”的含義：Thereareteachersandteachers.Youcanfinddoctorsanddoctors.Therearetranslationsandtranslations.Therearewomenandwomen.這種結構第二個形容詞在名詞前作定時,and往往可以省略10但如重復兩次，則表“眾多”:Wesawdogsanddogsanddogsallovertheplace.兩個或兩個以上的簡單句關系如不很緊密，并列連詞可引導單獨一個句子：You’realive!Andshe’sdead.I’msorrytotroubleyou.Butcanyoudirectmetothenearestpostoffice?但如重復兩次，則表“眾多”:11口語中，and與be或go的完成體搭配表示說話人對另一人所做某蠢事感到惱怒或埋怨：ThatidiotAntoniohasgoneandlockedourdoor.…這個笨蛋，竟把我們的門鎖了。You’vegoneandwakedhim.He’ssotired.你怎么把他弄醒了！他可累壞了。You’vebeenandboughtsuchapairofshoes.你怎么買了這么一雙鞋！Who’sbeenandtakenmydictionary?真討厭，誰拿了我的字典？口語中，and與be或go的完成體搭配表示說話人對12Andthat(而且)用來補充說明前面的內容以加強語氣。其中that代替上文中某個詞、短語或句子，以避免重復。有時只用and:Returntoyourwork,andthatatonce.回去干活，馬上去！Hewillcome,andthatsoon.

