同學們好！同學們好！呼吸系統疾病

RespiratorySystemDisease湘雅醫院兒科鄭湘榕

呼吸系統疾病湘雅醫院兒科鄭湘榕嬰幼兒上感、2種特殊類型上感的特點支氣管肺炎臨床表現、重癥肺炎特點支氣管肺炎的診斷、治療支氣管哮喘的臨床表現、診斷和治療重點嬰幼兒上感、2種特殊類型上感的特點重點IntroduceInpediatricoutpatient,6o%patientsareacuterespiratoryinfections.Inpediatricward,25%patientsarePneumonia.Thefirstcauseofchildren’sdeathinChinaisPneumonia.Pneumoniaistheworld'sleadingcauseofdeathamongchildren.Itkillsnearlytwomillionchildrenunderagefiveeveryyear.IntroduceInpediatricoutpatieWhychildrenaresosusceptibletoacuterespiratoryinfections?Whychildrenaresosusceptibl呼吸系統疾病基礎知識概述（英文版）課件anatomic

physiologicalfeatures

Thechildren’srespiratorylumensarenarrow,bloodflowisabundant.Thechildren’srepertoryabilityislow.Thechildren’slocalimmunityislow.anatomicphysiologicalfeatuChildrenRespiratorySystemPhysiologicFeatureRespiratoryrateNeonate40-44/min<1year30/min2-3years24/min4-7years22/min8-14years20/minChildrenRespiratorySystemPhChildrenRespiratorySystemPhysiologicFeatureRespiratorytype

RespiratorytypeofabdomenRespiratorytypeofchestabdomen

ChildrenRespiratorySystemPh

Ｐhysicalexaminationinspection

ChangeofrespiratoryrateCyanopathyThreeconcavesign

ＡuscultationExamineMethodＰhysicalexaminationExamine急性上呼吸道感染（AURI）

AcuteUpperRespiratoryInfection急性上呼吸道感染（AURI）EtiologyＶirus：Ｏccupy90%

Ｂacteria：Ｓecondary

Streptococuspyogens

PneumococcuＨaemophilusinfluenzaeEtiologyCommonAURILocalsymptomismildIninfantandtoddlerSystemicsymptomissevereComplicationsarecommonClinicalManifestationsCommonLocalsymptomismildICommonAURIＰhysicalexamination

Congestionofpharyngealportion,antiadoncus(咽部充血，扁桃體腫大)Lymphadenectasisinsubmaxilla(有時下頜、淋巴結腫大)Rashwhenenterovirusinfection(腸道病毒感染時可出現皮疹)ClinicalManifestationsCommonＰhysicalexaminationConSpecialAURI柯薩奇病毒A組感染夏秋好發高熱、咽痛、流涎咽腭弓、軟腭處有皰疹皰疹破潰后可形成潰瘍病程1周左右ClinicalManifestationsHerpangina皰疹性咽峽炎Special柯薩奇病毒A組感染ClinicalManPharyngo-conjunctivalfever咽結合膜熱

腺病毒3，7型所致春夏發病，可小流行發熱、咽炎、結合膜炎咽部充血、結合膜充血，頸部、耳后淋巴結腫大病程1~2周ClinicalManifestationsSpecialAURIPharyngo-腺病毒3，7型所致ClinicSchoolageTympanitis,sinusitisAbscessofpharynxposterior-wallLaryngitis,bronchitisInfant,toddlerPneumoniaGlomerulonephritisRheumaticfeverComplicationsSchoolageTympanitis,sinusitAntivirusdrugsOseltamivirRibovirin3-5daysAntibioticsPenicillinSMZ3-5daysSeversymptomatic;SecondarybacteriaaffectionTreatmentAntivirusdrugsOseltamivirDefervesceDrugsPhysicsmethodsFebrilconvulsionCalmStopconvulsionDefervesceTreatmentDefervesceDrugsPhysicsmethodsPneumonia肺炎

Pneumonia肺炎ChildrenfamiliardiseaseInworld,Occupy1/3-1/4inthedeathofchildrenunder5yearsofageInchina,Occupymorethan1/4inpaediatricwardThehospitalizationnumberofinfantandtoddleris39.5timesofschoolage

PneumoniaInworld,Occupy1/3-1/4inInPneumoniaisaninflammationoftheparenchymaofthelungsItiscausedbymicroorganismsornoninfectiouscausesManifestedbyfever,cough,tachypnea,respiratorydistressandralesDefinitionPneumoniaisaninflammationOncourseofillnessOnanatomicbasisBronchopneumoniaLobarpneumoniaInterstitialpneumonia

