Part1:IntroductionandstrategyWhatispurchasingStrategicpurchasingOrganizationandstructureofsupplyPurchasingproceduresPart2:Strategy,tacticsandoperations（1）：purchasingfactorsStandardandmanagementofqualityrelationshipBuyingattherightpriceSupplyorganizationandsuppliermanagement,supplierrelationships(2)Part3:Strategy,tacticsandoperations（2）：ContrastingapproachestopurchasingContrastingapproachestosupply（2）BuyingfromoverseasPart4:Strategy,tacticsandoperations（3）：logisticsStoringofsupplygoods,materialstransportationPart5:Strategy,tacticsandoperations（4）：supplytools,supplierrelationshipsandperformancenegotiationSupplytoolsPurchasingresearch,performanceandethicsPart1:IntroductionandstrateChapter5SpecifyingandManagingProductQualityChapter5SpecifyingandManag

Definition1：ISO8402definesqualityas:thetotalityoffeaturesandcharacteristicsofaproductthathastheabilitytosatisfystatedorimpliedneed.(明言及暗示的需求)E.g.Aphone(call,message,wifichip…)Airticket@SpringAirlines

1.whatisquality?

Definition1：1.whatisqualDefinition2：Crosbydefinesqualityas“conformitytorequirementsnotgoodness”.

Thedefinitionofqualitycannevermakesenseunlessitisbasedonwhatthecustomerswant.

TheFatherofZeroDefect、WorldQualityProfessor,Authorof<QualityisFree>.《品質(zhì)是免費的》PhilipB.Crosby(1926-2001)1.whatisquality?Definition2：Crosbydefinesqu

Definition3DavidGarvinhasdefinedfiveapproachestodefiningqualityandeightdimensions.Therightdimensions：1.

Performance(性能)--theproduct’soperatingcharacteristics；2.Reliability（可靠性）--thepossibilityofaproductsurvivingforaspecifiedperiodoftimeunderstatedconditionofuse.1.whatisquality?

Definition3DavidGarvinhasTherightdimensions：3.Serviceability（維修性）--thespeed,accessibilityandeaseofrepairingtheitemorhavingitrepaired.4.Conformance（一致性）--thedegreethatthedeliveredproductmatchesthestandardofit.5.Durability（耐久性）--measuretheprojecteduseavailablefromtheproductoveritsintendedoperatingcyclebeforeitdeteriorates.

Therightdimensions：3.Servi6.Features(特色性)--thesecondarycharacteristicsthatsupplementtheproduct’sbasicfunctioning。7.Aesthetics（美學性）--personaljudgmentsabouthowaproductlooks,feels,sounds,tastes,orsmells.8.Perceivedquality（概念性質(zhì)量）--closelyidentifiedwiththereputationoftheproducer.Therightdimensions：6.Features(特色性)--thesecondarDiscussionQuestions:Page310–9.1：Taketwosimilarproducts,suchastwodifferentmakesofcarintenderforthesamecustomergrouportwowashingmachinesoranytwoproductsyoulike.1.Onthebasisofyourcomparison,recommendwhichofthetwoyouconsidergivesthebestvalueformoney.2.Whatotherfactorsapartfromtheeightstatedmightyouhavetoconsiderwhenmakingyourrecommendation?DiscussionQuestions:Page3Qualityisthereforedeterminedbybalancingtechnicalconsiderations,suchasfitnessforuse,performance,safetyandreliabilitywitheconomicfactors,includingpriceandavailability.2.OptimumqualitynotthehighestvsQualityisthereforedetermineTheaimofQualitymanagementshouldalwaysbetheminimumstatementofoptimumqualitysoasnottoincreasethecostunnecessarily,restrictprocessesofmanufacturenorlimittheuseofpossiblealternatives2.OptimumqualitynotthehighestTheaimofQualitymanagementTQM:Awayofmanagingaorganizationsothateveryjob,everyprocess,iscarriedoutright,firsttimeandeverytime.Thismeansthateachstageofmanufactureorserviceis‘total’–thatis,100percentcorrectbeforeitproceeds.3.TotalQualityManagement(TQM)TQM:Awayofmanagingaorgan1.