……而且馬上就來。Andthat(而且)用來補充說明前面的內容以加強語氣13表示并列成分都被否定時，在not,nothing,without,never等后宜用or,不用and,因為and連接的并列成分在否定詞后有歧義：Hedoesn’thavelonghairorwearjeans.=He…andhedoesn’twear….Hedoesn’thavelonghairandwearjeans.=1)同上。2)Eitherhedoesn’thavelonghairORhedoesn’twearjeans.要么…要么…Shecan’tsingordance.=She…andshe….She…………..and…….=1)….2)Eithershecan’tsingorshecan’tdance.表示并列成分都被否定時，在not,nothing,14And連接的分句表主從意義。第一分句是第二分句的條件或時間：Gobytrainandyou’llgettherequicker.=Ifyougo…Onemoreeffort,andyou’llsucceed.=Ifyoumake…Onemoreboot,andI’llhaveapair.如并列分句均為祈使句，第一句仍可表條件，第二句表結果：Surrenderandlive;resistanddie.=Ifyousurrender,you’lllive;…Don’tdrinkanddrive.=Ifyoudon’tdrink,youcandrive.Or:Ifyoudrink,youcan’tdrive.不許酒后開車。C.f.Don’tdrinkordrive.=Don’tdrinkanddon’tdrive.And連接的分句表主從意義。第一分句是第二分句的條件或時間15有時用and表示部分否定，即否定其中一個，通常是否定后者：Heisnotaandawriter.月他是教師，不是作家。Hedidn’tspeakclearlyandcorrectly.他講得清楚，但不正確。有時用and表示部分否定，即否定其中一個，通常是否定后者16Or-groupcoordinators:or,either…or…在否定句中，一般用or不用and連接同等成分。Or一般不表示所擇關系：Hehasnomoneyorfood.=Hehasneithermoneynorfood.Ididn’tfindhimcleverorgood-looking.=Ifoundhimneitherclevernor….Asheepwasnotmovingaboutoreatinggrassliketheothers.有一只羊的行動和(？或)吃草的樣子跟別的羊不一樣。Spidersneverdotheleastharmtousorourbelongs.蜘蛛從不危害我們，也(？或)不危害我們的財物。Or-groupcoordinators:or,eit17But-groupcoordinators:But,not…but,while,whereas,yet,onlyetc,denotingcontrastoraturninmeaning.Earlyasitwas,butalotofpeoplewerewaitingtobuynewstampsinfrontofthepostoffice.But錯。并列連詞不可用于as,though,although引導的從屬句中。MynameisRobert,___mostofmyfriendscallmeBobforshort.A,thenB,insteadC,howeverD,but選D,C是連接副詞，在連接分句時，前面用“;”或前后用“,”，but后一般不用逗號。But-groupcoordinators:18IneverseeherbutIwanttokissher.錯：我從未……但我想……正：我沒有一次見到她而不想……IneverthinkofsummerbutIthinkofmychildhood.IneverseethepicturebutIthinkofmycollegeyears.上列各句中but是butthat的省略式。它引出的從句帶有結果含義，主句總是否定，并含有never,too,so,such等詞。換言之，當主句是否定時，but作”without”解，譯為“一…就”,“如果不…就不會…”,“除…外，就不…”又如：Nomanistooold__hecanlearn.A,thatB,asC,whenD,butD.人不管多老，都可以學習。IamnotsuchafoolbutthatIunderstandyou.我不至于蠢到連你都不了解。Itneverrainsbutitpours.直譯：除了傾盆下外，就總不下雨。/每次下都是傾盆而下。/一下雨就是傾盆大雨。可譯為：不雨則己，一雨傾盆。IneverseeherbutIwantto19Thereis_wouldbesurprisedatthenews.A,nomanbutwhoB,nomanbutC,nomanD,notanymanB.上句的but是關系代詞，相當于that…not,who…not.在從句中充當主語。這種從句除but外不會再有其它主語。又如：There’snoonebutknowsthat.沒有人不知道這件事。There’snooneofusbutwishestohelpyou.我們中沒有一個人不愿意幫助你。Thereareveryfewbutadmirehistalents.很少有人不敬佩他的才華。Thereisnorulebuthasexceptions.沒有無例外的規則。/凡規則都有例外。Itisoneofthosetruesayingsthatthereisnoone__errs.A,thatB,whoC,whatD,butTherewasnotasinglepersontherebutwhothoughtyouwereintheright.？Withtheintroductionoftheelectroniccomputer,therearenocomplicatedproblems__canbesolved.A,thatB,asC,butD,whichThereis_wouldbesurprised201),Hewasanythingbutahero.2),Thereisanythingbuteasy.基本用法和意義相同，都強調“某人或某事絕非…”，但1)后跟名詞或代詞時可有兩種譯法：”除…外什么都是/行/可以;絕不,根本不，一點兒也不”。2)后跟形容詞時則只譯“絕不，根本不”。例：Mydoctorwon’tletmedrinkanythingbutchampagne.…只讓我喝…“除…外，不讓”Thelittlebridgeisanythingbutsafe.…一點也不安全。Heisanythingbutpolite.他沒有一點禮貌。Heisanythingbutafool.他絕不是傻瓜。(比較：Heisnothingbutafool.他只不過是/僅僅是個傻瓜。/除..外什么也沒有。Heisallbutafool.…幾乎是…)Itisnot“terrible”atall.Itis__“terrible”A,butforB,allbutC,nothingbutD,anythingbutButfor引出的介詞短語相當一個非真實條件句，謂語詞要用虛擬：ButforJohntheywouldallhavedied.Butfor表例外(除…之外)意義與用法近似exceptfor,但不及它普通。一1),Hewasanythingbutahero21Quasi-coordination準并列1.