1、第十節 句子的分類 一、按用途分類 句子按用途分為陳述句、疑問句、祈使句和感嘆句。 （一）陳述句 陳述句說明一個事實或是表達說話人的看法。如： She arrived quite early. I dont see any point in making another speech on this problem. （二）疑問句 疑問句分為一般疑問句、特殊疑問句、選擇疑問句和反意疑問句。 1一般疑問句 一般疑問句通常以助動詞開始，要求以yes 或no回答。如： Will you pass on a message to him? Yes, whats it? Do you like spor

2、ts? No, I prefer reading in my spare time. 2特殊疑問句 特殊疑問句以疑問代詞開頭，后面通常接一般疑問句，如果疑問詞或其修飾的詞作句子的主語，后面應用陳述句句序。如： How much did she charge ? Who is responsible for the accident?（be responsible for 為負責） _ do you record the temperature in the lab? Every two hours. A. How soon B. How long C. How often D. How muc

3、h(答案 C how often 表示頻率，how soon最快，how long 一段延續的時間，how much 問價錢) 3選擇疑問句 選擇疑問句在結構上類似于一般疑問句，選擇的兩部分由or連接起來。如： Do you prefer coffee or tea? -Either will do. Are you from Shanghai or Suzhou?-Im from Suzhou. 4反意疑問句 反意疑問句由兩部分組成，前一部分用陳述句的形式，后一部分是一個簡短的問句。如果前一部分用肯定形式，后一部分通常用否定形式，前一部分用否定形式，后一部分就用肯定形式，兩部分主語的人稱、時

4、態應保持一致。如： You are going out today, arent you? We cant take the books out, can we? 當反意疑問句的前一部分是否定句，或含有no, nothing, never, hardly, seldom等詞時，回答時應特別注意。事實上肯定的用yes，事實上否定的用no。 You wont be away for long, will you?-No, Ill be back in ten minutes. He is hardly ten, is he?-Yes, he is ten. You havent any objec

5、tion to the idea, have you?-No, I havent.（objection to 反對，to是介詞） They have no classes tomorrow, have they?-No, they havent. 日常用語中有些反意疑問句構成與上述不同，有其獨特的方式。如： Have a cup of tea, will you? Lets meet at the station, shall we? What a lovely day, isnt it? 4反意疑問句 1. You never told us his phone number, _? A.

6、hadnt you B. didnt you C. had you D. did you 答案 D 2. I dont think youve heard of him before, _? A. dont I B. do I C. have you D. havent you 答案 C 3. Mountains can be very dangerous, _? A. cant they B. arent they C. dont they C. wont they 答案 A 4. Jill has a toothache. Its been hurting her for quite a

7、while, _? A. isnt it B. doesnt it C. wasnt it D. hasnt it 答案 D 5. Beginners have to learn from their mistakes, _ they? A. havent B. mustnt C. dont D. arent learn from 從學到 答案 C 6. Its awfully cold this morning. Yes, but its not colder than it was yesterday, _ it? A. wasnt B. isnt C. is D. was 答案 C 7.

8、 Lets try a bit harder, _? A. will we B. shall we C. do we D. are we 答案 B （三）祈使句 祈使句表示請求、命令、叮囑、號召等，主語一般是you，在句子中省略，謂語動詞用原形，否定一般在謂語前加dont 。如： Lets not waste time arguing about it. (waste time doing) Be sure to come here before nine. Dont do that again. Dont hesitatie to turn to me if you are in troub

9、le. (turn to sb.向某人求助) （四）感嘆句 感嘆句表示說話人的驚異、喜悅、氣憤等情緒，一般由what或how引導，what修飾名詞，how修飾形容詞或副詞。What + n.; How+ adj. 如： What good news it is! How good the news is! What silly questions you asked! How silly the questions you asked! What a bad memory Ive got! I even forgot to bring the book with me. How bad the

10、 memory Ive got! Look! _ lovely day it is ! A. What B. How C. What a D. How a （答案 C） 句法部分的一個重要考核點是反意疑問句。其提問部分的助動詞和主語（往往是代詞）應該與前半句一致，回答部分前后應保持一致。如： 1.Your name is Mary, _? A. arent you B. is it C. isnt it D. are you (答案 C) 2.John studies in a state university, _ he? A. do not B. does C. doesnt D. do

