1、6 THE ECONOMICS OF LABOR MARKETS勞動(lodng)市場經濟學第一頁，共七十六頁。The Economics of Labor Markets勞動(lodng)市場經濟學Chapter 18第二頁，共七十六頁。The Markets for Factors of Production生產要素(yo s)市場Factors of production are the inputs used to produce goods and services.生產要素(yo s)是指用于生產物品與勞務的投入。第三頁，共七十六頁。The Market for the Facto

2、rs of ProductionThe demand for a factor of production is a derived demand.A firms demand for a factor of production is derived from its decision to supply a good in another market.第四頁，共七十六頁。生產要素(yo s)市場生產要素的需求是 派生需求。企業的生產要素需求，是從它向另一個市場供給物品的決策(juc)派生出來的。第五頁，共七十六頁。The Demand for Labor勞動(lodng)需求Labor

3、markets, like other markets in the economy, are governed by the forces of supply and demand.與經濟中的其它市場一樣，勞動市場也是由供求力量(l ling)支配的。第六頁，共七十六頁。Figure 1 The Versatility of Supply and DemandQuantity ofApples0Price ofApplesDemandSupplyDemandSupplyQuantity ofApple Pickers0Wage ofApplePickers(a) The Market for

4、 Apples(b) The Market for Apple PickersPQLW第七頁，共七十六頁。圖1. 供給(gngj)與需求的多樣化(a) 蘋果(pnggu)市場(b) 摘蘋果工人(gng rn)市場蘋果的數量工人數量QLPW00蘋果的價格摘蘋果工人的工資需求需求供給供給第八頁，共七十六頁。The Demand For Labor勞動(lodng)需求Most labor services, rather than being final goods ready to be enjoyed by consumers, are inputs into the production o

5、f other goods.大多數勞動效勞不是(b shi)作為最終產品供消費者享用的，而是投入到其它物品的生產中。第九頁，共七十六頁。The Production Function and The Marginal Product of LaborThe production function illustrates the relationship between the quantity of inputs used and the quantity of output of a good.第十頁，共七十六頁。生產函數與勞動(lodng)的邊際產量生產函數(hnsh) 說明用于生產一種物

6、品的投入量與該物品產量之間的關系。第十一頁，共七十六頁。Table 1 How the Competitive Firm Decides How Much Labor to HireCopyright2004 South-Western第十二頁，共七十六頁。表1. 競爭性企業(qy)如何決定雇傭工人的數量第十三頁，共七十六頁。Figure 2 The Production Function生產(shngchn)函數00501001502002503003500123456Quantity of Apple Pickers 摘蘋果(pnggu)工人數量Quantity of Apples蘋果(p

7、nggu)數量 1 2 3 45第十四頁，共七十六頁。The Production Function and The Marginal Product of LaborThe marginal product of labor is the increase in the amount of output from an additional unit of labor.MPL = Q/LMPL = (Q2 Q1)/(L2 L1)第十五頁，共七十六頁。生產函數(hnsh)與勞動的邊際產量勞動的邊際產量增加的一個(y )單位勞動所引起的產量增加量。MPL = Q/LMPL = (Q2 Q1)/(

8、L2 L1)第十六頁，共七十六頁。The Production Function and the Marginal Product of LaborDiminishing Marginal Product of LaborAs the number of workers increases, the marginal product of labor declines. As more and more workers are hired, each additional worker contributes less to production than the prior one.The

9、production function becomes flatter as the number of workers rises.This property is called diminishing marginal product.第十七頁，共七十六頁。生產函數與勞動的邊際(binj)產量邊際產量遞減隨著工人數量增加，勞動(lodng)的邊際產量遞減。 隨著雇傭的工人越來越多，每個增加的工人對蘋果產量的奉獻越來越小。生產函數隨著工人數量增加而變得越來越平坦。這種性質被稱為邊際產量遞減。.第十八頁，共七十六頁。Figure 2 The Production Function生產(shng