連接主語alongwith,togetherwith,asmuchas,aswellas,and:Ann,asmuchasherbrothers,wastoblame.Theocean,aswellasthegulf,providesgoodfishing.Theambassador,andperhapshiswifetoo,islikelytobepresent.Catty,andnobodyelse,isabletodothejob.2.連接主語以外的成份：Aswellas(并列連詞或介詞)Aswellasbreakinghisleg,hehurthisarm.(介)Sheiscleveraswellasbeautiful.AaswellasB側重點常在A(notonlyAbutalsoB側重點在B)。A往往當作新信息加以強調。一般譯為“不僅B,而且A;既B又A;A和B一樣也…;除B外還有A”:I’maChinese,butIhaveforeignfriendsaswellasChinesefriends.(如對調則強調不對)Quasi-coordination準并列22Noticethataforcehasdirectionaswellasmagnitude.要注意,力不但有大小,而且有方向。Electricenergycanbechangedintolightenergyaswellasintosoundenergy.電能既可變為聲能,又可變為光能。HooverwantedmenwhocouldhandleateacupaswellasaTommy-gun.胡佛需要既會使用自動步槍又懂社交禮儀的人。跟and,or一樣,連接的成分要對等：Thomaswasarealfriend,forheadvisedmeaswellashelp(ing)mewithmyArabic.？Noticethataforcehasdirect23在現代英語里,aswellas有時也表達A和B同等重要，相當于and,andalso:Youhelpedhimaswellasme.=…both…可見,這個結構究竟在語意上強調A還是表示A,B同等重要,需對上下文進行具體分析才能確定。Aswellas還可作比較結構,意為“跟..一樣好”：HespeaksEnglishaswellashisteacher.IlikeJoeaswellasJack.可有三解：1)我跟Jack一樣地喜歡Joe.關聯從屬連詞,asJack(likes).2)我喜歡Joe,同樣喜歡Jack.從屬連詞,as從句省略Ilike.3)我不僅喜歡Jack,也喜歡Joe.準并列連詞。在現代英語里,aswellas有時也表達A和B同等重24Ratherthan(從屬連詞、介詞、或并列連詞),相當于andnot或insteadof:Shetelephonedratherthanwrite從屬/writing介詞/wrote并列.用作從屬連詞或介詞時，如果強調，其前可帶逗號:Weoughttocheckup,ratherthanjustaccept/acceptingwhathesays.Ifnot和nottosay(=ifonemaynotsay)與只能引導名詞詞組的nottomention/nottospeakof/tosaynothingof意義不同:Itwouldbefoolish,ifnot/nottosaymad,tosellyourcar.Hehasexperience,tosaynothingof/nottomentionscholarship.HecanspeakGermanandFrench,nottospeakof/tosaynothingofEnglish.Ratherthan(從屬連詞、介詞、或并列連詞),相25Stillless(=muchless),stillmore(=muchmore)：Idon’tlikehim,stilllessrespecthim.Hecandoitwell,stillmoreyou.Morexthany=xratherthany:Iwasmoreangrythanfrightened.Heismoredeadthanalive.(=Heisdeadratherthanalive.)Stillless(=muchless),still26NotsomuchXasY=moreYthanX=YratherthanX:Idon’tmuchdislikehimashatehim.Heisnotsomuchunintelligentasuneducated.It’snotsomuchthatIdon’twanttocomeas(that)/but(that)Ijusthaven’tgotthetime.NotsomuchXasY=moreYth27插入并列和追加并列Margaret,andDorothy,too,dancesverybeautifully.Margaretdancesverybeautifully,andDorothy,too.Johnwritesextremelywell,andSally,too.John–andSally,too–writesextremely.Heis,orwasatanyrate,amajorcomposer.Heisamajorcomposer,orwasatanyrate.Shecan,andprobablywill,beattheworldrecord.Shecanbeattheworldrecord,andprobablywill.Peterwill,andBobmight,takethecourse.Peterwilltakethecourse,andBobmight.Georgeseemed,andBobcertainlywasangry.Georgeseemedangry,andBobcertainlywas.Hegotmarried,butshewasstillunmarried,in1960.………………...in1960,butshewasstillunmarriedthen.Alleniskeenon,andJimseemsinterestedin,linguistics.…linguistics,andJimseemsinterestedinit.Hegaveathousanddollars,andpromisedseveralthousandmore,tothefundthedisabled.………tothefundforthedisabled,andpromisedseveralthousandmoretoit.插入并列和追加并列28在口語體中有的從屬意義也可用并列結構表示：Asyouaretired,youhadbettertakerest.Youaretired,and….Thebridgehadbeendestroyed,sothat/and(so)theycouldnotreturn.Heisfat,whereas/buthiswifeisthin.Ifwedon’thurryup,weshallbelate.Hurryup,or….Shegavemethejumper,whichshehadknittedherself.…;shehad….Youngmenbythedozencameup,asking/andaskedhertodance.Thegamebeingover,therewasnopointinourwaitinglonger.…wasover,and….Theyhavetried,eachinadifferentway.….,andeachhastried….在口語體中有的從屬意義也可用并列結構表示：29演講完畢，謝謝觀看！演講完畢，謝謝觀看！30ANEWENGLISHGRAMMARCOURSEBOOK

