1、Section BDirections: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is mar

2、ked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.Is It Worth Eating an Organic Diet?Organic or InorganicSales of organic food have been rising steadily over the past decade, reaching almost $30 billion in 2011, or 4.2% of all U.S. food and beverage sales,

3、 according to the Organic Trade Association. Many of the consumers who purchase these products say paying more for organic produce, milk and meat is a trade-off they are willing to make in order to avoid exposure to chemical pesticides and fertilizers and milk from cows given bovine growth hormone(牛

4、生長激素). Some experts say common sense should tell us that food grown without the help of synthetic chemicals is probably safer and healthier to consume than food containing those substances, even in trace amounts. They believe Americans should try to substitute organic products for conventional ones

5、whenever possible.However, other families, especially those whose food budgets may be more limited wonder if organic food is really worth its hefty price tag. Other experts point out that there isnt enough scientific evidence to say for sure that eating organic food leads to better health. As such,

6、they say the most important dietary advice they can give Americans is to eat more fresh fruit and vegetables and less processed food.Alex Leo, associate professor of environmental exposure biology at the Harvard School of Public Health, argues for eating more organic food. Janet H. Silverstein, a pr

7、ofessor of endocrinology (內分泌學) at the University of Florida and a co-author of an American Association of Pediatrics (兒科學) study on the health benefits of an organic diet, takes the skeptics view. So far, researchers havent been able to provide them with a definitive answer. Short Exposure to Pesti

8、cideIs there definitive scientific proof that an organic diet is healthier? Not yet, said Leo. Robust scientific studies comparing food grown organically and food grown conventionally dont exist, thanks to a lack of funding for this kind of research.The lack of definitive evidence combined with the

9、higher price of organic food has given skeptics a golden opportunity to argue that organic isnt worth the cost and effort, he added.While studies in recent years have delivered a decidedly mixed message about the healthfulness of organic food, those on both sides of the debate generally agree that o

10、rganic produce typically contains fewer pesticides than conventional produce, and that people may be able to reduce or eliminate agricultural chemicals from their bodies by adopting an organic diet. This was illustrated in a study published in the journal Environmental Health Perspectives in 2006. T

11、hat study, which was led by Leo, showed that within five days of substituting mostly organic produce for conventional produce in childrens diets, pesticides disappeared from the childrens urine (尿液).Many say the pesticides found in our food are nothing to fear because the levels fall well below fede

12、ral safety guidelines and thus arent dangerous. Similarly, they say the bovine growth hormone used to increase cows milk yield is perfectly safe. But federal guidelines dont take into account what effect repeated exposure to low levels of chemicals might have on humans over time. And many pesticides

13、 were eventually banned or restricted by the federal government after years of use when they were discovered to be harmful to the environment or human health.Pesticides, in particular, are made to kill organisms, and the Presidents Cancer Panel in 2010 made clear that it sees them as a threat, advis

14、ing Americans to reduce their cancer risks by choosing, to the extent possible, food grown without pesticides or chemical fertilizers.Recent field studies showed that organic produce, such as strawberries, leafy vegetables and wheat, not only tastes better but contains much higher levels of phenolic

15、 acids(酚酸)than conventional produce. Phenolic acids can prevent cellular damage, and offer some protection against oxidative stress(氧化應激), inflammation and cancer.The Price DebateYes, organic food typically costs more and can be harder to find than traditional food, but one could argue that the pric

16、e of conventional food is artificially low because of all the subsidies that organic farmers dont get, and that the government could do more to help organic farmers lower their costs. Nevertheless, when bought in-season, organic produce is often comparable in price to conventional produce.A good str

17、ategy for consumers on limited budgets is to buy the organic versions of foods on the Environmental Working Groups Dirty Dozen list, as they typically contain the most pesticides. Or, consumers could focus on buying the organic versions of the foods they eat most. Knowing that we could reduce our ex

18、posure to pesticides and increase our exposure to antioxidants(抗氧化劑)by eating organic food, it makes great common sense to consume more of it.Organic food is more expensive than conventional offerings, which could make it cost-prohibitive for families on limited food budgets. Given the lack of data

19、showing that organic food leads to better health, it would be counterproductive to encourage people to adopt an organic diet if they end up buying less produce as a result. If families can afford to buy organic and still put a good amount of healthy food on the table, then the decision about whether

20、 to spend the extra money on organic produce, milk and meat should be based on a solid understanding of what we do and dont know about the benefits.Pesticides and SafetyIt is difficult to compare the nutritional value of organic versus conventional food because the soil, climate, timing of harvest,

21、and storage conditions all affect the composition of produce. Still, published studies have found no significant differences in nutritional quality between organic and nonorganic produce or milk. Similarly, there is no evidence that giving bovine growth hormone (BGH) to cows changes the composition