10、chn)函數00501001502002503003500123456Quantity of Apple Pickers 摘蘋果(pnggu)工人數量Quantity of Apples蘋果(pnggu)數量 1 2 3 45第十九頁，共七十六頁。The Value of the Marginal Product of Labor and the Demand for LaborThe value of the marginal product is the marginal product of the input multiplied by the market price of the

11、output.VMPL = MPL X P 第二十頁，共七十六頁。勞動邊際(binj)產量值與勞動需求邊際產量值一種投入的邊際產量乘以該產品(chnpn)的價格。VMPL = MPL X P 第二十一頁，共七十六頁。The Value of the Marginal Product of Labor and the Demand for LaborThe value of the marginal product (also known as marginal revenue product) is measured in dollars.It diminishes as the number

12、 of workers rises because the market price of the good is constant.第二十二頁，共七十六頁。勞動的邊際(binj)產量值邊際(binj)產量值也被稱為邊際(binj)收益產量以美元計算。如果產品價格不變，邊際產量值隨著雇傭工人數量的增加而遞減。第二十三頁，共七十六頁。The Value of the Marginal Product and the Demand for LaborTo maximize profit, the competitive, profit-maximizing firm hires workers u

13、p to the point where the value of marginal product of labor equals the wage. VMPL = Wage第二十四頁，共七十六頁。邊際(binj)產量值與勞動需求為了實現(shxin)利潤最大化，一個競爭性的、追求利潤最大化的企業雇傭工人人數到勞動的邊際產量值等于工資這一點上。 邊際產量值 = 工資第二十五頁，共七十六頁。The Value of the Marginal Product and the Demand for Labor邊際產量值與勞動(lodng)需求The value-of-marginal-produc

14、t curve is the labor demand curve for a competitive, profit-maximizing firm.對一個競爭性的、追求利潤(lrn)最大化的企業來說，邊際產量值曲線就是勞動需求曲線。第二十六頁，共七十六頁。Figure 3 The Value of the Marginal Product of Labor0Quantity ofApple Pickers0Value of theMarginalProductValue of marginal product(demand curve for labor)MarketwageProfit-

15、maximizing quantity第二十七頁，共七十六頁。圖3. 勞動(lodng)的邊際產量值0摘蘋果工人數量0邊際產量值邊際產量值勞動(lodng)需求曲線市場工資利潤最大化產量第二十八頁，共七十六頁。FYIInput Demand and Output SupplyWhen a competitive firm hires labor up to the point at which the value of the marginal product equals the wage, it also produces up to the point at which the pric

16、e equals the marginal cost.第二十九頁，共七十六頁。參考資料：投入需求與產量(chnling)供給當一個競爭性企業雇傭的勞動量到邊際產量值等于(dngy)工資的一點時，它的產量也就到達價格等于(dngy)邊際本錢的一點。第三十頁，共七十六頁。What Causes the Labor Demand Curve to Shift?什么引起勞動需求曲線(qxin)移動？Output Price 產品價格Technological Change 技術變革Supply of Other factors 其他要素(yo s)的供給第三十一頁，共七十六頁。The Supply o

17、f LaborThe labor supply curve reflects how workers decisions about the labor-leisure tradeoff respond to changes in opportunity cost.An upward-sloping labor supply curve means that an increase in the wages induces workers to increase the quantity of labor they supply.第三十二頁，共七十六頁。勞動(lodng)供給勞動供給曲線反映了

18、工人如何根據時機本錢的變動作出勞動閑暇權衡取舍的決策。向上傾斜的勞動供給曲線意味著，工資上升使工人增加(zngji)他們供給的勞動量。第三十三頁，共七十六頁。Figure 4 Equilibrium in a Labor Market 勞動(lodng)市場的均衡Supply 供給(gngj)Wage (price of labor)工資(gngz)勞動的價格Quantity of Labor勞動量0第三十四頁，共七十六頁。What Causes the Labor Supply Curve to Shift?什么引起勞動供給曲線(qxin)移動？Changes in Tastes 嗜好變動C