新編英語語法教程ANEWENGLISHGRAMMARCOURSEBO31Lecture30

Coordination了Acoordinateconstructionisasequenceofsemantically-relatedgrammaticalunitsthataresimilarinaform,equalinrankofstructure,identicalinfunctionandareconnectedbycoordinators.Lecture30

Coordination了Acoor32

Inordinaryexpositoryprose,parallelismcanbe

regardedasatypeofcoordination,linkingelements

thatarealreadylogicallyconnected.Thusan

adjectiveisparalleledtoanother,anountoanounor

averbtoaverb.E.g.Ihavenothingtoofferbutblood,toil,tearsandsweat.(----WinstonChurchill)Sayinggood-byetotheworldsheknowsandloves,Parisheadswest,toSanFrancisco,anddiscoversbeingsingleinaworldfullofmenwhoaretooyoung,tooold,toomarried,ortoogoodtobetrue.

Inordinaryexpositorypro33CommaFaults:Commafaultsresultfromusingonlyacommatoconnecttwomainclauses.(inplaceofaperiod,asemicolon,acolon,oradash.)Toavoidcommafaults,youcaneitherinsertaproperpunctuation(asemicolon,acolon…)orjointhesentenceswithaconjuction.Faulty:Youdon’tspeakfluently,youshouldpractisemore.Revised:1,…..;…..2,….so….3,…..…..CommaFaults:Commafaultsres34Run-onSentences:Run-onsentencesaresentenceswhichruntogetherwithneitherproperpunctuationnorproperconjunction.

E.g.Run-on:Sheputonherbathingcapthensheplungedintothewater.Revised:……..Then….Run-onSentences:Run-onsente35Youcanfoolallofthepeoplesomeofthetime.Youcanfoolsomeofthepeopleallofthetime.Youcan’tfoolallofthepeopleallofthetime.Youcanfoolallofthepeoplesomeofthetimeand

someofthepeopleallofthetime,

butyoucan’tfoolallofthepeopleallofthetime.-----AbrahamLincolnYoucanfoolallofthepeople36Coordinatingdevices1,Punctuationmarksa,Thecomma.Ifwewanttomaketheseriesmorerapidsoastocreateasuggestionofurgencyandexcitement,wecanusecommasallthroughtheseries,eliminatingthecoordinator.

b,Thecoloncoordinatesbyamplification,withconjunctlikeaccordingly,furthermore,however,nevertheless,therefore,hence,etc.c,Thesemicoloncoordinatesbycontrast.

Coordinatingdevices1,Punctua372,Coordinators1)And-group:and,both…and,notonly…but(also),not…nor,neither…nor,etc.Tomaketheseriesmoveslowlyandseemlengthyanddrawn-out,werepeatthecoordinatorallthroughtheseries,eliminatingthecommas.Inadditiontosemanticextension,andcandenoteothermeanings,suchastemporalsequence,result,condition,contrast,anditcanalsofunctionasanattitudinaldisjunct.(p.548)E.g.Customer:Canyougivemearoomandabath?Hotelclerk:Icangiveyouaroom,butyouhavetotakeyourownbath,sir.Grammaticalconstructionslike“niceand…,goodand…,goand…,”seemtobe,butactuallyarenot,coordinateconstructions:Heisgoodandhungry.(very,extremely.)You’reallniceandhardworking.Keepitsweetandshort.2,Coordinators1)And-group:38卜And前的修飾后面的，表示程度,限于少數表性質和程度的形容詞和副詞。最典型的是niceandgood.還有：Fine,rare,sweet,bright,big,clear,lovely,pure,well等：It’srareandhotinside.Sheisbigandbusy.Ishallgointobusinessbrightandearlyinthemorning.Ididn’tlikethespeech,butatleastitwasniceandshort.卜And前的修飾后面的，表示程度,限于少數表性質和程度的形容39這種結構第二個形容詞在名詞前作定時,and往往可以省略Iprefergoodblackcoffee….濃濃的咖啡。Youscoldmesomuchinthenicelongletter.…長長的信。And連接兩個相同名詞表“不同類型”的概念，且常有“有好的，也有壞的”的含義：Thereareteachersandteachers.Youcanfinddoctorsanddoctors.Therearetranslationsandtranslations.Therearewomenandwomen.這種結構第二個形容詞在名詞前作定時,and往往可以省略40但如重復兩次，則表“眾多”:Wesawdogsanddogsanddogsallovertheplace.兩個或兩個以上的簡單句關系如不很緊密，并列連詞可引導單獨一個句子：You’realive!Andshe’sdead.I’msorrytotroubleyou.Butcanyoudirectmetothenearestpostoffice?但如重復兩次，則表“眾多”:41口語中，and與be或go的完成體搭配表示說話人對另一人所做某蠢事感到惱怒或埋怨：ThatidiotAntoniohasgoneandlockedourdoor.…這個笨蛋，竟把我們的門鎖了。You’vegoneandwakedhim.He’ssotired.你怎么把他弄醒了！他可累壞了。You’vebeenandboughtsuchapairofshoes.你怎么買了這么一雙鞋！Who’sbeenandtakenmydictionary?真討厭，誰拿了我的字典？口語中，and與be或go的完成體搭配表示說話人對42Andthat(而且)用來補充說明前面的內容以加強語氣。其中that代替上文中某個詞、短語或句子，以避免重復。有時只用and:Returntoyourwork,andthatatonce.回去干活，馬上去！Hewillcome,andthatsoon.