Acute：<1monthChronic：>3monthsDeferred：1~3monthsClassification1OncourseOnanatomicBronchopneOntheetiologyVirusRSV(respiratorysyncytialvirus)AdenovirusInfluenzaParainfluenzaBacteriaStreptococuspneumoniaeStaphylococusaureusHaemophilusinfluenzaetypeClassification2OntheVirusBacteriaClassifiOntheetiologyMycoplasmaChlamydia,parasites,fungiNoninfectionscausesClassification3OntheMycoplasmaChlamydia,parOntheseverityofillnessMildsymptomaticSeveresymptomaticBesidessymptomsofrespiratorysystem,concomitantmanifestationsofotherorgansystemsarepresentClassification4OntheMildsymptomaticSevereontypicalofclinicalmanifestationTypicalpneumoniauntypicalpneumoniaSevereacuterespiratorysyndrome,(SARS)coronavirusClassification5ontypicalTypicalpneumoniauntOnOccurrenceRegionCommunityAcquiredPneumoniaCAPHospitalAcquiredPneumoniaHAPClassification6OnCommunityAcquiredPneumoni支氣管肺炎

Bronchopneumonia支氣管肺炎BronchopneumoniaEtiologyvirusMaincauseofpneumoniaindevelopedcountryRSVbacteriaMaincauseofpneumoniaindevelopingcountryS.pneumoniae

EtiologyvirusMaincauseofpnePathologyCommonBroncho-pneumoniahyperaemia、edema、inflammatoryeffutionofalveolusInterstitialpneumoniahyperaemia、edema、inflammatoryeffutionofbronchiawall、bronchiolewall、alveoluswallPathologyCommonhyperaemia、edem呼吸系統疾病基礎知識概述（英文版）課件呼吸系統疾病基礎知識概述（英文版）課件Pathologicphysiology氣道炎癥循環系統神經系統水電解質消化系統肺A壓增高中毒性心肌炎心衰代酸中毒性腸麻痹胃腸粘膜屏障功能腦水腫顱壓呼酸K+↑水鈉儲留毒血癥通氣不足PaO2↓,PaCO2↑

換氣障礙PaO2↓Pathologicphysiology氣道炎癥循環系統ClinicalmanifestationMild

symptomaticrespiratorysystemfeverrespiratory

distressnasalflaring,retractions,cyonosistachypnea

cough

rales<2monthsRR≧60次/分2-12monthsRR≧50次/分1-5yearsRR≧40次/分>5yearsRR≧30次/分ClinicalmanifestationMildresClinicalmanifestationSeveresymptomaticcircularsystemsymptomCardiacmuscleinflammationHeartfailureClinicalmanifestationSevereciClinicalmanifestSeveresymptomaticHeartfailure呼吸突然加快，>60次/分心率突然增快

嬰兒>180次/分幼兒>160次/分突然煩躁不安、面色發灰心音明顯低鈍，奔馬率，頸靜脈怒張肝大肋下3cm以上尿少、下肢浮腫ClinicalmanifestSevereHeart呼吸ClinicalmanifestnervalsystemLighthypoxia：irritability，lethargySeverhypoxia：hydrocephalusdigestivesystemalimentarycanalbleedingPoisoningintestinepalsySeveresymptomaticClinicalmanifestnervalLightClinicalmanifestDICBp四肢涼，脈速弱，出血SLADHNa+

≤130mmol/L滲透壓<270mOsm/LEdemaSeveresymptomaticClinicalmanifestDICBp四肢涼，脈速弱ComplicationsComplicationpneumatocelepyopneumothoraxempyemaComplicationsComplicationpneumLaboratorydataBloodbloodroutinebacteriainfect：WBC↑、N↑leftshiftofnucleusvirusinfect：WBC↓、L↑abnormallymphcellbacteriainfect：CRP↑virusinfect：CRPnormalCRPNBTbacteriainfect：〉10%virusinfect：〈10%PathogenyvirusseparateGermiculturesputumforGramstainandcultureLaboratorydataBloodbloodbacteLaboratorydataX-rayshadowofdotandspoteemphysemaatelectasisLaboratorydataX-rayshadowof支氣管肺炎正常胸片支氣管肺炎正常胸片大葉性肺炎正常胸片大葉性肺炎正常胸片fever,cough,tachypnea,respiratorydistressandralesX-raydiagnosisfever,cough,tachypnea,X-rayDifferentiationacute

bronchitisrales、tachypneaforeignbodiesinbronchihistoryofforeignbodies、suddencough、respiratorydistress、lowerofbreathtoneorwheezingtuberculosishistoryofTBcontact、PPDtest、PPD-IgGIgM、X-ray、ralesDifferentiationacuterales、tacTreatmentgeneraltreatmentBalanceofwaterandelectrolyte3%Nacl12ml/L→↑Na+10mmol/L

