大學英語

跨文化交際Chapter2CommunicationandInterculturalCommunication黑龍江大學外語部大學英語

跨文化交際Chapter2黑龍江大學外語部1AnidiomOurmostbasiccommonlinkisthatweallinhabitthisplanet.——JohnF.KennedyAnidiomOurmostbasiccommon2Learning

objectives:Inthischapter,studentswilllearnhowto:UnderstandthedefinitionandcomponentsofcommunicationDescribethecharacteristicsofcommunicationSummarizethedefinitionofinterculturalcommunicationEvaluatetheformsofinterculturalcommunicationLearning

objectives:Inthisc3ChapterOutlineCommunicationandInterculturalCommunicationCommunicationCultureandCommunicationInterculturalCommunicationCommunicationDefinedComponentsofCommunicationInterculturalCommunicationDefinedFormsofInterculturalCommunicationCharacteristicsofCommunicationDynamicSystemicSymbolicIrreversibleTransactionalSelf-reflectiveContextualChapterOutlineCommunicationa4Lead-inCase:

SheHasThreeHands

Readthecaseandanswerthefollowingquestions:SupposeyouaretheChinesedoctor,ifyouarecommunicatingwiththeCanadianphysiotherapist,willhiswordsirritateyou?Howwouldyourespondtothesituation?Whatcausedtheircommunicationconflicts?Whatdoyouthinkofthedifferentcommunicationstylesofthetwodoctors?Lead-inCase:

SheHasTh5Thedefinitionofcommunication

Componentsofcommunication

TextA:

CommunicationThedefinitionofcommunicatio6▲Pre-readingTask:

Formgroupsofthreeorfourandworktogethertowritealettertoapenpalfriend.Analyzethefollowingelementsinvolvedintheprocess:1.Whatmeaningdoyouwanttoexpress?2.Inwhatwaywouldyouliketodeliverororganizeyouridea?3.Bywhichchannelareyougoingtosendyourmessage?4.Isthereanythingthatmightinterferewiththeprocess?5.Howdoyouthinktheletterwillbeinterpretedbypeoplefromdifferentcultures?▲Pre-readingTask:Formgroups7WesternPerspectiveofcommunicationEasternperspectiveofcommunicationThedefinitionofcommunication

WesternPerspectiveofcommuni8WesternPerspectiveofcommunication

Inwesterncultures,communicationisstudiedasthe

meansoftransmittingideas.Westernculturesemphasizetheinstrumentalfunctionofcommunication;thatis,effectivenessisevaluatedintermsofsuccessinthemanipulationofotherstoachieveone’spersonalgoal.WesternPerspectiveofcommuni9Easternperspectiveofcommunication

DefinitionsofcommunicationfrommanyAsiancountriesstressharmony,whichismostnotableincultureswithaConfuciantradition.Easterncultures’understandingwoulddefinecommunicationasaprocesswhereallpartiesaresearchingtodevelopandmaintainasocialrelationship.Easternperspectiveofcommuni102.Componentsofcommunication

Asender/sourceisthepersonwhotransmitsamessage.

Amessageisanysignalthattriggerstheresponseofareceiver.

Encodingreferstotheactivityduringwhichthesendermustchoosecertainwordsornonverbalmethodstosendanintentionalmessage.

Encoding

（編碼）Channel/Medium

（渠道）Channel/Medium

isthemethodusedtodeliveramessage.Message（信息）Sender/Source

（信息源）2.Componentsofcommunication11Decoding（解碼）Decodingistheactivityduringwhichthereceiverattachesmeaningtothewordsorsymbolshe/shehasreceived.Receiver（信息接收者）Areceiverisanypersonwhonoticesandgivessomemeaningtoamessage.Feedback（反饋）Theresponseofareceivertoasender’smessageiscalledfeedback.Noise（干擾）Noiseisatermusedforfactorsthatinterferewiththeexchangeofmessages,includingexternalnoise，physiologicalnoise,psychologicalnoiseandsemanticnoise.Noiseisinevitable.Decoding（解碼）Decodingisthea12(1)ExternalNoise

Soundsthatdistractcommunicators:voicesinthenextroom;annoyingringofsomeone’scellphoneinameeting;etc.Othertypesofexternalnoisethatdon’tinvolvesound:anovercrowdedroomorasmellycigar

(2)PhysiologicalNoise

illnessesanddisabilities(3)PsychologicalNoiseforceswiththesenderorreceiverthatinterferewithunderstanding:egotism;hostility;preoccupation;fear;etc.(4)SemanticNoisecausedbyusingdifferentlanguages;theuseofjargon;differentunderstandingofthemessagedelivered;etc.(1)ExternalNoiseSoundsthat13

PictureAnalysisWhatarethecomponentsofcommunication

reflectedinthefollowingpicture?PictureAnalysis14TextB

CharacteristicsofCommunication

a.

