第16講全球化與20世紀末期的世界信息傳播業《外國新聞傳播史》主要內容信息化世界傳播、文化與內容產業全球化一、信息化與信息社會第五次信息技術革命1946國際互聯網的誕生信息社會Theoriesofthe“InformationSociety”IntroductiontoDigitalCommunicationsandCulturalTheoryLecture5TomHeslopMainschoolsofthoughtPreston(“ReshapingCommunications”):“ThirdWave”orTransformativeInformationProduction:SectorandsocietyInformationConsumption:PostmodernPostFordistHolistic“ThirdWave”theoriesHighlyinfluentialtechnology-centeredpositstechnologicalchangeasapowerful,autonomousforceforsocialandeconomicchangeMainproponents:AlvinToffler,NicholasNegroponte,KevinKelly,BillGatesTheThirdWave“Era”ClaimsthattheimplicationofICTassignificantastheagriculturalandindustrialrevolutionsToffler:“thirdcivilisationalrupture”FirstWave:AgriculturalCivilisationTimingc8000BC-1650/1750firstturningpointinhumansocialdevelopmentdiffusedslowlyacrossplanetnowvirtuallysubsidedSecondWave:IndustrialCivilisationTiming1650/1750-1955/1965industrialrevolution“unleashedsecondwaveofplanetarychange”MorerapiddiffusioncontinuestodiffuseThirdWaveStarted1955/1965beginswhen“industrialisationpeaked”“whitecollar”workersoutnumber“bluecollar”workersmarkedbyintroductionofcomputers,commercialjettravel,birth-controlpilland“highimpactinnovations”begun“surgeacrosstheearth”.ThirdWave:MainTenetEconomicandindustrialsystemundergoingfundamentalshiftfromtheproductionanddistributionofmaterialgoodstoimmaterial,informationproductsandserviceschangeglobalinscale:“boundlessfrontiers”ThirdWave:CoreArguments1Emergenceoffundamentallynewformsofindustrialproductionsystemsandemployment:worldindustrialsystemrestructuring:“generalcrisis”movingfrommassproductionto“de-massified”economylargescaleshifttohome-basedworkincreasedleisuretimeEmergenceof“revolutionary”newsetofegalitariansocialandpoliticalrelationshipspostcapitalistGates:“friction-freecapitalism”Kelly:“erosionanddemiseoftypicalsocialidentitiesandconflictsICTsandnetworks=decentralisationofdecision-makingShiftawayfrom“leftvs.right”ThirdWave:CoreArguments2ThirdWave:CoreArguments3DecentralisedandcustomisedsystemofconsumptionNegroponte(1995):“post-informationage”endofmassmediasystemsemergenceofindividualisedmediaborderless,globalised,decentralisedworldof“bits”CriticismsofThirdWaveideasThreestagemodeltoosimplisticreductionist:ignoreslongtermtrendstemporalambiguitybasedonnarrowviewofsocial/politicalfailstoacknowledgeobvioussocialandeconomictrendstechnologicallydeterministInformationProductionTheoriesPrestonidentifiestwosub-classesInformationSectorInformationSocietybothdistincttheories.InformationSector!940’s/50’s:divisionoflaborchangedriseofwhitecollarworkerseenasprofoundchangetothedistributionofsocialposition,powerandstatusNumberofstudiesdonebysocioogists:C.WrightMills:“WhiteCollar”(1956)FritzMachlup:“ProductionandDistributionofKnowledgeinTheUnitedStates(1962)Machlup:knowledgeproduction

Assertedthatknowledge/informationcentraltoallhumansocietiesHowever,roleofinformationmargialisedwithinmoderneconomicsGrowthoftechnicalknowledgeandconsequentgrowthofproductivityvitallyimportantforanalysisofeconomicgrowthMachlup:knowledgeproductionRecognisesimportanceofothertypesofinformationRecognisesthatinformationproductionalsoincludesitsdissemination“Sociallynewknowledge”ProblemswithInformationSectorTheoriesDefinitionanddesignationofsomesectorsas“information”asopposedtoothers:wheretodrawtheline?FailstoaddressdistinctiveeconomiccharacteristicsofdifferentinformationcommoditiesandmarketsTheInformationSocietyDanielBell:“TheComingOfthePost-IndustrialSociety:AVentureinSocialForecasting”(1973)HighlyinfluentialKeyconcern:changingroleoftechnicaldecision-makinginsociety(specificallyWesternIndustrialSociety)