Temperature18-20℃

Humidity60%FoodnutritiveTreatmentgeneralBalanceofwaTreatmentControlinfectionvirus：noidealdruglikevirozolmycoplasma、chlamydiaselecterythromycinbactrria：theprincipleofsensitivityefficiency、fullperiodoftreatment,firstselectPeniccilinTreatmentControlvirus：noideaTreatment抗生素使用原則

根據藥敏選藥adoptsensitivedrugsonthebasisofpathogenicbacterium用下呼吸道濃度高的藥物adoptdrugswhichcanfinallyinfiltratelungtissue足量足療程重癥靜脈給藥inseverecase,drugsshouldbeadministedbyvein

,fulldose,fullperiod

Treatment抗生素根據藥敏選藥Treatment抗生素選擇

肺炎鏈球菌：PNC,阿莫西林，紅霉素金黃色葡萄球菌：苯唑西林、氯唑西林、萬古、利福平流感嗜血桿菌：阿莫西林+克拉維酸鉀或舒巴坦大腸桿菌和肺炎桿菌：頭孢曲松或頭孢噻肟綠膿桿菌：替卡西林鈉克拉維酸鉀或頭孢哌酮肺炎支原體或衣原體：大環內酯

Treatment抗生素肺炎鏈球菌：PNC,阿莫西林，紅霉素Treatmentfullperiodoftreatmentaftertemperaturenormal5~7daysorclinicalsymptomdisappearing3daysMycoplasma

pneumonia：2~3weeksStaphylococusaureus：aftertemperaturenormal2weeks，fullperiodis6weeksTreatmentfullperiodaftertemptreatagainstsymptomsTreatmentoxygentreatPaO2↓：dyspnea、

cyanosis、asthmasuppress、"toxicappearance,"methods:bynosecanal0.5~1L/min，40%；byveil2~4L/min,50%~60%mechanismventilate（

respirefailture）holdingrespiratory

tractunobstructedremovesputum、pulverization、relievespasmensureliquidabsorbtreatTreatmentoxygenPaO2↓：dysTreatmenttreatofothersympdefervescecalmtreatofwindysupplyKaliumPoisoningintestinepalsy：fasting、decompressofstomachandintestine酚妥拉明0.5mg/kgivgtt

10%GS20mltreatagainstsymptomsTreatmenttreatofdefervescetreTreatmenttreatofHeartfailure鎮靜給氧強心：西地蘭減輕心臟負荷

treatagainstsymptomsTreatmenttreatof鎮靜treatTreatment合并中毒性腦病的治療脫水：甘露醇改善通氣改善腦微循環止痙：地西泮地塞米松營養神經treatagainstsymptomsTreatment合并中毒性腦病脫水：甘露醇treatTreatment糖皮質激素應用適應癥：①喘憋重,呼吸衰竭②全身中毒癥狀重③感染性休克

④腦水腫琥珀酸氫化可的松5~10mg/kg.d地塞米松0.1~0.3mg/kg.d

ivgtt2~3次/日×3~5天甲基強的松龍2~4mg/kg.次Treatment糖皮質激素適應癥：琥珀酸氫化可的松5~ResponsetotreatmentinotherwiseuncomplicatedCAP?Fever-fallsin2daysLeucocytosis-decreasesin4daysPhysicalfindingspersistslightlylongerChestradiographicabnormalitiesmaytake4-12weekstoresolveResponsetotreatmentinotherWhatifpatientsfailstorecover?Youshouldconsider--NoninfectiousconditionResistancetodrugNewnosocomialpathogenWhatifpatientsfailstoreco病毒性肺炎呼吸道合胞病毒肺炎腺病毒肺炎2歲，2~6月多見喘憋、呼吸困難，可合并呼衰、心衰哮鳴音，細濕羅音小點片狀影，肺氣腫肺不張間質性肺炎6月~2歲中毒癥狀重，稽留熱，咳劇，喘憋，呼吸困難出現晚，濕羅音或肺實變