Communicationisdynamicb.Communicationissystematicc.Communicationissymbolicd.Communicationis

irreversiblee.Communicationistransactionalf.Communicationis

self-reflectiveg.Communicationiscontextual.TextB

CharacteristicsofCo15Pre-readingTask:Teacher:Whocanguesswhatitis—asmallanimalwithfourlegsthatpeopleoftenkeepasapetandcancatchmiceeasily?AChinesestudent:Itiscalled“貓”inChinese.AFrenchstudent:Itiscalled“Chat”inFrench.AJapanesestudent:“Neiko”inJapanese.ASpanishstudent:“Gato”inSpanish.AGermanstudent:“Katze”inGermanARussianstudent:“Kosta”inRussian.Answerthefollowingquestions:1.Doweusethesamewordtosymbolizeacertainobjectwhenwecommunicatewiththosespeakingdifferentlanguages?2.Whatkindofprocessisinvolvedincommunication?Pre-readingTask:Teacher:Who16a.CommunicationisdynamicCommunicationisanongoingactivity.Itisnotfixed.Awordoractiondoesnotstayfrozenwhenyoucommunicate;itisimmediatelyreplacedwithyetanotherwordoraction.

a.CommunicationisdynamicCom17b.Communicationissystematic

（系統性的）Communicationdoesnotoccurinisolationorinavacuum,butratherispartofalargersystem.Wesendandreceivemessagesnotinisolation,butinaspecificsetting.Settingandenvironmenthelpdeterminethewordsandactionswegenerate.Dress,language,topicselection,andthelikearealladaptedtocontext.

b.Communicationissystematic18c.Communicationissymbolic

（符號性的）Symbolsarecentraltothecommunicationprocessbecausetheyrepresentthesharedmeaningsthatarecommunicated.Asymbol

isaword,action,orobjectthatstandsfororrepresentsaunitofmeaning.People'sbehaviorsarefrequentlyinterpretedsymbolically,asanexternalrepresentationoffeelings,emotions,andinternalstates.c.Communicationissymbolic19d.Communicationisirreversible

（不可逆轉的）Communicationisanirreversibleprocess.Wecanneverundowhathasalreadybeendone.Althoughwemaytrytoqualify,negate,orsomehowreducetheeffectsofourmessage,onceithasbeensentandreceived,themessageitselfcannotbereversed.d.Communicationisirreversib20e.Communicationistransactional

（交互式的）Atransactionalviewholdsthatcommunicatorsaresimultaneouslysendingandreceivingmessagesateveryinstantthattheyareinvolvedinconversations.e.Communicationistransactio21f.Communicationisself-reflectiveHumanbeingshaveauniqueabilitytothinkaboutthemselves,towatchhowtheydefinetheworld,andtoreflectontheirpast,present,andfuture.f.Communicationisself-refle22g.Communicationiscontextual

（情境的）Allcommunicationtakesplacewithinasettingorsituationcalledacontext.Bycontext,wemeantheplacewherepeoplemeet,thesocialpurposeforbeingtogether,andthenatureoftherelationship.Thusthecontextincludesthephysical,social,andinterpersonalsettings.g.Communicationiscontextual23TextCCultureandCommunicationTextC24Therelationshipbetweencultureandcommunicationiscomparedtotherelationshipbetweenamapandajourney.Howdoyouunderstandandinterpretthissimile?Therelationshipbetweencultu25Ifpossible,interviewaforeignvisitortoyourcountry.AskhimabouthowhisculturalbackgroundinfluenceshisactualcommunicationpracticesinChina.Ifpossible,interviewaf26TextDPre-readingTask:Imagineyouareorganizinganinternationalsummercampwithchildrencomingfromdifferentcountries.Whatofthefollowingsshouldbeyourmainconcerns:blemsbetweenchildrenwhosharethesamenationalitybutnotthesamerace.TextDPre-readingTask:272.FormsofInterculturalCommunicationa.InternationalCommunicationb.

InterethnicCommunicationc.InterracialCommunication

d.

IntraculturalCommunication

1.InterculturalCommunicationDefinedInterculturalcommunicationreferstocommunicationbetweenpeoplewhoseculturalperceptionandsymbolsystemaredistinctenoughtoalterthecommunicationevent.2.FormsofInterculturalComm28a.InternationalcommunicationInternationalcommunicationtakesplacebetweennationsandgovernmentsratherthanindividuals;itisquiteformalandritualized(儀式化).UnitedNationsConferencea.Internationalcommunication29b.

