1、Unit 1 The Evolution of Transport交通工具的演化The evolution of transport has been closely linked to the development of humankind throughout the earths historyTransports early function was to meet the basic need of hauling food supplies and building materialsBut with the formation of tribes，then peoples，an

2、d finally nations，the societal and economic functions of transport became more and more complex. At first there was mobility required for individuals，clans，households，and animals to protect them against，and to escape from，the dangers of natural disasters and tribal aggressions，and in the search for

3、the best places to settleAs tribal groups formed and gradually established their geographical identity，transport was increasingly needed to open up regions for development，to provide access to natural resources，to promote intercommunal trade，and to mobilize territorial defenseWhen the first nations

4、came into being，transport played a major role in establishing national integrity交通工具的演變緊密相連的人類在整個地球的歷史發展。運送署初期功能是滿足基本需要搬運糧食供應和建材等領域。但隨著部落，然后人民，和最后國家形成，運送的社會和經濟功能變得越來越復雜。在第一次有流動性所需的個人、 宗族、 家庭和動物保護她們免遭，和逃避危險自然災害和部落的侵略行為，并在尋找最佳的地方定居。部落群體形成和逐漸確立其地理特性，運送日益需要開放地區的發展，以提供對天然資源，增進族裔間的貿易，并調動本土防衛的訪問。當第一次的聯合國應運

5、而生時，運送發揮了重要的作用，建立民族氣節After basic societal needs had generally been attended to，local communities could increasingly devote their efforts to enhancing their economic，cultural，and technological development through trade links with other peoples and regionsAgain，transport provided the mobility required

6、 for such intertribal, international，and finally intercontinental cultural exchange and tradeDuring all of this gradual development toward an organized human society，represented today through the international family of nations，transport as physical process of moving people and goods，thus promoting

7、such development，continuously underwent technological and organizational changesSuch changes were induced by several factors and circumstancesIn fact，todays transport in its various forms and organizational arrangements remains highly subject to changes in response to societal requirements and prefe

8、rences基本社會需求大體上已照顧到后，本地社區也許會越來越多地致力于加強貿易聯系通過與其她民族和地區經濟、 文化和科技發展共同。再次，運送提供所需的這種部落之間、 國際和洲際最后的文化交流和貿易的流動。在所有有組織的人類社會，今天代表國際人們庭，交通工具的移動人員和貨品，物理過程，從而增進這種發展，通過向此逐漸發展的過程中不斷發生了技術和組織的變化。這種變化是幾種因素及環境所致。事實上，今天的多種形式和組織安排運送仍高度受回應社會需求和偏好的變化。Clearly，the first and foremost criterion to be satisfied by transport wa

9、s efficiencyFor centuries，and particularly during the takeoff stages of local economics，society required reliable，fast，and low cost transportThe search for appropriate technologies was relatively unconstrainedThere were times in human history when the demand for reliable and fast transport was espec

10、ially pronounced，and quick solutions were required for national self-defense. During such periods of local and international conflict, human ingenuity devised new transport technologies which often proved to be the decisive element for survival, and sometimes victory. Subsequently refined and develo

11、ped, such new technologies made it possible to better meet increasing transport demand, thus improving both economic progress and human welfare.顯然符合運送的首要準則是效率。幾百年來，特別是在本地經濟的起飛階段期間，社會需要迅速、 可靠、 和低成本的運送。尋找合適的技術是相對無約束。倍時，在人類歷史上尤為突出的可靠、 迅速的運送需求，并迅速解決方案所需的國家自衛。在這樣的地方和國際沖突的時期人類智慧制定新運送技術往往證明的生存空間，有時勝利的決定性因素

12、。隨后改善和發展，這種新技術使可以更好地滿足日益增長的交通需求，從而提高經濟進步和人類福祉。The need for better strategic mobility induced efforts to improve sea and land transport. This resulted in bigger and faster ships and more reliable and sturdy land vehicles. Eventually, self-propulsion was introduced, exemplified by steamboats, the rail

13、ways, and then the automobile. Research and development in the transport field finally became an organized undertaking with specific goals and objectives. As the result of the consequent concentration of talent and expertise, more and more sophisticated transport technologies evolved, such as the ai

14、rcraft and, most recently, rocket propulsion.需要更好的戰略機動致努力提高海洋和陸地運送。這導致更大、 更快的船舶和更可靠和結實的陸地車輛。最后，自航引入，蒸汽機船、 鐵路和汽車的例子。在運送領域研發終于成為組織的承諾與特定的目的。作為隨后濃度的人才及專業知識的成果，更多先進的傳播技術如飛機和，近來，火箭推動發展。The gradual evolution of increasingly sophisticated means of transport is manifested by today s transport systems, which