胸片改變出現早，肺氣腫，片狀影或融合年齡癥狀胸片體征病毒性呼吸道合胞病毒肺炎腺病毒肺炎2歲，2~6月多見6月細菌性肺炎葡萄球菌肺炎新生兒，嬰幼兒急、重、快，弛張熱或稽留熱，咳嗽，呼吸困難，呻吟，易致遷徒化膿病灶，并發膿胸，膿氣胸，肺大皰中細濕羅音，出現早，皮疹浸潤影，持續時間較長，易變，可見多發性肺膿腫，膿胸，膿氣胸等<4歲慢，重，發熱，痙攣性咳嗽，呼吸困難，發紺。易致遷徒化膿病灶，易并發膿胸濕羅音或實變大葉性肺炎、支氣管肺炎、肺實變年齡癥狀體征胸片革蘭陰性桿菌肺炎細菌性葡萄球菌肺炎新生兒，嬰幼兒<4歲年齡癥狀體征胸片革蘭陰肺炎支原體肺炎年長兒，嬰幼兒發熱、刺激性咳嗽，多系統病變不明顯，嬰幼兒可有呼吸困難，喘憋，哮鳴音，濕羅音肺門影增濃；支氣管肺炎改變；間質性肺炎；均一實變影<6月起病慢，無發熱，先URI癥狀后咳、喘、氣促，部分伴結膜炎濕羅音，持續時間長間質性炎癥，過度充氣、片狀影，持續時間長年齡癥狀體征胸片沙眼衣原體肺炎支衣原體肺炎

肺炎支原體肺炎年長兒，嬰幼兒<6月年齡癥狀體征胸片沙眼衣原體

支氣管哮喘

bronchialasthma

支氣管哮喘發展史asthma-喘息，2000年前就有對哮喘的詳細描述過去認為是一種平滑肌功能異常性疾病80年代以來通過支氣管黏膜活檢，認識到哮喘是氣道慢性炎癥性疾病發展史asthma-喘息，2000年前就有對哮喘的詳細描述Definitionchronicairwayinflammationairwayhyperreactivity(AHR)reversibleairwayobstructionmanifestedbywheezing,respiratorydistress,coughDefinitionchronicairwayinfla特征氣道慢性炎癥：此為哮喘主要特征可逆性的氣流受限：指氣流受限可被支氣管擴張劑所逆轉氣道高反應性：對正常氣道無反應或很小反（AHR）應的刺激產生收縮反應特征氣道慢性炎癥：此為哮喘主要特征pathologynakedeye：emphysema,mucusblotscope:inflammatorycellinfiltrate，glandhyperplasiabasalmembrancethickeningpathologynakedeye：emphysema,m病理生理急性支氣管痙攣：速發型哮喘反應（IgE依賴）氣道壁腫脹：遲發型哮喘反應（炎癥誘導）粘液栓形成：難治療的氣流受限氣道重塑：不可逆的氣道狹窄核心氣流受限病理生理急性支氣管痙攣：速發型哮喘反應（IgE依賴）核心氣流atopy是指對普通環境中常見的變應原產生IgE介導反應的易感性，有明顯的家族遺傳傾向。特應性哮喘、過敏性鼻炎、濕疹、食物過敏等導致哮喘發生最確定的危險因素atopy是指對普通環境中常見的變應原產生IgE介導反應的易pathogenesisimmunityfactoratopy,IgE↑nerveenergyfactorinductionfactorinfectionofrespiratorytractmanykindsofallergen-

adrenalglandnerve

-

adrenalglandnerve

PneumogastricnervevariousinflammatorycellsintoairwayAHRInheritfactorgeneticdiseasefamilyhistorypathogenesisimmunityatopy,IgEClinicalmanifestolderchildrensensitizininduceinfantandtoddlerviralinfectioninduceperiodofonsetsymptomsofbronchialspasm-cough,gaspcatabasismaynosignsandsymptomsrapidseriousattack,reasonableutilizepara-sympathesisdrugcannotreliefin24hoursstatusasthmaticusClinicalmanifestolderchildrauxiliaryexaminationX-raylungfunctionskintestFEV1/FVC（一秒用力呼氣容積/用力肺活量，低于70-75％提示氣流受限）PEFR（呼氣風流速，其日間變異率>20%,使用支擴劑后增加20%可診斷哮喘）auxiliaryexaminationX-raylungDiagnoseofchildfoodasthmagasprecurrentattackslungwheezingralesbronchodilatorsisvalidexcludeotherdiseasethatcancausegaspDiagnoseofchildfoodasthmagacough1month,antibioticstreatisinvalidbronchodilatorscanrelievecoughhypersensitivehistoryorallergiafamilyhistoryairwayishyperreactivityexcludeothercoughdiseaseDiagnoseofcoughvariantasthmacough1month,antibioticstreattherapyPrinciple:long-term、persistence、standard、individuationPeriodofonset:antiinflammatory、calmgaspcatabasis:long-term、antiinflammatory、avoidtriggerfactor、self-caretospreadGlobalInitiativeforAsthma，GINA(全球哮喘防治創議)therapyPrinciple:long-term、drugglucocorticoid-firstselectbronchodilatorsimmunosuppressantotherdrugdrugglucocorticoid-firstseinhale：beclometasone100