InterethniccommunicationEthnicgroupsusuallyformtheirowncommunitiesinacountryorculture.Thesegroupsshareacommonoriginorheritagethatisapttoinfluencefamilynames,language,religion,values,andthelike.b.InterethniccommunicationEt30c.

InterracialcommunicationInterracialcommunicationoccurswhenthesenderandthereceiverexchangingmessagesarefromdifferentraces.c.InterracialcommunicationIn31d.IntraculturalcommunicationItisdefinedascommunicationbetweenoramongmembersofthesameculture.

d.Intraculturalcommunication32HomeworkandAfter-classactivities

GotothelibraryorsurftheInternettogetmorevividexamplesofthefourformsofinterculturalcommunication.HomeworkandAfter-classactiv33Now,let’ssummarizethekeypoints

ofthischapter!

Now,let’ssummarizethekeyp34大學英語

跨文化交際Chapter2CommunicationandInterculturalCommunication黑龍江大學外語部大學英語

跨文化交際Chapter2黑龍江大學外語部35AnidiomOurmostbasiccommonlinkisthatweallinhabitthisplanet.——JohnF.KennedyAnidiomOurmostbasiccommon36Learning

objectives:Inthischapter,studentswilllearnhowto:UnderstandthedefinitionandcomponentsofcommunicationDescribethecharacteristicsofcommunicationSummarizethedefinitionofinterculturalcommunicationEvaluatetheformsofinterculturalcommunicationLearning

objectives:Inthisc37ChapterOutlineCommunicationandInterculturalCommunicationCommunicationCultureandCommunicationInterculturalCommunicationCommunicationDefinedComponentsofCommunicationInterculturalCommunicationDefinedFormsofInterculturalCommunicationCharacteristicsofCommunicationDynamicSystemicSymbolicIrreversibleTransactionalSelf-reflectiveContextualChapterOutlineCommunicationa38Lead-inCase:

SheHasThreeHands

Readthecaseandanswerthefollowingquestions:SupposeyouaretheChinesedoctor,ifyouarecommunicatingwiththeCanadianphysiotherapist,willhiswordsirritateyou?Howwouldyourespondtothesituation?Whatcausedtheircommunicationconflicts?Whatdoyouthinkofthedifferentcommunicationstylesofthetwodoctors?Lead-inCase:

SheHasTh39Thedefinitionofcommunication

Componentsofcommunication

TextA:

CommunicationThedefinitionofcommunicatio40▲Pre-readingTask:

Formgroupsofthreeorfourandworktogethertowritealettertoapenpalfriend.Analyzethefollowingelementsinvolvedintheprocess:1.Whatmeaningdoyouwanttoexpress?2.Inwhatwaywouldyouliketodeliverororganizeyouridea?3.Bywhichchannelareyougoingtosendyourmessage?4.Isthereanythingthatmightinterferewiththeprocess?5.Howdoyouthinktheletterwillbeinterpretedbypeoplefromdifferentcultures?▲Pre-readingTask:Formgroups41WesternPerspectiveofcommunicationEasternperspectiveofcommunicationThedefinitionofcommunication

WesternPerspectiveofcommuni42WesternPerspectiveofcommunication

Inwesterncultures,communicationisstudiedasthe

meansoftransmittingideas.Westernculturesemphasizetheinstrumentalfunctionofcommunication;thatis,effectivenessisevaluatedintermsofsuccessinthemanipulationofotherstoachieveone’spersonalgoal.WesternPerspectiveofcommuni43Easternperspectiveofcommunication

DefinitionsofcommunicationfrommanyAsiancountriesstressharmony,whichismostnotableincultureswithaConfuciantradition.Easterncultures’understandingwoulddefinecommunicationasaprocesswhereallpartiesaresearchingtodevelopandmaintainasocialrelationship.Easternperspectiveofcommuni442.Componentsofcommunication

Asender/sourceisthepersonwhotransmitsamessage.

Amessageisanysignalthattriggerstheresponseofareceiver.

Encodingreferstotheactivityduringwhichthesendermustchoosecertainwordsornonverbalmethodstosendanintentionalmessage.