11、(答案 C) 3.She wasnt in when her husband came, was she? _, but she returned a few minutes later. A. No, she was B. No, she wasnt C. Yes, she was D. Yes, she wasnt (答案 B) 此外，考生應注意句型lets ，其后面往往用shall we 提問。如： Lets do the cleaning right after class, _? A. will you B. shall we C. do you D. can we (答案 B) 另

12、一類需引起注意的句子是感嘆句。感嘆句的引導詞是what（修飾名詞）或how（修飾形容詞、副詞），考生應特別注意what修飾的名詞，看它是可數還是不可數，是單數還是復數，若是單數，前面往往需加不定冠詞。 1._ wonderful birthday I am having! A. What B. What a C. How D. How much 答案 B 2._ lovely weather we have been having these days! A. How B. What C. How a D. What a 答案 B 3.How lovely they are! 二、按結構分類

13、考試大綱要求： 句子按結構分類可分為簡單句、并列句和復合句 （一）簡單句 只包含一個主謂結構，而句子各個成分都由單詞或短語構成的句子叫做簡單句。如： Im going to the Great Wall tomorrow. （二）并列句 包含兩個或兩個以上互不依從的簡單句的句子叫并列句。并列句中的分句通常用逗號、分號或并列連詞連接起來。如： Id like to travel in the holidays, but my wife insists on going to her parents home. There was no news; nevertheless, he went on

14、 hoping.(go on doing sth. 繼續做某事) （三）復合句 大綱要求： (1)主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句的構成及其常用關聯詞； (2)定語從句的種類、構成及常用關聯詞； (3)狀語從句的種類及其常用關聯詞。 它指的是包含兩個和兩個以上的主謂結構的句子，其中至少有一個主謂結構充當句子的某個成份。比如當主語、賓語、表語、定語、狀語、同位語等，這個主謂結構就稱為從句，所有從句都要用陳述句句序。1主語從句 主語不是一個詞而是一個句子，它因為有這個主句了，所以主語這個句子叫從句。主語從句可以位于句首，也可以位于句子的尾部，而在句首一般用it做它的形式主語，引導主語從句的

15、關連有that和whether這兩個都是不能省略的。What she did is not yet know.It is certain that we shell be late.It is curt to him that he had forgot to buy the book.How the prisoner is escape is a complete secret. 1. _ at the meeting yesterday is of great importance to the development of our business. A. That we discuss

16、ed B. What we discussed C. How did we discuss D. What did we discuss 答案 B (be of importance= be important) 2. _ you say now cant make up for what youve done. A. No matter B. Whatever C. However D. That make up for 為補償 答案 B 3. _ was once regarded as impossible has now become a reality. A. That B. Whi

17、ch C. Who D. What 答案 D 4. _ you do, do it well. A. What B. Which C. That D. Whatever which不能引導主語從句。 whatever=no matter what 答案 D 5. _ the prisoner escaped is a mystery. A. What B. How C. That D. Which 引導主語從句的關聯詞是that,whether和疑問詞。 答案 B 2賓語從句 引導賓語從句的關聯詞與主語從句基本相同。關聯詞that一般可以省略，whether一般可與if（是否）互換。賓語從句有

18、時也可以放在句子的后部，而在前面用it作形式賓語。賓語從句還可以接在介詞后面。 They told us again that the situation was serious. I doubt whether he will come. I dont know if you could help me tomorrow. We all thought it a pity that you had failed the exam. 1. The photos will show you _. A. what does the house look like B. what the house

19、 looks like C. how does the house look like D. how the house looks like 答案 B 2. I hope _ my letter. A. her to answer B. that she should answer C. that she will answer D. her answering hope to do sth. hope+that從句。將來時用will。 She hopes to work in this company. 答案 C 3. These apples are very expensive. Do

20、 you know _? A. how do they cost B. how many do they cost C. how much do they cost D. how much they cost 答案 D 4. The story of Jonar implies _ love can not be separated from responsibility. A. how B. if C. that D. whether 答案 C separate from 和分開 5. He wondered _. A. what will be his wifes reaction B.