g，2～4times/dayoral：prednisone1～2mg/kg/day，1～7dayseverecase／persistentattack／anti-asthmaticcannotcontrolintravenousdrip：Cetacort5～10mg/kg/time

Medrat1～2mg/kg/time,Bid／Tid

severeattackglucocorticoidusageinhale：beclometasone100g，drugbronchodilators

para-adrenaldruginhale0.5%albuterol0.01~0.03ml/kg/次atomizationq4~6htheocinaminofilina4~5mg/kg/次immunosuppressant-methotrexate-cyclosporinotherdrug-disodiumcromoglycate-ketotifen

drugbronchodilatorsStatusasthmaticusinhaleoxygencalmfluidreplace,correctacidosiscortinedripbronchodilators,cortineinhaletheocindriprespirator

Statuspreventrelapse

avoidsensitizinandtriggerfactorinhalecortin6months~2yearsimmunotherapy-desensitization

self-managementpreventavoidsensitizinand

謝謝！謝謝！同學們好！同學們好！呼吸系統疾病

RespiratorySystemDisease湘雅醫院兒科鄭湘榕

呼吸系統疾病湘雅醫院兒科鄭湘榕嬰幼兒上感、2種特殊類型上感的特點支氣管肺炎臨床表現、重癥肺炎特點支氣管肺炎的診斷、治療支氣管哮喘的臨床表現、診斷和治療重點嬰幼兒上感、2種特殊類型上感的特點重點IntroduceInpediatricoutpatient,6o%patientsareacuterespiratoryinfections.Inpediatricward,25%patientsarePneumonia.Thefirstcauseofchildren’sdeathinChinaisPneumonia.Pneumoniaistheworld'sleadingcauseofdeathamongchildren.Itkillsnearlytwomillionchildrenunderagefiveeveryyear.IntroduceInpediatricoutpatieWhychildrenaresosusceptibletoacuterespiratoryinfections?Whychildrenaresosusceptibl呼吸系統疾病基礎知識概述（英文版）課件anatomic

physiologicalfeatures

Thechildren’srespiratorylumensarenarrow,bloodflowisabundant.Thechildren’srepertoryabilityislow.Thechildren’slocalimmunityislow.anatomicphysiologicalfeatuChildrenRespiratorySystemPhysiologicFeatureRespiratoryrateNeonate40-44/min<1year30/min2-3years24/min4-7years22/min8-14years20/minChildrenRespiratorySystemPhChildrenRespiratorySystemPhysiologicFeatureRespiratorytype

RespiratorytypeofabdomenRespiratorytypeofchestabdomen

ChildrenRespiratorySystemPh

Ｐhysicalexaminationinspection

ChangeofrespiratoryrateCyanopathyThreeconcavesign

ＡuscultationExamineMethodＰhysicalexaminationExamine急性上呼吸道感染（AURI）

AcuteUpperRespiratoryInfection急性上呼吸道感染（AURI）EtiologyＶirus：Ｏccupy90%

Ｂacteria：Ｓecondary

Streptococuspyogens

PneumococcuＨaemophilusinfluenzaeEtiologyCommonAURILocalsymptomismildIninfantandtoddlerSystemicsymptomissevereComplicationsarecommonClinicalManifestationsCommonLocalsymptomismildICommonAURIＰhysicalexamination

Congestionofpharyngealportion,antiadoncus(咽部充血，扁桃體腫大)Lymphadenectasisinsubmaxilla(有時下頜、淋巴結腫大)Rashwhenenterovirusinfection(腸道病毒感染時可出現皮疹)ClinicalManifestationsCommonＰhysicalexaminationConSpecialAURI柯薩奇病毒A組感染夏秋好發高熱、咽痛、流涎咽腭弓、軟腭處有皰疹皰疹破潰后可形成潰瘍病程1周左右ClinicalManifestationsHerpangina皰疹性咽峽炎Special柯薩奇病毒A組感染ClinicalManPharyngo-conjunctivalfever咽結合膜熱