Encoding

（編碼）Channel/Medium

（渠道）Channel/Medium

isthemethodusedtodeliveramessage.Message（信息）Sender/Source

（信息源）2.Componentsofcommunication45Decoding（解碼）Decodingistheactivityduringwhichthereceiverattachesmeaningtothewordsorsymbolshe/shehasreceived.Receiver（信息接收者）Areceiverisanypersonwhonoticesandgivessomemeaningtoamessage.Feedback（反饋）Theresponseofareceivertoasender’smessageiscalledfeedback.Noise（干擾）Noiseisatermusedforfactorsthatinterferewiththeexchangeofmessages,includingexternalnoise，physiologicalnoise,psychologicalnoiseandsemanticnoise.Noiseisinevitable.Decoding（解碼）Decodingisthea46(1)ExternalNoise

Soundsthatdistractcommunicators:voicesinthenextroom;annoyingringofsomeone’scellphoneinameeting;etc.Othertypesofexternalnoisethatdon’tinvolvesound:anovercrowdedroomorasmellycigar

(2)PhysiologicalNoise

illnessesanddisabilities(3)PsychologicalNoiseforceswiththesenderorreceiverthatinterferewithunderstanding:egotism;hostility;preoccupation;fear;etc.(4)SemanticNoisecausedbyusingdifferentlanguages;theuseofjargon;differentunderstandingofthemessagedelivered;etc.(1)ExternalNoiseSoundsthat47

PictureAnalysisWhatarethecomponentsofcommunication

reflectedinthefollowingpicture?PictureAnalysis48TextB

CharacteristicsofCommunication

a.

Communicationisdynamicb.Communicationissystematicc.Communicationissymbolicd.Communicationis

irreversiblee.Communicationistransactionalf.Communicationis

self-reflectiveg.Communicationiscontextual.TextB

CharacteristicsofCo49Pre-readingTask:Teacher:Whocanguesswhatitis—asmallanimalwithfourlegsthatpeopleoftenkeepasapetandcancatchmiceeasily?AChinesestudent:Itiscalled“貓”inChinese.AFrenchstudent:Itiscalled“Chat”inFrench.AJapanesestudent:“Neiko”inJapanese.ASpanishstudent:“Gato”inSpanish.AGermanstudent:“Katze”inGermanARussianstudent:“Kosta”inRussian.Answerthefollowingquestions:1.Doweusethesamewordtosymbolizeacertainobjectwhenwecommunicatewiththosespeakingdifferentlanguages?2.Whatkindofprocessisinvolvedincommunication?Pre-readingTask:Teacher:Who50a.CommunicationisdynamicCommunicationisanongoingactivity.Itisnotfixed.Awordoractiondoesnotstayfrozenwhenyoucommunicate;itisimmediatelyreplacedwithyetanotherwordoraction.

a.CommunicationisdynamicCom51b.Communicationissystematic

（系統性的）Communicationdoesnotoccurinisolationorinavacuum,butratherispartofalargersystem.Wesendandreceivemessagesnotinisolation,butinaspecificsetting.Settingandenvironmenthelpdeterminethewordsandactionswegenerate.Dress,language,topicselection,andthelikearealladaptedtocontext.

b.Communicationissystematic52c.Communicationissymbolic

（符號性的）Symbolsarecentraltothecommunicationprocessbecausetheyrepresentthesharedmeaningsthatarecommunicated.Asymbol

isaword,action,orobjectthatstandsfororrepresentsaunitofmeaning.People'sbehaviorsarefrequentlyinterpretedsymbolically,asanexternalrepresentationoffeelings,emotions,andinternalstates.c.Communicationissymbolic53d.Communicationisirreversible

（不可逆轉的）Communicationisanirreversibleprocess.Wecanneverundowhathasalreadybeendone.Althoughwemaytrytoqualify,negate,orsomehowreducetheeffectsofourmessage,onceithasbeensentandreceived,themessageitselfcannotbereversed.d.Communicationisirreversib54e.Communicationistransactional

（交互式的）Atransactionalviewholdsthatcommunicatorsaresimultaneouslysendingandreceivingmessagesateveryinstantthattheyareinvolvedinconversations.e.Communicationistransactio55f.Communicationisself-reflectiveHumanbeingshaveauniqueabilitytothinkaboutthemselves,towatchhowtheydefinetheworld,andtoreflectontheirpast,present,andfuture.f.Communicationisself-refle56g.Communicationiscontextual

（情境的）Allcommunicationtakesplacewithinasettingorsituationcalledacontext.Bycontext,wemeantheplacewherepeoplemeet,thesocialpurposeforbeingtogether,andthenatureoftherelationship.Thusthecontextincludesthephysical,social,andinterpersonalsettings.g.Communicationiscontextual57TextCCultureandCommunicationTextC58Therelationshipbetweencultureandcommunicationiscomparedtotherelationshipbetweenamapandajourney.Howdoyouunderstandandinterpretthissimile?Therelationshipbetweencultu59Ifpossible,interviewaforeignvisitortoyourcountry.AskhimabouthowhisculturalbackgroundinfluenceshisactualcommunicationpracticesinChina.Ifpossible,interviewaf60Te