21、what would his wifes reaction be C. what his wifes reaction would be D. how would be his wifes reaction 答案 C 6. The fat lady asked Alex _ he wanted something to eat. A. what B. if C. that D. which 答案 B 7. The teacher asked me _. A. whether or not I had finished my work B. did I finish my work or not

22、 C. is my work finished or not D. if or not I have finished my work 答案 A whether or not 8. Although I expected something different, I was still surprised by _ he said. A. what B. which C. that D. how 答案 A 修飾不定代詞的形容詞放在不定代詞后面。 人做主語surprise用過去分詞做表語。 9. I dont know his address except _ it was Leadenhall

23、 Street. A. that B. whether C. what D. where 答案 A 10. Mr. Lamb did not know _ he should renew the lease (租約) or not. A. what B. whether C. if D. which 答案 B 3表語從句 表語從句與賓語從句基本相同。如： The problem is who we can get to replace her. Thats why we had to put off the meeting.(put off:延期) 1. The reason why I di

24、dnt go to France was _ a new job. A. because I got B. because of getting C. due to D. that I got due to sth./sb.: because of sth./sb. 由于某事物/某人 The teams success was largely due to her efforts. 該隊的成功在很大程度上是由于她的努力。 He was late due to the very heavy traffic.他遲到是因為交通擁擠。 答案 D 2. He works too hard. That i

25、s _ is wrong with him. A. that which B. the what C. what D. the thing what 答案 C 3. One reason why women live longer than men after retirement is _ women can continue to do something they are used to doing. A. because B. for C. since D. that be used to doing 答案 D 4同位語從句 同位語從句常位于idea, fact, news, fear

26、, belief, doubt, proof, evidence等名詞后面，對這些名詞作進一步解釋。同位語從句大多由關聯詞that 引導（that不可以省略）。如： The fact that the money has gone does not mean it was stolen. Have you heard the news that we will have a picnic next week? There can be no doubt that my brother is qualified for the job. Where did you get the idea th

27、at the class would be cancelled? So far there is no proof _ spaceships from other planets do exist. A. which B. that C. how D. what 答案 B 5定語從句 定語從句分為限定性定語從句和非限定性定語從句。 限定性定語從句是句子不可缺少的一部分，沒有它，句子不能成立，或意思不清楚，不說明問題。 非限定性定語從句只對其修飾的部分作進一步的說明，沒有它句子其他部分仍然可以成立。非限定性定語從句常用逗號與前面的部分隔開。 5定語從句 1）修飾人的定語從句 who 主語賓語（口

28、語中，可省略） that 主語/賓語（可省略，前面不能有介詞） whom 賓語（前面沒有介詞時可省略） whose 定語 Do you know the person to whom he is talking? Do you know the person(whom/that) he is talking to? He is the man (who/whom/that) you can rely on. He is the man on whom you can rely. Do you know the woman who(that) is watching TV? Youre the

29、only one whose advice he might listen to. The girls whose names were called stood up. Here is the man (whom/that) youve been looking for. He is a man on whom you can safely depend. 2）修飾物的定語從句 如果修飾的詞是物，而它在定語從句中做主語，則可以用that和which。 如果修飾的詞是物，而它在定語從句中做賓語，則可以用that（可省略，前面不能有介詞）和which（前面沒有介詞時可省略）。 whose后接名詞

30、做定語。 She wasnt on the train which /that arrived just now. The dog which/that was lost has been found. This is the question about which weve had so much discussion. This is the question(that/which) weve had so much discussion about. The novel (that/which) he recommended is worth reading.(be worth doi

31、ng；值得做某事) 當定語從句修飾的詞是不定代詞，如anybody, nobody, nothing等，或是有only, very, 形容詞最高級等修飾的名詞時，從句的關聯詞往往用that , that作從句的主語或賓語，作賓語時常被省略。 Is there anything (that ) I can do for you? All(that) you have to do is to close the door and wait for him. This is one of the easiest questions that do not need answering. There

32、is no one in the world who/that does not make a mistake. 定語從句修飾的詞是不定代詞、only、very、形容詞最高級關聯詞用that，如果that在從句中做賓語，則可以省略。 3）修飾時間、地點、原因的定語從句 修飾時間的用when，相當于相當于介詞+ which，在句中做狀語。 修飾地點的用where，相當于相當于介詞+ which，在句中做狀語。 修飾原因的一般情況下跟的都是reason，用why關聯詞引導定語從句。 He came last night when I was going to bed. I know of a pl