Focusonproductimprovement

fromthecustomer’sviewpoint.2.ARecognitionthatpersonnelatalllevelsshareresponsibilityforproductquality.3Recognitionoftheimportanceofimplementingasystemtoprovideinformationtomanagersaboutqualityprocessthatenablethemtoplan,control,andevaluateperformance.3.1ThreeprinciplesofTQM1.FocusonproductimprovemenJuran（1904-2008）Crosby（1926-2001）Deming（1900–1993）4.QualitymastersandqualityawardsJuranCrosby4.Qualitymastersandqualityawards4.QualitymastersandqualityCrosby（1926-2001）

theFatherofZeroDefect,WorldQualityProfessor,Authorof‘QualityisFree’.4.Qualitymastersandqualityawards

Deming（1900-1993）:“Demingqualityaward”thehighestawardinQMinJapan.PDCA：Plan-Do-Check-Action.Juran（1904-2008）Costofpoorquality,‘Jurantrilogy’,MalcolmBaldrigeAward

Crosby（1926-2001）4.QualitymOfhis20books,theQualityControlHandbookisregardedastheBibleinQMfield,andareferencearoundtheworld.4.QualitymastersandqualityawardsAmericanMalcolmBaldrigeNationalQualityAward（美國馬爾科姆.博德里奇國家質(zhì)量獎）Ofhis20books,theQualiQualitycontrolinclude：

Receivinginspection,(收貨檢驗)Classification，（分類檢驗）Controlinspection（過程檢驗）Auditinspection.（審計檢驗）

Importantaspectsofinspection:1.Howmuchtoinspectandhowoften.2.Whentoinspect：5.MethodsofqualitycontrolQualitycontrolinclude：5.Me１）.Whenmaterialsisreceivedfromsuppliers,althoughthetendencyisresponsibilityforqualitytobeplacedwiththesuppliers.２）.Beforedispatch,asrepairingorreplacingproductsafterdeliveryismorecostlythanatthefactoryandthereisalsodamagetocustomersgoodwill.5.Methodsofqualitycontrol5.1Whentoinspect/test?１）.Whenmaterialsisreceived３）.Beforeacostlyoperation.４）.Beforepartsarejoinedirreversiblytootherparts.5）.Beforeacoveringprocess,aspaintingorelectroplating(噴漆或電鍍)canoftenmaskdefects.5.1Whentoinspect/test?5.Methodsofqualitycontrol３）.Beforeacostlyoperation.DiscussionPage311–9.11Explainwhythecostofdetectingproblemsincreasesdramaticallywiththedistancefromthesourceoftheproblem?DiscussionPage311–9.11Thebasisofstatisticalqualitycontrolissamplingwhichcansavetimemoneyandprovidesabasisforcontrol.Theconceptofthearithmeticmeanandstandarddeviation（算術(shù)平均值和標注差）.Solongastheresultsarewithintheupperandlowerlimits,thereisnoneedforaction.However,ifavaluefallsoutsidetheselimitsmustbeinvestigatedandrectified.(likethefigure9.5,page288)5.2StatisticalqualitycontrolThebasisofstatisticalquali

SixsigmaoriginatedatMotorolaandaimstoachievevirtuallydefect-freeprocessandproducts.Thestandarddeviationofnormaldistribution:1Sigma-68%2Sigma-95%3Sigma-99%6sigma-99.99966%，5.3SixSigmaSixsigmaoriginatedatMot

5.3SixSigma

Sixsigmaindicateatargetof3.4defectspermillionopportunities(or99.99966%accuracy)5.3SixSigmaSixsigmaind

5.3SixSigma5.3SixSigma

TOYOTAusedtheQFDandgotahugeprofit.a.thedevelopmentcostcutdown61%.b.thedevelopmenttimecycleshorten1/3.c.

thequalityalsoimproves.5.4QualityFunctionDeployment,QFDTOYOTAusedtheQFDandgotaFord、HPGeneralMotorsCorporationClay,leco.,LTD克萊思勒公司、McDonnellDouglas麥道公司、xeroxcorporation施樂公司、