Bell’sschemaModern“industrialsociety”dividedintothreeparts,eachruledbyadifferentaxialprinciple:economic/technical:thesocialstructureaxialprinciple:economisingdistributionofpower:thepolityaxialprinciple:participationexpressivesymblismandmeanings:thecultureaxialprinciple:fulfilment/enhancementofselfModelofemergingInformationSocietyChangefromgoods-producingtoservicesocietyTechnicalknowledgecentraltoinnovationintechnologyandpolityformationcreationofanew“intellectualtechnology”strengthedroleofscienceandcognitivevaluesModelofemergingInformationSocietyScientificandeconomicexpertsmoredirectlyinvolvedinpoliticalprocessdeepeningofexistingtendenciestobureaucratisingofintellectualworkcreatestrainsfortraditiondefinitionsofintellectualpursuitsPromotes“meritocracy”creation/expansionoftechnicalintellegensiaCritiquesofBellTechnocraticfocussesonselectiveaspectsoforganisationandforcesofproductionneglectthepossibilityofextendedindustrialisationandcommodificationofknowledgefunctionsandservicesHOWEVERtheoryhasledtosurgeofpolicyinitiativesinthe1ast10yearsInformationSocietyPolicyTheoryadaptedbyindustrialandpolicyelitesinitiativesmoreconcernedwithtechnologyandinfrastructurenotconcernedwithinformationandsocialissues,rathertechnicalbenefits/“competitiveness”markedbycombinationof“revolutionary”potentialofICTswithconservative“market”valuesPostmodernismDealswithissuesofconsumptiontheHOW(todescribe,represent)aswellastheWHAT(keycontentorfacts)Oftenmobilisedtosupport“ThirdWave” i.eKellyJean-FrancoisLyotard1“ThePostmodernCondition:AReportOnKnowledge”(1984)addressesmanyofthesameconcernsasBellPostmodernismculturalcorrelateofPost-industrialsocietyScientificknowledgetreatedas“discourse”Jean-FrancoisLyotard2Definesmodernas“anysciencethatlegitimatesitselfwithreferencetoametadiscourse”“Grand-narrative”subordinatesandorganiseslocal/micronarrativesPostmodern:incredulitytowardsmeta-narratives,introducesnew“games”evaluatedbyeffectsratherthanconformitytooverarchingdiscourseJean-FrancoisLyotard3Postmodernscience/knowledgecharaterisedbyincompleteinformation,littlenarratives,difference,focusonproducingtheunknownComputerisationmaybring“perfectinformation”,mayencourageunorthodoxthinking.Jurgen

Habermas:ModernityasincompleteprojectHabermas’workstressesthesocialcharacterofcommunicationprocessesprocessesofculturalrepresentationandsocialintegrationareinextricablylinkedcommunicativlystructured“life-world”communicativeactionHabermas:publicserviceethosBourgeoispublicspherecentralelementinshiftstowardmoredemocraticmodernityinvolvedhistoricallynewprincipleofpublicdebateerodedbymarketingrequirementsofcapitalismandformationofpublicopinionexplainsthepublicserviceethosPost-FordismsMore“holistic”thanothertheoriesArguesthatshot-runbusinesscyclesoverlaidbylongercycleRapidgrowthfollowedby“downswing”phasePeriodicclusteringofinterrelatednewtechnologicaldevelopments.二、世界傳播、文化與內容產業融合與轉型分散法則Convergence:Print,Broadcast&OnlineHandinHandRosental