33、ace where we can have lunch. Shes going home where she can rest. Do you know the reason why I left early? Theres no reason why he should do so. 4）非限定性定語從句 非限定性定語從句中不能用關聯詞that。修飾人時用who, whose, whom; 修飾物時用which, whose；修飾地點和時間的名詞，且作狀語時分別用where, when。如： Water, which is a clear liquid, has many uses. Our

34、 guide, who is a Chinese , is an excellent cook. They will fly to Boston, where they can plan to stay for four days, and then go to New York. He picked up the book, the cover of which had been torn.(tear-tore-torn 撕裂、撕碎) He is our English teacher, whose wife is a manager in a big firm. 非限定性定語從句還可以修飾

35、整個句子，關聯詞只能用which。 The activity was postponed, which was exactly what we wanted. They have invited me to attend the party, which is very kind of them. 限定型定語從句，如果修飾物并做賓語，前面又有介詞，只能用which。 但是如果定語從句修飾的是不定代詞，或是only，very以及形容詞最高級，只能用that。在非限定性定語從句中修飾物只能用which，修飾人只能用who。如果非限定性定語從句修飾整個句子，關聯詞只能用which。 as 也可以引導

36、定語從句，多和such連用。如： Boy as he was, he was chosen king. He was in such a fury as I have never seen. Lets discuss only such questions as concern everyone of us. 1. August 15, 1999 was one of the greatest days in his life _ he was accepted by a university. A. while B. that C. which D. when 答案 D 2. Our con

37、cert turned out to be a great success, _ they had never expected. A. what B. that C. when D. which 答案 D 3. It was a cold winter night, and there wasnt anyone _ the boy could turn to for help in the street. A. that B. which C. whom D. what 答案 A turn to sb. 向某人求助 4. All _ is a continuous supply of fue

38、l. A. what is needed B. the thing needed C. that is needed D. for their needs 答案 C 5. Huang Hong, _ father is a taxi driver, studies computer science in the U.S. A. her B. shes C. whose D. that 答案 C 6. Mr. Li is going to visit the university _ he studied 25 years ago. A. where B. which C. that D. in

39、 where 答案 D 正確答案 in which 答案 A 7. She had three sons, all _ became doctors. A. of which B. which C. of whom D. who 答案 C 8. The only thing _ really matters to the children is how soon they can return home. A. that B. which C. what D. / 答案 A 9. Do you know Tom? I think so. Isnt he _ smokes incessantly

40、(不停地)? A. who B. the man C. the man who D. the person which 答案 C 10. The seventeenth century was one _ many significant advances were made in both science and philosophy. A. in that B. in which C. whose D. of 答案 B 11. English words are not always spelled _. A. the way they sound B. the way they to s

41、ound C. the way theyre sounding D. as they are sounding 答案 A 12. Angel was the first girl _ when you got here. A. you talked to whom B. you talked to C. whom you talked D. who talked you A的正確答案為whom you talked to/to whom you talked to 答案 B 13. He arrived late, _ was annoying. A. what B. that C. whic

42、h D. whom 答案 C 14. She was extremely understanding, _ helped to calm James down. A. which B. it C. that D. this 答案 A 15. Ive never dined with you, sir; and I see no reason _. A. how should I now B. how I should now C. why should I now D. why I should now 答案 D 16. The letter _ I mailed to my sister a

43、 month before Christmas has not yet reached her. A. that B. which C. / D. all of the above 答案 D 17. _ is known to the world, Mark Twain was a great American writer. A. That B. Which C. As D. It 答案 C 6狀語從句 狀語從句可以用來表示時間、地點、條件、原因、目的、結果、行為方式、比較、讓步等。 1）時間狀語從句 常用的關聯詞有when, whenever, before, after, while,

44、as, once（一旦），until, (ever) since, as soon as等。時間和條件狀語從句中表示將來的情況通常用一般現在時。如： When you cross a road, you must be careful. It will not be long before we meet again. She comes here every month since she was a child to see her grandmother. As soon as I know it, Ill tell you. 2）地點狀語從句 關聯詞有 where 和 wherever