15、 include air, surface, and water transport. Special industry needs have led to the development of transport modes that have rather limited applications, such as pipelines, cables, and belts. Within current societal needs and preferences, as well as the economic requirements of cost effectiveness, th

16、e various existing transport modes generally fulfill rather specific functions.今天的體現是逐漸演化的日益復雜的交通工具 s 運送系統，其中涉及空中、 地面、 和海上運送。而是有限的應用程序如管道、 電纜和帶的交通工具的發展導致特殊行業的需要。目前社會的需要和喜好，以及成本效益的經濟上的規定，在既有的多種運送模式普遍達到而是特定的功能。Although transports potential to meet effectively numerous societal mobility needs improved

17、continuously, it became evident that such effectiveness had its price. A number of transport technologies implied high energy consumption and required substantial capital inputs in production and operation. As a result, several transport modes became expensive to the user. This caused equity problem

18、s because charges required to cover operating costs were not affordable by all population groups, thus limiting their mobility and welfare. Many governments chose to subsidize transport, but quickly realized that the budget implications often caused serious distortions in their national economies.雖然

19、運送的潛力以滿足有效眾多社會流動性需要不斷改善，很明顯這種有效性了它的價格。運送技術的某些暗示能耗高，所需大量資金投入生產和經營。因此，幾種交通工具變得昂貴給顧客。這導致了股權問題，由于業務費用所需的費用不是承當得起的所有人口群體，從而限制了她們的流動性和福利。許多國家的政府補貼交通工具，選擇了，但不久意識到，所涉預算問題常常在自己國家的經濟導致嚴重扭曲。Pollution caused by various transport modes gradually became another serious problem as world transport in most countries

20、 and the need to cope with rising volumes of commodity flows and person travel. In several regions of the world having high population and industry concentrations, such detrimental impacts on the environment have reached high levels. These effects of such damage yet are to be fully explored.逐漸引起多種交通

21、工具的污染成了另一種嚴重的問題，作為世界交通在大多數國家和應付日益增長的商品流動和人旅行的需要。過高的人口和產業的濃度在世界某些地區，這種對環境的不利影響已達到高水平。這種損害的這些影響還很充足探討。Finally, problems caused by dwindling world energy resources, particularly petroleum, have increasingly impeded transport services and operations. Most existing transport modes are critically dependen

22、t on petroleum derivatives for proper functioning. With unabated growth of demand for transport and a progressively limited supply of energy, the costs of providing transport have increased steadily. In particular, the disproportion of petroleum requirements and petroleum supply has caused serious i

23、nflationary problems to arise in many countries. Especially hard hit are countries with a partial or total dependence on an external petroleum supply, which have experienced growing deficits in their current accounts.最后，特別是石油、 世界能源資源日益減少，所引起的問題越來越多地阻礙了交通服務和操作。大多數既有交通工具都依賴石油衍生品的正常運作。對交通的需求有增無減，逐漸有限的能

24、源供應提供運送的費用穩步增長。特別是石油需求和石油供應的非均衡性，引起嚴重的通脹問題在許多國家中浮現。打擊特別是部分或所有依賴外部的石油供應，經歷了它們的常常賬戶赤字不斷增長的國家。The transport sector s increasing inability to satisfy demand efficiently and equitably is a problem with which all nations have to cope in trying to advance economic and social progress. Energy-supply constra

25、ints, high capital and operating costs, often with excessive foreign-exchange components, and the seriousness of transport-related environmental pollution account in large part for this problem. But transport is and will continue to be an essential requirement for world development and human welfare

26、. There is no other choice but to look for alternatives to present transport systems or to modify the technical and operational characteristics of related modes so that energy consumption and costs wil1 be reduced and environmental impacts can be kept at a minimum. Obviously, the development of tran

27、sport demand will have to be controlled.運送部門 s 越來越無法滿足需求，有效和公平地是，所有國家都必須應付在試圖推動經濟發展和社會進步的一種問題。能源供應約束、 較高的資本和經營成本，往往與過度外匯組件和運送有關環境污染帳戶在很大限度上對這一問題的嚴重性。但運送是并將繼續是世界的發展和人類福利的基本規定。有無別的選擇，但尋找替代目前的運送系統，或修改有關模式的技術和業務特點，使能源消耗及成本失敗會減少和環境的影響可以保持在最低限度。很明顯，發展的運送需求將不得不加以控制。Notesl. As tribal groups formed and gradu