……而且馬上就來。Andthat(而且)用來補充說明前面的內容以加強語氣43表示并列成分都被否定時，在not,nothing,without,never等后宜用or,不用and,因為and連接的并列成分在否定詞后有歧義：Hedoesn’thavelonghairorwearjeans.=He…andhedoesn’twear….Hedoesn’thavelonghairandwearjeans.=1)同上。2)Eitherhedoesn’thavelonghairORhedoesn’twearjeans.要么…要么…Shecan’tsingordance.=She…andshe….She…………..and…….=1)….2)Eithershecan’tsingorshecan’tdance.表示并列成分都被否定時，在not,nothing,44And連接的分句表主從意義。第一分句是第二分句的條件或時間：Gobytrainandyou’llgettherequicker.=Ifyougo…Onemoreeffort,andyou’llsucceed.=Ifyoumake…Onemoreboot,andI’llhaveapair.如并列分句均為祈使句，第一句仍可表條件，第二句表結果：Surrenderandlive;resistanddie.=Ifyousurrender,you’lllive;…Don’tdrinkanddrive.=Ifyoudon’tdrink,youcandrive.Or:Ifyoudrink,youcan’tdrive.不許酒后開車。C.f.Don’tdrinkordrive.=Don’tdrinkanddon’tdrive.And連接的分句表主從意義。第一分句是第二分句的條件或時間45有時用and表示部分否定，即否定其中一個，通常是否定后者：Heisnotaandawriter.月他是教師，不是作家。Hedidn’tspeakclearlyandcorrectly.他講得清楚，但不正確。有時用and表示部分否定，即否定其中一個，通常是否定后者46Or-groupcoordinators:or,either…or…在否定句中，一般用or不用and連接同等成分。Or一般不表示所擇關系：Hehasnomoneyorfood.=Hehasneithermoneynorfood.Ididn’tfindhimcleverorgood-looking.=Ifoundhimneitherclevernor….Asheepwasnotmovingaboutoreatinggrassliketheothers.有一只羊的行動和(？或)吃草的樣子跟別的羊不一樣。Spidersneverdotheleastharmtousorourbelongs.蜘蛛從不危害我們，也(？或)不危害我們的財物。Or-groupcoordinators:or,eit47But-groupcoordinators:But,not…but,while,whereas,yet,onlyetc,denotingcontrastoraturninmeaning.Earlyasitwas,butalotofpeoplewerewaitingtobuynewstampsinfrontofthepostoffice.But錯。并列連詞不可用于as,though,although引導的從屬句中。MynameisRobert,___mostofmyfriendscallmeBobforshort.A,thenB,insteadC,howeverD,but選D,C是連接副詞，在連接分句時，前面用“;”或前后用“,”，but后一般不用逗號。But-groupcoordinators:48IneverseeherbutIwanttokissher.錯：我從未……但我想……正：我沒有一次見到她而不想……IneverthinkofsummerbutIthinkofmychildhood.IneverseethepicturebutIthinkofmycollegeyears.上列各句中but是butthat的省略式。它引出的從句帶有結果含義，主句總是否定，并含有never,too,so,such等詞。換言之，當主句是否定時，but作”without”解，譯為“一…就”,“如果不…就不會…”,“除…外，就不…”又如：Nomanistooold__hecanlearn.A,thatB,asC,whenD,butD.人不管多老，都可以學習。IamnotsuchafoolbutthatIunderstandyou.我不至于蠢到連你都不了解。Itneverrainsbutitpours.直譯：除了傾盆下外，就總不下雨。/每次下都是傾盆而下。/一下雨就是傾盆大雨。可譯為：不雨則己，一雨傾盆。IneverseeherbutIwantto49Thereis_wouldbesurprisedatthenews.A,nomanbutwhoB,nomanbutC,nomanD,notanymanB.上句的but是關系代詞，相當于that…not,who…not.在從句中充當主語。這種從句除but外不會再有其它主語。又如：There’snoonebutknowsthat.沒有人不知道這件事。