22、of milk or affects human health. BGH is inactive in humans and degrades in the acidic environment of the stomach. As for pesticide exposure, the U.S. in 1996 established maximum permissible levels for pesticide residues in food to ensure food safety. Many studies have shown that pesticides levels in

23、 conventional produce fall well below those guidelines.While its true that organic fruits and vegetables in general contain fewer traces of these chemicals, we cant draw conclusions about what that means for health as there havent been any long-term studies comparing the relationship between exposur

24、e to pesticides from organic versus nonorganic foods and adverse health outcomes. It may seem like common sense to reduce exposure to these chemicals, but there are currently no good evidence-based studies to answer the question.While awaiting definitive studies, families on limited budgets who are

25、concerned about pesticide exposure can refer to the Environmental Working Groups list of the Dirty Dozen, those foods with the highest pesticide residues, and the Clean 15, the foods with the lowest pesticide concentrations. A good strategy would be to focus on buying organic versions of the foods o

26、n the Dirty Dozen listing. Dont Trust LabelsWe would like to think that organic food is grown locally, put in a wheelbarrow and brought directly to our homes. However, much of it comes from countries where regulations might not be as tightly enforced as in the U.S. and labeling of the foods might be

27、 misleading.And just because food is labeled organic doesnt mean it is completely free of pesticides. Contamination can occur from soil and ground water containing previously used chemicals, or during transport, processing and storage. Organochlorine insecticides(有機氯殺蟲劑) were recently found in organ

28、ically grown root crops and tomatoes even though these pesticides havent been used for 20 years.1. Federal guidelines do not consider the impact of constant exposure to small amounts of chemicals on human health.2. Consensus is reached that traditional products have more pesticides than organic prod

29、ucts.3. Alex Leo believes we should eat more organic food, but it is still unknown whether an organic diet contributes to ones health or not by now.4. In many countries, a lot of food is marked organic and this may mislead consumers.5. Consumers interested in organic food can buy seasonal vegetables

30、 that match with conventional produce in price.6. The Environmental Groups lists tell people which food is with the most pesticide residues and which is with the least.7. Americans, especially those from less wealthy families, are suggested by some experts to eat more fresh fruit and vegetables rath

31、er than processed foods.8. If people can only afford less food, we should not encourage them to adopt an organic diet, especially when there is no solid evidence that proves organic food is better for our health.9. Many factors make it hard to tell the differences between organic food and traditiona

32、l food in terms of nutrition.10. It is our common sense that food with even the smallest amount of synthetic chemicals is more dangerous and unhealthy than food without those substances.答案：1-5 F E C O I6-10 N B K L A 答案解析F注意抓住題干中的關鍵詞constant exposure to small amounts of chemicals。文章段落中，涉及長期接觸低量化學物質的

33、內容，出現在F段。該段第三句提到，但聯邦指導標準卻并未將下面這種情況考慮進去，即反復接觸低量的化學物質，久而久之將可能對人們產生怎樣的影響。題干是對原文的同義轉述。題干中的consider對應原文中的take into account。E注意抓住題干中的關鍵詞consensus、pesticides和traditional/organic products。E段第一句就提到，爭論的雙方大體上都同意一點：有機農產品所含的殺蟲劑通常要比傳統農產品少一些。題干是對原文的同義轉述。題干中的Consensus was reached對應原文中的generally agree。C注意抓住題干中的關鍵詞Al

34、ex Leo、still unknown和contributes to ones health。文章段落中，只有C段提到Alex Leo以及有機產品是否對健康有益的相關內容。該段第一句提到，亞歷克斯利奧認為應該多吃有機食品。第二句給出了另外一名教授的質疑態度。第三句提到，迄今為止，研究人員還不能給出一個明確的答案。題干是對原文的同義轉述。題干中的still unknown對應原文第三句中的havent been able to provide them with a definitive answer。O注意抓住題干中的關鍵詞food is marked organic和mislead。文章段

35、落中，涉及“有機”食品誤導消費者的，只有O段。該段第二句話提到，多數有機食品都產自那些執法可能還不如美國嚴格的國家，而食物包裝上的標簽可能會讓人產生誤解。題干是對原文的同義轉述。題干中的is marked對應原文中的labeling，題干中的mislead替代了原文中的be misleading。I注意抓住題干中的關鍵詞seasonal vegetables和match with conventional produce。文章段落中，只有I段涉及時令蔬菜與傳統農產品價格比較的內容。該段最后一句提到，如果購買時令蔬菜的話，有機農產品在價格上常常與傳統農產品不相上下。題干是對原文的同義轉述。題干中

36、的match with對應原文中的is often comparable。N注意抓住題干中的關鍵詞The Environmental Groups lists、the most pesticide residues和the least。文章段落中，N段提到，環境工作組列出了“12種受污染食品”和“15種潔凈食品”清單，前一清單中的食品的殺蟲劑殘留量最多，而后一清單中的食品所含殺蟲劑的濃度則最低。由此可知，題干是對原文的同義概括。B注意抓住題干中的關鍵詞less wealthy families、more fresh fruit and vegetables以及rather than proce