腺病毒3，7型所致春夏發病，可小流行發熱、咽炎、結合膜炎咽部充血、結合膜充血，頸部、耳后淋巴結腫大病程1~2周ClinicalManifestationsSpecialAURIPharyngo-腺病毒3，7型所致ClinicSchoolageTympanitis,sinusitisAbscessofpharynxposterior-wallLaryngitis,bronchitisInfant,toddlerPneumoniaGlomerulonephritisRheumaticfeverComplicationsSchoolageTympanitis,sinusitAntivirusdrugsOseltamivirRibovirin3-5daysAntibioticsPenicillinSMZ3-5daysSeversymptomatic;SecondarybacteriaaffectionTreatmentAntivirusdrugsOseltamivirDefervesceDrugsPhysicsmethodsFebrilconvulsionCalmStopconvulsionDefervesceTreatmentDefervesceDrugsPhysicsmethodsPneumonia肺炎

Pneumonia肺炎ChildrenfamiliardiseaseInworld,Occupy1/3-1/4inthedeathofchildrenunder5yearsofageInchina,Occupymorethan1/4inpaediatricwardThehospitalizationnumberofinfantandtoddleris39.5timesofschoolage

PneumoniaInworld,Occupy1/3-1/4inInPneumoniaisaninflammationoftheparenchymaofthelungsItiscausedbymicroorganismsornoninfectiouscausesManifestedbyfever,cough,tachypnea,respiratorydistressandralesDefinitionPneumoniaisaninflammationOncourseofillnessOnanatomicbasisBronchopneumoniaLobarpneumoniaInterstitialpneumonia

Acute：<1monthChronic：>3monthsDeferred：1~3monthsClassification1OncourseOnanatomicBronchopneOntheetiologyVirusRSV(respiratorysyncytialvirus)AdenovirusInfluenzaParainfluenzaBacteriaStreptococuspneumoniaeStaphylococusaureusHaemophilusinfluenzaetypeClassification2OntheVirusBacteriaClassifiOntheetiologyMycoplasmaChlamydia,parasites,fungiNoninfectionscausesClassification3OntheMycoplasmaChlamydia,parOntheseverityofillnessMildsymptomaticSeveresymptomaticBesidessymptomsofrespiratorysystem,concomitantmanifestationsofotherorgansystemsarepresentClassification4OntheMildsymptomaticSevereontypicalofclinicalmanifestationTypicalpneumoniauntypicalpneumoniaSevereacuterespiratorysyndrome,(SARS)coronavirusClassification5ontypicalTypicalpneumoniauntOnOccurrenceRegionCommunityAcquiredPneumoniaCAPHospitalAcquiredPneumoniaHAPClassification6OnCommunityAcquiredPneumoni支氣管肺炎

Bronchopneumonia支氣管肺炎BronchopneumoniaEtiologyvirusMaincauseofpneumoniaindevelopedcountryRSVbacteriaMaincauseofpneumoniaindevelopingcountryS.pneumoniae

EtiologyvirusMaincauseofpnePathologyCommonBroncho-pneumoniahyperaemia、edema、inflammatoryeffutionofalveolusInterstitialpneumoniahyperaemia、edema、inflammatoryeffutionofbronchiawall、bronchiolewall、alveoluswallPathologyCommonhyperaemia、edem呼吸系統疾病基礎知識概述（英文版）課件呼吸系統疾病基礎知識概述（英文版）課件Pathologicphysiology氣道炎癥循環系統神經系統水電解質消化系統肺A壓增高中毒性心肌炎心衰代酸中毒性腸麻痹胃腸粘膜屏障功能腦水腫顱壓呼酸K+↑水鈉儲留毒血癥通氣不足PaO2↓,PaCO2↑

換氣障礙PaO2↓Pathologicphysiology氣道炎癥循環系統ClinicalmanifestationMild

symptomaticrespiratorysystemfeverrespiratory

distressnasalflaring,retractions,cyonosistachypnea

cough

rales<2monthsRR≧60次/分2-12monthsRR≧50次/分1-5yearsRR≧40次/分>5yearsRR≧30次/分ClinicalmanifestationMildresClinicalmanifestationSeveresymptomaticcircularsystemsymptomCardiacmuscleinflammationHeartfailureClinicalmanifestationSevereciClinicalmanifestSeveresymptomaticHeartfailure呼吸突然加快，>60次/分心率突然增快