19、hanges in Alternative Opportunities 可供選擇時機(shj)的改變Immigration 移民第三十五頁，共七十六頁。Equilibrium in the Labor Market勞動市場(shchng)的均衡The wage adjusts to balance the supply and demand for labor. 工資(gngz)調整使勞動的供求平衡。The wage equals the value of the marginal product of labor. 工資等于勞動的邊際產量值。第三十六頁，共七十六頁。Figure 4 Equi

20、librium in a Labor MarketCopyright2003 Southwestern/Thomson LearningWage(price oflabor)0Quantity ofLaborSupplyDemandEquilibriumwage, WEquilibriumemployment, L第三十七頁，共七十六頁。均衡就業量, L圖4. 勞動市場(shchng)的均衡供給(gngj)工資 (勞動(lodng)的價格)勞動量0需求均衡工資, W第三十八頁，共七十六頁。Equilibrium in the Labor Market勞動(lodng)市場的均衡Labor su

21、pply and labor demand determine the equilibrium wage. 勞動供給和需求共同(gngtng)決定了均衡工資。Shifts in the supply or demand curve for labor cause the equilibrium wage to change. 勞動供給或勞動需求曲線的移動引起均衡工資變動。第三十九頁，共七十六頁。Figure 5 A Shift in Labor SupplyCopyright2003 Southwestern/Thomson LearningWage(price oflabor)0Quanti

22、ty ofLaborSupply, SDemand2. . . . reducesthe wage . . .3. . . . and raises employment.1. An increase inlabor supply . . .SWLWL第四十頁，共七十六頁。圖5. 勞動(lodng)供給的移動工資(勞動的價格)W10勞動量L1供給(gngj), S1 需求(xqi)2. 工資 下降3. 以及就業增加。1. 勞動供給增加S2 W2 L2第四十一頁，共七十六頁。A Shift in Labor SupplyAn increase in the supply of labor :Re

23、sults in a surplus of labor.Puts downward pressure on wages.Makes it profitable for firms to hire more workers.Results in diminishing marginal product.Lowers the value of the marginal product.Gives a new equilibrium. 第四十二頁，共七十六頁。勞動(lodng)供給的移動勞動供給移動 :導致勞動過剩；引起(ynq)工資下降的壓力；使企業多雇傭工人有利可圖；導致工人的邊際產量遞減；降低

24、了邊際產量值；到達新的均衡。第四十三頁，共七十六頁。Figure 6 A Shift in Labor DemandCopyright2003 Southwestern/Thomson LearningWage(price oflabor)0Quantity ofLaborSupplyDemand, D2. . . . increasesthe wage . . .3. . . . and increases employment.DWLWL1. An increase inlabor demand . . .第四十四頁，共七十六頁。圖6. 勞動(lodng)需求的移動工資(勞動的價格）W10

25、勞動量L1供給(gngj)需求(xqi), D12. 工資上升3. 以及就業增加1. 勞動需求增加D2 W2 L2 第四十五頁，共七十六頁。Shifts in Labor DemandAn increase in the demand for labor :Makes it profitable for firms to hire more workers.Puts upward pressure on wages.Raises the value of the marginal product.Gives a new equilibrium. 第四十六頁，共七十六頁。勞動(lodng)需求的

26、移動勞動需求的移動 :使企業雇傭更多工人有利可圖(yu l k t)了；引起工資上升的壓力；提高了邊際產量值；得到新的均衡。第四十七頁，共七十六頁。Table 2 Productivity and Wage Growth in the United States.Copyright2004 South-Western第四十八頁，共七十六頁。表2. 美國的生產率與工資(gngz)增長第四十九頁，共七十六頁。Productivity and Wage Growth around the World第五十頁，共七十六頁。世界各國與地區(dq)的生產率與工資增長第五十一頁，共七十六頁。Three De

27、terminants of ProductivityPhysical CapitalWhen workers work with a larger quantity of equipment and structures, they produce more.Human CapitalWhen workers are more educated, they produce more.Technological KnowledgeWhen workers have access to more sophisticated technologies, they produce more.第五十二頁

28、，共七十六頁。生產率的三個決定(judng)因素物質資本當工人用于工作的設備和建筑物越多時，他們生產的就越多。人力資本當工人受教育越多時，他們生產的就越多。技術知識(zh shi)當工人使用越先進的技術時，他們生產的就越多。第五十三頁，共七十六頁。Other Factors of Production: Land and CapitalCapital refers to the stock of equipment and structures used for production.The economys capital represents the accumulation of goo