NipponTelegraphandTelephoneCorp電報電話公司SomecompanyusingQFD：Ford、HPSomecompanyusingQFD：QFDhasbeenusedinthefieldofautomobiles,householdappliances,costumes,circuits,syntheticrubbers,Constructionequipment,costumes,ships,automaticpurchasesystem,softwaredevelopment,medicine,andeducationDevelopmentcycle

shorten30—60%（開發(fā)周期）cost

lower20—40%Numberofdesignchangecut

40—60%5.4QualityFunctionDeployment,QFDQFDhasbeenusedinthefield技術(shù)開發(fā)產(chǎn)品設(shè)計工藝設(shè)計返修故障質(zhì)量提高成本下降生產(chǎn)過程1:1001:11:10001:10質(zhì)量5.4QualityFunctionDeployment,QFD技術(shù)開發(fā)產(chǎn)品設(shè)計工藝設(shè)計返修故障質(zhì)量提高生產(chǎn)過程1:1001ThekeytouseQFDisdefiningcustomers’needorrequirementandtranslatingthemintospecificplanstomeetthoseneeds.QFD

fallmodelThekeytouseQFDisdefiningseriously,QFDisonlyaidea,amethodtodevelopmanagementandqualityguarantee.Thereisnofixedmodelandanalysismodelaboutallocatecustomers’needtoeverystepofproductdeveloping.Itcanbeanalysisandallocateindifferentmodelsaccordingtodifferentaims.QFD

fallmodelseriously,QFDisonlyaidea工藝/質(zhì)量計劃工藝/質(zhì)量控制參數(shù)產(chǎn)品計劃零件配置工藝計劃技術(shù)要求零件特性工藝步驟用戶需求轉(zhuǎn)換QFD

fallmodel工藝/質(zhì)量計劃工藝/質(zhì)量控制參數(shù)產(chǎn)品計劃零件配置工藝計劃技術(shù)典型的QFD瀑布式分解模型示意圖

關(guān)鍵工藝/質(zhì)量控制參數(shù)產(chǎn)品規(guī)劃矩陣顧客需求產(chǎn)品技術(shù)需求零件規(guī)劃矩陣產(chǎn)品技術(shù)需求關(guān)鍵零件特性工藝/質(zhì)量控制矩陣關(guān)鍵工藝步驟工藝規(guī)劃矩陣關(guān)鍵零件特性關(guān)鍵工序典型的QFD瀑布式分解模型示意圖

關(guān)鍵工藝/質(zhì)量控制參數(shù)產(chǎn)HouseofQuality,HOQ,iscarriedoutbyAmericanscholarsJ.R.HauserandDonClausingin1988.HOQprovidesanbasicimplementfortransmittingcustomers’needintoproducttechnologiesneed,transmittingproducttechnologiesneedintokeypartproperties,transmittingkeypartpropertiesintokeyproceduresandtransmittingkeyproceduresintokeyprocedure/qualitycontrolparameters.5.5HouseofQualityHouseofQuality,HOQ,iscarr顧客需求屋頂技術(shù)評估競爭分析關(guān)系矩陣技術(shù)特性質(zhì)量屋關(guān)系矩陣競爭分析技術(shù)特性顧客需求技術(shù)評估屋頂顧客需求屋頂技術(shù)評估競爭分析關(guān)系矩陣技術(shù)特性質(zhì)量屋關(guān)系矩陣競Specification(Self-Learning)281SpecificationandpurchasingThepurposeofspecificationTypesofspecificaitonThecontentsofspecification9.6Specification(Self-Learning)PCaseStudy：

TheEuropaAirlinesCaseStudy：

TheEuropaAirlinAttention:1.AirEuropaisarealCompany.Youcangetmoreinformationfromtheinternet.(Oct,21st,1B,2BPPT;8paperworks,nolessthan500words.)2.Aquizwillbeonnextweek(Oct11)tocheckhowmuchyouhaveunderstoodthepreviouschapters.(5points)3.Bringtheotherhalfbooknextweek.Attention:1.AirEuropaisa演講完畢，謝謝觀看！演講完畢，謝謝觀看！Part1:IntroductionandstrategyWhatispurchasingStrategicpurchasingOrganizationandstructureofsupplyPurchasingproceduresPart2:Strategy,tacticsandoperations（1）：purchasingfactorsStandardandmanagementofqualityrelationshipBuyingattherightpriceSupplyorganizationandsuppliermanagement,supplierrelationships(2)Part3:Strategy,tacticsandoperations（2）：ContrastingapproachestopurchasingContrastingapproachestosupply（2）BuyingfromoverseasPart4:Strategy,tacticsandoperations（3）：logisticsStoringofsupplygoods,materialstransportationPart5:Strategy,tacticsandoperations（4）：supplytools,supplierrelationshipsandperformancenegotiationSupplytoolsPurchasingresearch,performanceandethicsPart1:IntroductionandstrateChapter5SpecifyingandManagingProductQualityChapter5SpecifyingandManag