嬰兒>180次/分幼兒>160次/分突然煩躁不安、面色發灰心音明顯低鈍，奔馬率，頸靜脈怒張肝大肋下3cm以上尿少、下肢浮腫ClinicalmanifestSevereHeart呼吸ClinicalmanifestnervalsystemLighthypoxia：irritability，lethargySeverhypoxia：hydrocephalusdigestivesystemalimentarycanalbleedingPoisoningintestinepalsySeveresymptomaticClinicalmanifestnervalLightClinicalmanifestDICBp四肢涼，脈速弱，出血SLADHNa+

≤130mmol/L滲透壓<270mOsm/LEdemaSeveresymptomaticClinicalmanifestDICBp四肢涼，脈速弱ComplicationsComplicationpneumatocelepyopneumothoraxempyemaComplicationsComplicationpneumLaboratorydataBloodbloodroutinebacteriainfect：WBC↑、N↑leftshiftofnucleusvirusinfect：WBC↓、L↑abnormallymphcellbacteriainfect：CRP↑virusinfect：CRPnormalCRPNBTbacteriainfect：〉10%virusinfect：〈10%PathogenyvirusseparateGermiculturesputumforGramstainandcultureLaboratorydataBloodbloodbacteLaboratorydataX-rayshadowofdotandspoteemphysemaatelectasisLaboratorydataX-rayshadowof支氣管肺炎正常胸片支氣管肺炎正常胸片大葉性肺炎正常胸片大葉性肺炎正常胸片fever,cough,tachypnea,respiratorydistressandralesX-raydiagnosisfever,cough,tachypnea,X-rayDifferentiationacute

bronchitisrales、tachypneaforeignbodiesinbronchihistoryofforeignbodies、suddencough、respiratorydistress、lowerofbreathtoneorwheezingtuberculosishistoryofTBcontact、PPDtest、PPD-IgGIgM、X-ray、ralesDifferentiationacuterales、tacTreatmentgeneraltreatmentBalanceofwaterandelectrolyte3%Nacl12ml/L→↑Na+10mmol/L

Temperature18-20℃

Humidity60%FoodnutritiveTreatmentgeneralBalanceofwaTreatmentControlinfectionvirus：noidealdruglikevirozolmycoplasma、chlamydiaselecterythromycinbactrria：theprincipleofsensitivityefficiency、fullperiodoftreatment,firstselectPeniccilinTreatmentControlvirus：noideaTreatment抗生素使用原則

根據藥敏選藥adoptsensitivedrugsonthebasisofpathogenicbacterium用下呼吸道濃度高的藥物adoptdrugswhichcanfinallyinfiltratelungtissue足量足療程重癥靜脈給藥inseverecase,drugsshouldbeadministedbyvein

,fulldose,fullperiod

Treatment抗生素根據藥敏選藥Treatment抗生素選擇

肺炎鏈球菌：PNC,阿莫西林，紅霉素金黃色葡萄球菌：苯唑西林、氯唑西林、萬古、利福平流感嗜血桿菌：阿莫西林+克拉維酸鉀或舒巴坦大腸桿菌和肺炎桿菌：頭孢曲松或頭孢噻肟綠膿桿菌：替卡西林鈉克拉維酸鉀或頭孢哌酮肺炎支原體或衣原體：大環內酯

Treatment抗生素肺炎鏈球菌：PNC,阿莫西林，紅霉素Treatmentfullperiodoftreatmentaftertemperaturenormal5~7daysorclinicalsymptomdisappearing3daysMycoplasma

pneumonia：2~3weeksStaphylococusaureus：aftertemperaturenormal2weeks，fullperiodis6weeksTreatmentfullperiodaftertemptreatagainstsymptomsTreatmentoxygentreatPaO2↓：dyspnea、

cyanosis、asthmasuppress、"toxicappearance,"methods:bynosecanal0.5~1L/min，40%；byveil2~4L/min,50%~60%mechanismventilate（

respirefailture）holdingrespiratory

tractunobstructedremovesputum、pulverization、relievespasmensureliquidabsorbtreatTreatmentoxygenPaO2↓：dysTreatmenttreatofothersympdefervescecalmtreatofwindysupplyKaliumPoisoningintestinepalsy：fasting、decompressofstomachandintestine酚妥拉明0.5mg/kgivgtt