There’snooneofusbutwishestohelpyou.我們中沒有一個人不愿意幫助你。Thereareveryfewbutadmirehistalents.很少有人不敬佩他的才華。Thereisnorulebuthasexceptions.沒有無例外的規則。/凡規則都有例外。Itisoneofthosetruesayingsthatthereisnoone__errs.A,thatB,whoC,whatD,butTherewasnotasinglepersontherebutwhothoughtyouwereintheright.？Withtheintroductionoftheelectroniccomputer,therearenocomplicatedproblems__canbesolved.A,thatB,asC,butD,whichThereis_wouldbesurprised501),Hewasanythingbutahero.2),Thereisanythingbuteasy.基本用法和意義相同，都強調“某人或某事絕非…”，但1)后跟名詞或代詞時可有兩種譯法：”除…外什么都是/行/可以;絕不,根本不，一點兒也不”。2)后跟形容詞時則只譯“絕不，根本不”。例：Mydoctorwon’tletmedrinkanythingbutchampagne.…只讓我喝…“除…外，不讓”Thelittlebridgeisanythingbutsafe.…一點也不安全。Heisanythingbutpolite.他沒有一點禮貌。Heisanythingbutafool.他絕不是傻瓜。(比較：Heisnothingbutafool.他只不過是/僅僅是個傻瓜。/除..外什么也沒有。Heisallbutafool.…幾乎是…)Itisnot“terrible”atall.Itis__“terrible”A,butforB,allbutC,nothingbutD,anythingbutButfor引出的介詞短語相當一個非真實條件句，謂語詞要用虛擬：ButforJohntheywouldallhavedied.Butfor表例外(除…之外)意義與用法近似exceptfor,但不及它普通。一1),Hewasanythingbutahero51Quasi-coordination準并列1.連接主語alongwith,togetherwith,asmuchas,aswellas,and:Ann,asmuchasherbrothers,wastoblame.Theocean,aswellasthegulf,providesgoodfishing.Theambassador,andperhapshiswifetoo,islikelytobepresent.Catty,andnobodyelse,isabletodothejob.2.連接主語以外的成份：Aswellas(并列連詞或介詞)Aswellasbreakinghisleg,hehurthisarm.(介)Sheiscleveraswellasbeautiful.AaswellasB側重點常在A(notonlyAbutalsoB側重點在B)。A往往當作新信息加以強調。一般譯為“不僅B,而且A;既B又A;A和B一樣也…;除B外還有A”:I’maChinese,butIhaveforeignfriendsaswellasChinesefriends.(如對調則強調不對)Quasi-coordination準并列52Noticethataforcehasdirectionaswellasmagnitude.要注意,力不但有大小,而且有方向。Electricenergycanbechangedintolightenergyaswellasintosoundenergy.電能既可變為聲能,又可變為光能。HooverwantedmenwhocouldhandleateacupaswellasaTommy-gun.胡佛需要既會使用自動步槍又懂社交禮儀的人。跟and,or一樣,連接的成分要對等：Thomaswasarealfriend,forheadvisedmeaswellashelp(ing)mewithmyArabic.？Noticethataforcehasdirect53在現代英語里,aswellas有時也表達A和B同等重要，相當于and,andalso:Youhelpedhimaswellasme.=…both…可見,這個結構究竟在語意上強調A還是表示A,B同等重要,需對上下文進行具體分析才能確定。Aswellas還可作比較結構,意為“跟..一樣好”：HespeaksEnglishaswellashisteacher.IlikeJoeaswellasJack.可有三解：1)我跟Jack一樣地喜歡Joe.關聯從屬連詞,asJack(likes).2)我喜歡Joe,同樣喜歡Jack.從屬連詞,as從句省略Ilike.3)我不僅喜歡Jack,也喜歡Joe.準并列連詞。在現代英語里,aswellas有時也表達A和B同等重54Ratherthan(從屬連詞、介詞、或并列連詞),相當于andnot或insteadof:Shetelephonedratherthanwrite從屬/writing介詞/wrote并列