Definition1：ISO8402definesqualityas:thetotalityoffeaturesandcharacteristicsofaproductthathastheabilitytosatisfystatedorimpliedneed.(明言及暗示的需求)E.g.Aphone(call,message,wifichip…)Airticket@SpringAirlines

1.whatisquality?

Definition1：1.whatisqualDefinition2：Crosbydefinesqualityas“conformitytorequirementsnotgoodness”.

Thedefinitionofqualitycannevermakesenseunlessitisbasedonwhatthecustomerswant.

TheFatherofZeroDefect、WorldQualityProfessor,Authorof<QualityisFree>.《品質(zhì)是免費的》PhilipB.Crosby(1926-2001)1.whatisquality?Definition2：Crosbydefinesqu

Definition3DavidGarvinhasdefinedfiveapproachestodefiningqualityandeightdimensions.Therightdimensions：1.

Performance(性能)--theproduct’soperatingcharacteristics；2.Reliability（可靠性）--thepossibilityofaproductsurvivingforaspecifiedperiodoftimeunderstatedconditionofuse.1.whatisquality?

Definition3DavidGarvinhasTherightdimensions：3.Serviceability（維修性）--thespeed,accessibilityandeaseofrepairingtheitemorhavingitrepaired.4.Conformance（一致性）--thedegreethatthedeliveredproductmatchesthestandardofit.5.Durability（耐久性）--measuretheprojecteduseavailablefromtheproductoveritsintendedoperatingcyclebeforeitdeteriorates.

Therightdimensions：3.Servi6.Features(特色性)--thesecondarycharacteristicsthatsupplementtheproduct’sbasicfunctioning。7.Aesthetics（美學性）--personaljudgmentsabouthowaproductlooks,feels,sounds,tastes,orsmells.8.Perceivedquality（概念性質(zhì)量）--closelyidentifiedwiththereputationoftheproducer.Therightdimensions：6.Features(特色性)--thesecondarDiscussionQuestions:Page310–9.1：Taketwosimilarproducts,suchastwodifferentmakesofcarintenderforthesamecustomergrouportwowashingmachinesoranytwoproductsyoulike.1.Onthebasisofyourcomparison,recommendwhichofthetwoyouconsidergivesthebestvalueformoney.2.Whatotherfactorsapartfromtheeightstatedmightyouhavetoconsiderwhenmakingyourrecommendation?DiscussionQuestions:Page3Qualityisthereforedeterminedbybalancingtechnicalconsiderations,suchasfitnessforuse,performance,safetyandreliabilitywitheconomicfactors,includingpriceandavailability.2.OptimumqualitynotthehighestvsQualityisthereforedetermineTheaimofQualitymanagementshouldalwaysbetheminimumstatementofoptimumqualitysoasnottoincreasethecostunnecessarily,restrictprocessesofmanufacturenorlimittheuseofpossiblealternatives2.OptimumqualitynotthehighestTheaimofQualitymanagementTQM:Awayofmanagingaorganizationsothateveryjob,everyprocess,iscarriedoutright,firsttimeandeverytime.Thismeansthateachstageofmanufactureorserviceis‘total’–thatis,100percentcorrectbeforeitproceeds.3.TotalQualityManagement(TQM)TQM:Awayofmanagingaorgan1.