10%GS20mltreatagainstsymptomsTreatmenttreatofdefervescetreTreatmenttreatofHeartfailure鎮靜給氧強心：西地蘭減輕心臟負荷

treatagainstsymptomsTreatmenttreatof鎮靜treatTreatment合并中毒性腦病的治療脫水：甘露醇改善通氣改善腦微循環止痙：地西泮地塞米松營養神經treatagainstsymptomsTreatment合并中毒性腦病脫水：甘露醇treatTreatment糖皮質激素應用適應癥：①喘憋重,呼吸衰竭②全身中毒癥狀重③感染性休克

④腦水腫琥珀酸氫化可的松5~10mg/kg.d地塞米松0.1~0.3mg/kg.d

ivgtt2~3次/日×3~5天甲基強的松龍2~4mg/kg.次Treatment糖皮質激素適應癥：琥珀酸氫化可的松5~ResponsetotreatmentinotherwiseuncomplicatedCAP?Fever-fallsin2daysLeucocytosis-decreasesin4daysPhysicalfindingspersistslightlylongerChestradiographicabnormalitiesmaytake4-12weekstoresolveResponsetotreatmentinotherWhatifpatientsfailstorecover?Youshouldconsider--NoninfectiousconditionResistancetodrugNewnosocomialpathogenWhatifpatientsfailstoreco病毒性肺炎呼吸道合胞病毒肺炎腺病毒肺炎2歲，2~6月多見喘憋、呼吸困難，可合并呼衰、心衰哮鳴音，細濕羅音小點片狀影，肺氣腫肺不張間質性肺炎6月~2歲中毒癥狀重，稽留熱，咳劇，喘憋，呼吸困難出現晚，濕羅音或肺實變

胸片改變出現早，肺氣腫，片狀影或融合年齡癥狀胸片體征病毒性呼吸道合胞病毒肺炎腺病毒肺炎2歲，2~6月多見6月細菌性肺炎葡萄球菌肺炎新生兒，嬰幼兒急、重、快，弛張熱或稽留熱，咳嗽，呼吸困難，呻吟，易致遷徒化膿病灶，并發膿胸，膿氣胸，肺大皰中細濕羅音，出現早，皮疹浸潤影，持續時間較長，易變，可見多發性肺膿腫，膿胸，膿氣胸等<4歲慢，重，發熱，痙攣性咳嗽，呼吸困難，發紺。易致遷徒化膿病灶，易并發膿胸濕羅音或實變大葉性肺炎、支氣管肺炎、肺實變年齡癥狀體征胸片革蘭陰性桿菌肺炎細菌性葡萄球菌肺炎新生兒，嬰幼兒<4歲年齡癥狀體征胸片革蘭陰肺炎支原體肺炎年長兒，嬰幼兒發熱、刺激性咳嗽，多系統病變不明顯，嬰幼兒可有呼吸困難，喘憋，哮鳴音，濕羅音肺門影增濃；支氣管肺炎改變；間質性肺炎；均一實變影<6月起病慢，無發熱，先URI癥狀后咳、喘、氣促，部分伴結膜炎濕羅音，持續時間長間質性炎癥，過度充氣、片狀影，持續時間長年齡癥狀體征胸片沙眼衣原體肺炎支衣原體肺炎

肺炎支原體肺炎年長兒，嬰幼兒<6月年齡癥狀體征胸片沙眼衣原體

支氣管哮喘

bronchialasthma

支氣管哮喘發展史asthma-喘息，2000年前就有對哮喘的詳細描述過去認為是一種平滑肌功能異常性疾病80年代以來通過支氣管黏膜活檢，認識到哮喘是氣道慢性炎癥性疾病發展史asthma-喘息，2000年前就有對哮喘的詳細描述Definitionchronicairwayinflammationairwayhyperreactivity(AHR)reversibleairwayobstructionmanifestedbywheezing,respiratorydistress,coughDefinitionchronicairwayinfla特征氣道慢性炎癥：此為哮喘主要特征可逆性的氣流受限：指氣流受限可被支氣管擴張劑所逆轉氣道高反應性：對正常氣道無反應或很小反（AHR）應的刺激產生收縮反應特征氣道慢性炎癥：此為哮喘主要特征pathologynakedeye：emphysema,mucusblotscope:inflammatorycellinfiltrate，glandhyperplasiabasalmembrancethickeningpathologynakedeye：emphysema,m病理生理急性支氣管痙攣：速發型哮喘反應（IgE依賴）氣道壁腫脹：遲發型哮喘反應（炎癥誘導）粘液栓形成：難治療的氣流受限氣道重塑：不可逆的氣道狹窄核心氣流受限病理生理急性支氣管痙攣：速發型哮喘反應（IgE依賴）核心氣流atopy是指對