45、。如： Sit down wherever you like. Put it where you found it. 3）條件狀語從句 關聯詞有if, unless, as / so long as（只要），in case(萬一)等。如： As/So long as we dont give up, we are bound to succeed.(be bound to do sth. 注定要做某事；give up 放棄) In case I gorget, please remind me of that.(remind sb. of sth. 提醒某人做某事) If it snows t

46、omorrow, we will stay at home. I will do anything as long as it is interesting. 4）原因狀語從句 關聯詞有because, as（由于，因為）, since（由于，既然），now that（既然），that等。 As I didnt know the way, I asked a policeman. Since no one is against, well adopt the proposal. Seeing that shes ill, shes unlikely to come. Not that I di

47、slike the work, but that I have no time. 4）原因狀語從句 because, as since, for 皆為因為時的區別： a.because 語氣最強，用以回答why引導的問句。它可和強調詞only, just以及否定詞not連用，其所引導的從句常位于主句之后，只有強調時才置于主句之前。Because從句還可以用于強調結構，如It was because I wanted to see my mother that I went to Beijing last month.(It wasthat/ It is that) b.As語氣較弱，較口語化，

48、所表的原因比較明顯，或是已知的事實，所以不用強調。As從句之前不可用強調句和not, 也不可用于強調結構。As從句多置于主句之前。 c.Since 的語氣也比較弱，常表示對方已知的事實，往往相當于漢語的既然。它和as 一樣，其前也不可用強調詞和not, 也不可用強調結構。 d.For 和上述三個從屬連詞不同，它是一個等立連詞，比較文氣。它有時可用來作附加說明，We must get rid of carelessness, for it often leads to errors. 我們一定要克服粗枝大葉的毛病，因為這常導致錯誤。 5）目的狀語從句 關聯詞有so that, in order

49、that, for fear that（以免）, in case(以免)等。 Speak clearly so that they may understand you. He spoke slowly in order that everyone should understand. Ive got the key in case we want to go inside. 6）結果狀語從句 關聯詞有so that, sothat, suchthat等。such+名詞，so+形容詞，副詞。 Its such a good chance that we cant miss it. He was

50、 so angry that he could not speak. Everybody lent a hand so that the work was finished ahead of time. 7）方式狀語從句 關聯詞主要有as（正如）和as if, as though。 He looks as if hes tired. I did just as you told me. 8）讓步狀語從句 關聯詞有though, although, as（雖然）, even if, even though, no matter, whatever, however等。 Though I am f

51、ond of music, I cant play any instrument.（be fond of 喜愛） Although it is difficult, well do it. Whatever you say, I dont believe you. as 引導讓步狀語從句時， 句子需要倒裝。 Try as you may, you will never succeed. Young as she is, she is already familiar with most of the stories. （be familiar with 對熟悉；be similar to 和相

52、似） Old as I am, I can still climb the mountain. 9）比較狀語從句 關聯詞主要有than和as（像一樣）。 I can walk faster than you can run. He spent twice as much time on this picture as on that one. He woke up as suddenly as he had fallen asleep. 1. If anybody _ me while Im out, tell him Ill call him back later on. A. phones

53、 B. will phone C. is phoning D. phoned 答案 A 2. We must begin testing the instrument, no matter _ difficult it is. A. what B. how C. when D. where 答案 B 3. Ill leave him a note _ hell know where we are. A. so that B. that C. in order D. for 答案 A 4. _ he worked all day, he couldnt finish the job. A. Ev

54、en B. In case C. Although D. In spite of in case 萬一 in spite of 盡管，引導短語 答案 C 5. _ to New York, her father has not heard from her. A. Because she went B. After she went C. When she went D. Since she went 答案 D 6. Did you return Freds call? I dont need to _ Ill see him tomorrow. A though B. because C.

55、otherwise D. unless 答案 B 7. My uncle comes in from Iran tonight. How long has it been _ you last saw him? A. since B. as C. while D. when 答案 A 8. The size of the audience, _ we had expected, was well over one thousand. A. whom B. as C. who D. that well over 超過 答案 B 復合句部分除了應注意根據句子意思的需要選擇恰當的關聯詞外，還應注意以下幾點： （1）所有的從句都要用陳述句的句序。如： 1.They want to know _ do to help us. A. what can they B. what they can C. how they can D. how can they (答案 B) 2.Excuse me, sir. Can you tell me how I can get to the railway station? （2）時間及條件狀語從句，even if 、even though引導的讓步