Focusonproductimprovement

fromthecustomer’sviewpoint.2.ARecognitionthatpersonnelatalllevelsshareresponsibilityforproductquality.3Recognitionoftheimportanceofimplementingasystemtoprovideinformationtomanagersaboutqualityprocessthatenablethemtoplan,control,andevaluateperformance.3.1ThreeprinciplesofTQM1.FocusonproductimprovemenJuran（1904-2008）Crosby（1926-2001）Deming（1900–1993）4.QualitymastersandqualityawardsJuranCrosby4.Qualitymastersandqualityawards4.QualitymastersandqualityCrosby（1926-2001）

theFatherofZeroDefect,WorldQualityProfessor,Authorof‘QualityisFree’.4.Qualitymastersandqualityawards

Deming（1900-1993）:“Demingqualityaward”thehighestawardinQMinJapan.PDCA：Plan-Do-Check-Action.Juran（1904-2008）Costofpoorquality,‘Jurantrilogy’,MalcolmBaldrigeAward

Crosby（1926-2001）4.QualitymOfhis20books,theQualityControlHandbookisregardedastheBibleinQMfield,andareferencearoundtheworld.4.QualitymastersandqualityawardsAmericanMalcolmBaldrigeNationalQualityAward（美國馬爾科姆.博德里奇國家質(zhì)量獎）Ofhis20books,theQualiQualitycontrolinclude：

Receivinginspection,(收貨檢驗)Classification，（分類檢驗）Controlinspection（過程檢驗）Auditinspection.（審計檢驗）

Importantaspectsofinspection:1.Howmuchtoinspectandhowoften.2.Whentoinspect：5.MethodsofqualitycontrolQualitycontrolinclude：5.Me１）.Whenmaterialsisreceivedfromsuppliers,althoughthetendencyisresponsibilityforqualitytobeplacedwiththesuppliers.２）.Beforedispatch,asrepairingorreplacingproductsafterdeliveryismorecostlythanatthefactoryandthereisalsodamagetocustomersgoodwill.5.Methodsofqualitycontrol5.1Whentoinspect/test?１）.Whenmaterialsisreceived３）.Beforeacostlyoperation.４）.Beforepartsarejoinedirreversiblytootherparts.5）.Beforeacoveringprocess,aspaintingorelectroplating(噴漆或電鍍)canoftenmaskdefects.5.1Whentoinspect/test?5.Methodsofqualitycontrol３）.Beforeacostlyoperation.DiscussionPage311–9.11Explainwhythecostofdetectingproblemsincreasesdramaticallywiththedistancefromthesourceoftheproblem?DiscussionPage311–9.11Thebasisofstatisticalqualitycontrolissamplingwhichcansavetimemoneyandprovidesabasisforcontrol.Theconceptofthearithmeticmeanandstandarddeviation（算術(shù)平均值和標注差）.Solongastheresultsarewithintheupperandlowerlimits,thereisnoneedforaction.However,ifavaluefallsoutsidetheselimitsmustbeinvestigatedandrectified.(likethefigure9.5,page288)5.2StatisticalqualitycontrolThebasisofstatisticalquali

SixsigmaoriginatedatMotorolaandaimstoachievevirtuallydefect-freeprocessandproducts.Thestandarddeviationofnormaldistribution:1Sigma-68%2Sigma-95%3Sigma-99%6sigma-99.99966%，5.3SixSigmaSixsigmaoriginatedatMot

5.3SixSigma

Sixsigmaindicateatargetof3.4defectspermillionopportunities(or99.99966%accuracy)5.3SixSigmaSixsigmaind

5.3SixSigma5.3SixSigma

TOYOTAusedtheQFDandgotahugeprofit.a.thedevelopmentcostcutdown61%.b.thedevelopmenttimecycleshorten1/3.c.

thequalityalsoimproves.5.4QualityFunctionDeployment,QFDTOYOTAusedtheQFDandgotaFord、HPGeneralMotorsCorporationClay,leco.,LTD克萊思勒公司、McDonnellDouglas麥道公司、xeroxcorporation施樂公司、

NipponTelegraphandTelephoneCorp電報電話公司SomecompanyusingQFD：Ford、HPSomecompanyusingQFD：QFDhasbeenusedinthefieldofautomobiles,householdappliances,costumes,circuits,syntheticrubbers,Constructionequipment,costumes,ships,automaticpurchasesystem,softwaredevelopment,medicine,andeducationDevelopmentcycle

shorten30—60%（開發(fā)周期）cost

lower20—40%Numberofdesignchangecut

40—60%5.4QualityFunctionDeployment,QFDQFDhasbeenusedinthefield技術(shù)開發(fā)