28、ally established their geographical identity, transport was increasingly needed to open up regions for development，to provide access to natural resources，to promote intercommunal trade，and to mobilize territorial defense隨著種族部落的形成和地理界線的逐漸擬定，開發新區域、開采新資源、發展社區間的貿易以及捍衛領地，這些都日益需要交通的發展。2. Again，transport p

29、rovided the mobility required for such intertribal，internationaland finally intercontinental cultural exchange and trade并且交通提供了諸如部落間、國際間乃至于洲際間便利的貿易和文化交流。3During all of this gradual development toward an organized human society，represented today through the international family of nations，transport a

30、s physical process of moving people and goods，thus promoting such development，continuously underwent technological and organizational changes在向有組織的人類社會的演變過程中，這種組織在今天是通過由各國構成的國際化人們庭體現出來的，交通作為人與貨品移動的物理過程，電增進了這種發展，不斷地經歷著技術與組織方面的變化。4There is no other choice but to look for alternatives to present transp

31、ort systems or to modify the technical and operational characteristics of related modes so that energy consumption and costs will be reduced and environmental impacts can be kept at a minimum沒有別的措施，只有尋找新的交通替代手段或變化有關模式的技術與運營特點，才可以減少能源消耗和造價，對環境的影響也可以保持到最低限度。Unit 3 Transport TelematicsText Introduction

32、 Transport telematics，also known as intelligent transport systems (ITS)，are concerned with the application of electronic information and control to improve transportSome new systems have already been implemented and the pace of implementation can be expected to quickenWith a crystal ball，we can fore

33、see how a typical journey to work may look in 10 years time運送信息通訊，也稱為智能交通系統 （ITS），波及電子信息與控制應用提高運送。某些新的制度已經實行和執行的步伐將會加快。有一種水晶球，我們可以預見典型之旅工作在 10 年時間里也許看起來。You feel pleased with yourself that you have preceded your in-car navigation system with the coordinates of your final destination，and soon you are

34、 obtaining instructions on your best route with information updated from the local travel control center離開家里，淵前通過互聯網檢查您的旅游安排。一般您選擇乘搭公共交通工具，您可以擬定影響服務的任何中斷和旅行的時間。這一次您選擇乘搭車，由于你必須任命 1ater 在一天中在這些舊式商業公園是無法訪問的公共交通工具之一。沒有發生事件記錄在你正常工作，因此您不想使用您的計算機路由型號為您選擇最佳路線的路線上。As you near your place of work，you are aware

35、 of roadside messages informing you of the next park and ride serviceYou choose to ignore these as you will need to make a quick getaway for your appointmentYou then check that your travel card is clearly displayed inside the car；you dont want to be fined for not having a positive credit for the cit

36、ys road pricing and parking service! The same card gives you clearance to your parking space；you activate your parking vision and co1lision control just to be sure of not scratching the MDs car next to you一旦你的車，你頭，高速公路和選擇巡航控制、 車道支持和碰撞避免系統，使您可以專注于您最喜歡的電臺服務。忽然間，這是給你一件事你的路線上的信息的電臺交通消息通道服務被中斷。你不是驚訝的時候，在

37、下一種路口，路邊的可變信息標志 (VM) 確認這 ； 高速公路消息真的可信目前Using transport elematics All these information and control services, and many more besides, are discussed in the UK Government s consultation document. One way of categorising these services is into the following application areas:所有這些信息和控制服務和之外，更多的討論，英國政府 s 征

38、詢文獻。Categorising 這些服務的一種措施是到下面的應用領域：traffic management and control tolling and road pricingroad safety and law enforcementpublic transport travel information and ticketingdriver information and guidancefreight and fleet managementvehicle safety system integrationAll these applications are being deve

39、loped with assistance from research and pilot implementation programmes in Europe, USA and Japan.Traffic management and control Any traffic management and control system needs information on traffic flows, speeds, queues, incidents accidents, vehicle breakdowns, obstructions air quality and vehicle

40、types, lengths and weights. This information will be collected using infrared, radio, loop, radar, and microwave or vision detectors. In addition, public and private organizations will provide information on planned events roadworks, leisure events, exhibitions. The use to which this information is

41、put depends on the objectives set for management and control. Network management objectives set for urban areas include:influencing traveller behaviour, in particular modal choice, route choice and the time at which journeys are made.reducing the impact of traffic on air quality.improving priority f

42、or buses and LRT viding better and safer facilities for pedestrians, cyclists and other vulnerable road users.restraining traffic in sensitive areas.managing demand and congestion more efficiently.The software systems used will include control applications such as SCOOT, SCATS, SPOT and

43、MOTION. These are responsive systems, which control a network of traffic signals to meet these objectives. Automatic vehicle location and identification will provide information for giving priority or allowing access to certain vehicles only.Interurban network management systems will have similar ob