Calmon

AlvesUniversityofTexasatAustinInternationalConsortiumofInvestigativeJournalistsGeneralMembershipMeetingLondon4-7,2005ThefirstdecadeAfter10yearsofWebjournalism,wherearewe?Theaudiencehasreachedcriticalmass.Onlinejournalismbecameindispensableforvirtuallyall“well-informed”peoplealmosteverywhere.Onlineadvertisinghasgrownfastandwillsustainhighlevelsofgrowth.TheInternetistakingaudiencefromnewspapersandtelevision.From“TheVanishingNewspaper,”byPhilipMeyer:Inthestudy“AbandoningtheNews”(spring2005)theCarnegieCorporationofNewYorkshowshowyoungAmericans(ages18-34)aredistancingthemselvesfromthetraditionalmediaandmovingtotheInternetasamainsourceofnews.Thenexttwoslidesarefromthatstudyandcanbefoundat:/pdf/AbandoningTheNews.ppt.From“AbandoningtheNews”–CarnegieFoundationsurveyofconsumersages18-34From“AbandoningtheNews”–CarnegieFoundationsurveyofconsumersages18-34ThefirstdecadeNewspapersingeneralhavemoreofanaudiencedailyfortheirWebsitethandailyprintcirculation.Insteadofcirculationfigures,newspapersnowreferto“audience”,toincludetheWebusersandarguethattheInternetisonlystrengtheningitsoutreach.IntheUS,theaudiencekeepsdecliningforthetraditionaleveningnewscastsandlatelyalsoforcablenews.TheinvestmentsfortheWeb,however,arestillsmallcomparedwithitsaudienceandstrategicimportanceforthesurvivalofanymediacompany.TrendsoftheseconddecadeThemediaarelosingcontroltotheconsumersandtotheadvertisers.Consumershavemoreoptionstofindinformationandareabandoningbundledproducts.WeareenteringaneraofanI-centricmedia:thecontentIwant,whereIwant,intheformatIwant,butjustwhenIwantit.Andalsoanerawhentheaudiencehasavoiceandwantstobeheard.Trendsoftheseconddecade“Journalismusedtobealecture,nowitisaconversation,”sayDanGillmorandothersfromtheCitizenJournalismorParticipatoryJournalismmovement.PhenomenasuchasOandWikiNewscannotbeignored.Blogshavegrownfast(around30millionnow,anewoneeverysecond,creatingchallengesforjournalism…)RSS(ReallySimpleSyndication)changestherelationshipbetweenconsumersandthenewsmedia.Podcastingproliferatesandshowsthatnewways(andplatforms)forjournalismdistributionareonthehorizon.TrendsoftheseconddecadeThemediaarelosingcontroltotheadvertisersalso.Advertisersdependlessfromthetraditionalmedia,sincetheyhavenowotherwaystoreachconsumers.Thecommercialequationthatfinancesjournalismhasbeenunderminedbythenewmedia.Internetadvertisingismorepreciselytargeted…Andmuchcheaper.Thebulkoftheonlineadsgoestocompanieswithlittleornocommitmenttojournalism.TheKellermemoTheexecutiveeditoroftheNYTimeswrotethisweekamemotothestaffannouncingthemergingoftheprintnewsroomandtheWebsite:“OverthepasttenyearsthenewsroomofNandthenewsroomon43rdStreethavebeenpartnersatadistance…“Butinthosetenyears,theworldhaschanged.Thedigitalnewsoperationisnowgrownupandstrong,readytoenlargeitsambitions…“Wehaveconcludedthatourbestchanceofmeetingthatchallengeistointegratethetwonewsroomsintoone.Thiswillenableustofullytapthecreativeenergyofthisorganizationandthusraisedigitaljournalismtothenextlevel.”TheKellermemo“Thechangeembodiedinthisintegrationwillbegradualbutimportant.Forquiteafewyearsnow,we'veswornallegiancetothemodern-soundingdoctrineof"platformneutrality…“ByintegratingthenewsroomsweplantodiminishandeventuallyeliminatethedifferencebetweennewspaperjournalistsandWebjournalists--toreorganizeourstructuresandourmindstomakeWebjournalism,informsthatarebothfamiliarandyet-to-be-invented,asnaturaltousaswritingandediting,andtodoallofthiswithoutlosingtheessentialqualitiesthatmakeusTheTimes.“Ourreadersaremoving,andsoarewe”.Fromshovelwaretopre-purposingTheTimesannouncementradicallychangesthewaythenewspaperviewstheWebandwillbefollowedbyotherpapersthatwillbecomemoreWeb-centric(classifiedsarealreadyWeb-centric).AllnewsorganizationsadoptedWebsites.Manyhavebeenlostincyberspace,makingtheirsitesjustajust-in-case-place-holder.NewscontentwasshoveledfromthetraditionalmediumtotheWeb.Fromshovelware,weevolvedtore-purposing(alittleadaptationtothenewmedium).Thattimeisover…Pre-purposingisthenameofthegame.Fromshovelwaretopre-purposingPre-purposingmeanstheintegrationBillKellerwantsinthathistoricalmemo.ItwillnotbethestoryoftheNewYorkTimesformattedtofitintheN…Itwillbethefirstversionofthestoryfortheonlineedition(andmaybethesecondandthirdversionsaswell),plustheprinteditionconsolidatedversion.Itmeansaninvolvementoftheonlineinthenewsproductionprocesssincetheverybeginning.AjournalismunderconstructionWhilejournalismasweknowitisdying,anewkind(ornewkinds)ofjournalismisunderconstruction.ThenextfewyearsitwillshapeupontheInternet,onmobilephones,onPDAs,onMP3players,onInteractiveTV,onnewplatformsthatwillbelaunched.Investigativejournalismfindsinthisnewworldafertileterrain.Thenewstyleismultimedia,multiplatformandhasuniquecapabilitiesthatfacilitatethepublicationofinvestigative/in-depthpieces.“Ourreadersaremoving,andsoarewe”.BillKeller,ExecutiveEditor,TheNewYorkTimesMartinNisenholtz,CEO,NewYorkTimesDigitalAugust2,2005Areyoumoving?Areyoumoving?Areyoumoving?Areyoumoving?Areyoumoving?Areyoumoving?Areyoumoving?Areyoumoving?Areyoumoving?Areyoumoving?Areyoumoving?Areyoumoving?Areyoumoving?Areyoumoving?Areyoumoving?Areyoumoving?Areyoumoving?Areyoumoving?Areyoumoving?Areyoumoving?三、全球化麥克盧漢布熱津斯基湯林森GlobalStateFormation:

ForWhom?ChristopherChase-DunnInstituteforResearchonWorld-SystemsUniversityofCalifornia,RiversideStateFormationandtheevolutionofhumaninstitutionsWhatisapolity?:bands,tribes,chiefdoms,states,empiresWhatisastate?:A“sovereign”organizationwithspecializedinstitutionsofregionalcontrol(bureaucraciesandarmies).Thegrowthofpolities:riseandfallandoccasionalupwardjumps.HierarchiesandNetworks:pulsationandriseandfallComplexChiefdoms,Earlystates,EmpireformationExpansionoftheCentralWorld-SystemSemiperipheralcapitalistcity-statesTheRiseoftheWestModernnation-statesandcapitalismWavesofeconomicandpoliticalglobalizationTheriseandfallofmodernhegemoniccorepowers:theDutchinthe17thcentury,theBritishinthe19thcentury,theU.S.inthe20thcenturyReproductionoftheInterstateSystemandthelongriseofaglobalstateGlobalGovernance:TheConcertofEurope;TheLeagueofNations;TheUnitedNationsOutlineoftheTalk:GlobalClassFormation Thetransnationalcapitalistclassinthe19thandthe20thcenturies TransnationalizationofworkersandcitizensTheGlobalizationProjectandtheformationofcapitalisttransnationalstateReconfigurationofnationalstatesandinternationalinstitutionsforthepurposesofneoliberalismGlobalKeynesianism:theTobinTax,etc.theWorldEconomicForumGlobalizationfrombelow:theWorldSocialForumWavesofGlobalizationandGlobalizationBacklashGlobalizationfromBelowvs.Anti-globalizationAnti-SystemicTransnationalMovements:TheLaborMovement;TheWomen’sMovement;GlobalIndigenism;TheEnvironmentalMovementSemiperipheralDemocraticSocialistRegimesStickyWickets:HegemonicRivalry,GlobalInequality,EcocatastropheTowardGlobalDemocracyRiseandFalloflargepowerfulpolitieswithintermittentupsweepsIterativeCausesofCityandStateGrowthStateandMarketFormationSemiperipheralDevelopmentSemiperipheralRegionsareMostOftentheSitesofInnovationsinNewInstitutionsandTechnologiesthatleadtoUpwardMobilityand/orTransformtheLogicofSocialChangeTypesofSemiperipheralSocieties:SemiperipheralMarcherChiefdoms:PatrickKirchSemiperipheralMarcherStatesSemperipheralCapitalistCityStatesSemiperipheralWorldRegions:EuropeModernHegemons:Dutch,British,U.S.RiseoftheCentral

System4000BCE2000CETimeWestEastCentralPGNCentralPMNEastAsianPGNMongolEmpireEastAsianPMNEast/WestPulsationsandMerger

Resistance,WorldRevolutionsandtheHistoricalDevelopmentofWorldOrdersWavesofColonizationandDecolonizationsincethe16thcenturyDavidP.Henige,ColonialGovernorsCore-WideEmpirevs.ModernHegemonyUSHegemonicDeclineGlobalization(twokinds)TheGlobalizationProject(marketmagicaspoliticalideology)

StructuralGlobalization(