37、ssed foods。文章段落中，涉及不富裕家庭多吃新鮮水果而少吃加工產品這一內容的，只有B段。該段最后一句提到，最重要的飲食建議是，多吃新鮮的水果和蔬菜，少吃加工食品。題干是對原文的同義轉述。K注意抓住題干中的關鍵詞can only afford less food和adopt an organic diet。K段第二句提到，考慮到吃有機食品能使人們更健康的相關數據不足，所以如果鼓勵人們吃有機食物，而導致他們最終食物買得比原來少了，那可能就會適得其反。題干是對原文的同義轉述。題干中的can only afford less food對應原文中end up buying less produc

38、e。L注意抓住題干中的關鍵詞Many factors和in terms of nutrition。文章段落中，只有L段提及了對比有機食品和傳統食品的營養價值的內容。該段第一句話就提到，很難把有機食品和傳統食品的營養價值進行比較，因為作物生長的土地、氣候、收割時間及存儲條件這一系列因素都會影響農產品的成分。題干是對原文的同義轉述。題干中的many factors對應原文中的the soil, climate, timing of harvest, and storage conditions。A注意抓住題干中的關鍵詞common sense、the smallest amount of synt

39、hetic chemicals和dangerous and unhealthy。文章段落中，A段提到了含有微量人工合成化學物質的食品與不含這類化學物質的食物對人體的安全和健康的影響。該段第三句話提到，一些專家稱，常識應該會告訴我們，比起那些含有人工合成化學物質（即使是微量）的食品，那些沒有靠這類化學物質助長的食物可能會更安全，食用起來也更健康。題干是對原文的同義轉述。題干中的with even the smallest amount of對應原文中的even in trace amounts。全文翻譯：食用有機產品值得嗎？有機還是無機？A) 據美國有機貿易協會統計，過去的十年間，有機食品的銷售

40、量一直都在穩步上升，其銷售額在2011年接近300億美元，占全美食物和飲品銷售量的4.2%。為避免接觸到化學殺蟲劑和化肥，為避免喝到吃牛生長激素的奶牛產出的牛奶，許多消費者在權衡之后愿意為有機農產品、有機牛奶和有機肉類多花點錢。一些專家稱，常識應該會告訴我們，比起那些含有即使是微量的人工合成化學物質的食品，那些沒有包含這類化學物質的食物可能會更安全，食用起來也更健康。他們認為，只要有可能，美國人都應該試著用有機產品替代傳統產品。B) 不過，其他家庭，尤其是那些食品預算可能更為有限的家庭，質疑有機食品是否值那么昂貴的價格。其他專家指出，沒有足夠的科學證據證明，食用有機食品一定會使人更加健康。鑒于

41、此，他們說他們能給美國人的最重要的飲食建議就是：多吃新鮮的水果和蔬菜，少吃加工食品。C)亞歷克斯利奧是哈佛大學公共衛生學院環境暴露生物學副教授，他支持多吃有機食物。佛羅里達州立大學內分泌學教授珍妮特H.西爾弗斯坦對此持質疑態度，她是一項研究的合著者，這項研究由美國兒科學會所做，研究有機飲食對健康的益處。迄今為止，研究人員還沒有能夠給出一個明確的答案。少接觸殺蟲劑D) 有確鑿的科學證據表明有機飲食更健康嗎？利奧說：“還沒有。” 由于缺乏研究經費，關于將有機生長的食物和以傳統方式生長的食物進行比較的堅實可信的科學研究還不存在。利奧還指出：“由于沒有確鑿的證據，再加上有機食品的價格偏高，這些給了懷疑

42、論者一個絕佳的批判機會為有機食品付出的金錢和精力并非物有所值。”E) 盡管近年來的研究就有機食品是否健康傳遞出含糊不清、自相矛盾的信息，但爭論的雙方大體上都認同有機農產品所含的殺蟲劑通常要比傳統農產品少些，而且人們通過食用有機食品可能會減少或清除體內的農用化學物質。2006年發表在環境與健康展望雜志上的一則研究闡明了上述觀點。由利奧牽頭進行的這項研究表明，在5天的時間里將兒童飲食中的傳統農產品多半替換成有機食品，殺蟲劑就會從兒童尿液中消失。保護作用F) 許多人覺得無需擔心出現在我們食物中的殺蟲劑，因為它們的含量遠遠低于聯邦安全指導標準，所以并不危險。同樣的，這些人認為，那些旨在增加牛奶產量而用在奶牛身上的牛生長激素也十分安全。不過，聯邦指導標準卻并未將下面這種情況考慮進去，即反復接觸微量的化學物質，久而久之會對人們產生怎樣的影響。有許多殺蟲劑在使用多年以后才被發現對環境或人類健康有危害，最終被聯邦政府禁用或限制使用