29、ds produced in the past that are being used in the present to produce new goods and services.第五十四頁，共七十六頁。其它(qt)生產要素: 土地和資本資本 是指生產物品與勞務(lo w)的設備與建筑物的存量。經濟中的資本表現在正用于生產新物品和勞務的過去生產的物品的積累。第五十五頁，共七十六頁。Other Factors of Production: Land and CapitalPrices of Land and CapitalThe purchase price is what a perso

30、n pays to own a factor of production indefinitely.The rental price is what a person pays to use a factor of production for a limited period of time.第五十六頁，共七十六頁。其它生產(shngchn)要素: 土地和資本土地和資本的價格購置價格 是一個人為了無限期地擁有那些生產要素而支付的價格。租賃價格 是一個人為了在一個有限(yuxin)時期內使用那些生產要素而支付的價格。第五十七頁，共七十六頁。Equilibrium in Markets for

31、Land and CapitalThe rental price of land and the rental price of capital are determined by supply and demand. The firm increases the quantity hired until the value of the factors marginal product equals the factors price.第五十八頁，共七十六頁。土地和資本(zbn)市場的均衡土地與資本的租賃價格是由供給和需求決定的。 企業(qy)會一直增加租用量，直到要素的邊際產量值等于要素的

32、價格時為止。第五十九頁，共七十六頁。Figure 7 The Markets for Land and CapitalQuantity ofLand0RentalPrice ofLandDemandSupplyDemandSupplyQuantity ofCapital0RentalPrice ofCapitalQP(a) The Market for Land(b) The Market for CapitalPQ第六十頁，共七十六頁。圖7. 土地和資本(zbn)市場土地(td)量資本(zbn)量QQPP00土地的租賃價格資本的租賃價格需求需求供給供給(a) 土地市場(b) 資本市場第六十一

33、頁，共七十六頁。Equilibrium in Markets for Land and CapitalEach factors rental price must equal the value of their marginal product. They each earn the value of their marginal contribution to the production process.第六十二頁，共七十六頁。土地和資本市場(shchng)的均衡每種要素(yo s)的租賃價格 一定等于那種要素(yo s)的邊際產量值。每種要素各自賺到了它們對生產過程的邊際奉獻的價值。第

34、六十三頁，共七十六頁。Linkages Among the Factors of ProductionFactors of production are used together.The marginal product of any one factor depends on the quantities of all factors that are available.第六十四頁，共七十六頁。生產(shngchn)要素之間的聯系 在大多數情況下，生產要素組合在一起使用。任何一種(y zhn)要素的邊際產量依賴于其它要素的可獲得量。第六十五頁，共七十六頁。Linkages Among t

35、he Factors of Production生產(shngchn)要素之間的聯系A change in the supply of one factor alters the earnings of all the factors.任何一種生產要素的變化都會改變(gibin)所有要素的收入。第六十六頁，共七十六頁。Linkages Among the Factors of Production生產要素(yo s)之間的聯系A change in earnings of any factor can be found by analyzing the impact of the event

36、on the value of the marginal product of that factor.通過分析某個事件(shjin)對那種要素邊際產量值的影響來找出任何一種要素收入的變化。第六十七頁，共七十六頁。SummaryThe economys income is distributed in the markets for the factors of production.The three most important factors of production are labor, land, and capital.The demand for a factor, such

37、as labor, is a derived demand that comes from firms that use the factors to produce goods and services.第六十八頁，共七十六頁。小結(xioji)經濟(jngj)的收入是在生產要素市場上分配的。三個最重要的生產要素是勞動、土地和資本。要素需求例如勞動是一種派生需求，它產生于用這些要素生產物品與勞務的企業。第六十九頁，共七十六頁。SummaryCompetitive, profit-maximizing firms hire each factor up to the point at which the value of the marginal product of the factor equals its price.The supply of labor arises from individuals tradeoff between work and leisure.An up