44、jectives but will make greater use of access control by ramp metering and other means, and of speed control and high-occupancy vehicle lane management. Regional traffic control centers will advise motorist of incidents and alternative routes by VMS and by RDS-TMC, a signal FM radio service broadcast

45、ing localized traffic messages and advice to drivers. Tolling and road pricing Interurban motorway tolling and urban road pricing provide another approach to meeting network management objectives while obtaining additional revenue that can be invested in transport. Singapores electronic zone pricing

46、, the TOLLSTAR electronic toll collection and ADEPT automatic debiting smart cards are examples of such applications.These systems rely on microwave or radio communication to an in-vehicle transponder in a smart card with detection of vehicle licence plates using image processing for enforcement pur

47、poses.Public transport travel information and ticketing Travel information is needed by passengers at home or office and also during their journey. London Transports ROUTES computer-based service offers routing, timetable and fares information on all public transport services in London through publi

48、c inquiry terminals.Real-time travel information is provided in London by the COUNTDOWN system which is being expanded to cover 4000 bus stops. A similar system called STOPWATCH is available in Southampton as part of the ROMANSE project and is based on Peeks Bus Tracker system which can detect buses

49、 using either radio beacons or GPS (Global Positioning System) which uses satellites to identify locations.ROMANSE also includes TRIP lanner interactive enquiry terminals with touch screens providing travel information.Problems with tickets for through journeys can be a deterrent for travelers choos

50、ing public transport. Smartcard stored-value tickets can provide a single ticket for car parking and all legs of a journey served by different operators.Driver information and guidance Driver information systems include the RDS-TMC radio data system-traffic message channel, initially trialled betwee

51、n London and Paris in the PLEIADES project and elsewhere in Europe in similar EC-funded projects. There is also the Traffic master service which uses infrared monitors to identify congestion and an in-car visual map-based screen to inform drivers of congestion.Driver guidance systems aim to take thi

52、s a step further by informing drivers of their route and giving guidance on navigation. Communication between the control center and the vehicle can be by roadside beacon or by digital cellular radio network based on GSM(global system of mobile communications) as in SOCRATES. Commercial products inc

53、lude Daimler Benzs copilot dynamic route guidance system trialled in Berlin and Stuttgart and Philips Car Systems CARIN. Similar products, such as the VICS advanced mobile information service, are commonly available in Japan.Notes1Transport telematics，also known as intelligent transport systems (ITS

54、)，are concerned with the application of electronic information and control to improve transport 交通運送遠程信息解決系統，一般也被稱為智能交通系統 (ITS系統)，是運用電子信息和控制技術來改善交通的系統。2On this occasion，you choose to travel by car as you have an appointment later in the day at one of those old-fashioned business parks that are inacc

55、essible by public transport 在這種狀況下，當你在這天稍后有一種約會，而約會的地點是在公交車所不能達到的一種舊式商業停車場，那么你就可以選擇乘坐小汽車前去。3Any traffic management and control system needs information on traffic flows，speeds，queues，incidents(accidents，vehicle breakdowns，obstructions)air quality and vehicle types，lengths and weights任何一種交通管理和控制系統都需要

56、如下信息：交通流、車速、排隊、交通事件(事故、車損、障礙物)、空氣質量以及車輛的類型、長度與重量。 4Interurban network management systems will have similar objectives but will make greater use of access control by ramp metering and other means，and of speed control and high-occupancy vehicle lane management都市間的網絡管理系統將會有相似的目的，但是在通過匝道車流調節和其她某些措施來進行人口

57、控制與速度控制以及高占有率車道管理方面也會起到很大作用。5These systems rely on microwave or radio communication to an in-vehicle transponder in a smart card with detection of vehicle license plates using image processing for enforcement purposes 為實行管理的目的，這些系統依托微波或無線技術與設在一張小卡片上的車載發射機應答器實現通信聯系，這張卡片采用圖像解決技術來探測車輛的駕駛執照。Unit 4 Publi

58、c Transport PriorityText Design objectives Public transport priority has to be seen in the context of an overall urban transport strategy with objectives which include not only improved bus or tram operation and restraint of car-borne commuting but also an enhanced environment for residents, workers

59、 and visitors. Measures proposed must serve all these objectives and yet also be demonstrably cost-effective and enforceable.Typical design objectives for public transport priority measures include:to improve the conditions and reliability of bus operations through the introduction of appropriate bu

60、s priority measures.to alter the traffic balance in favor of buses at those locations where this can be properly justified.to improve conditions for bus passengers at stops and interchanges.to improve road safety generally and, in particular, for pedestrians, cyclists and people with disabilities.to