1、UNIT 4 Astro nomy: the scie nee of the starsWordssolar system pla net circle astro nomy orig in religio n widely theory uni verse atomsbilli on dust solid globe viole nt explode carb on vapor n itroge n produce atmosphere appear surface unlike obvious fun dame ntal prese nee dissolve harmful acids c

2、ha in react ion extremely multiplied oxygen en courage developme nt shellfish in sect amphibia ns reptiles huge dino saurs exist rise mammalspread thus dioxide remove puzzle prese nee chemistry pla net gravity evide nee satellite viole ntshocked gen tle rude biology prove discovery physicist supply

3、decrease species exti net climateconcern disappear spaceship force escape pull lesse n float weight painful frighte ning amazed increase exhaust ing structure theory situati on crashPhrases:in all direct ions comb ine to settle into in time cool dow n fill.with as well as layeggs rema in a mystery g

4、ive birth to in one s tur n preve nt.from as a result of depe nd onno Ion ger die out block out crash into doze ns of fall back tocheer up twice as far as fall over now that get the hang ofstep forward break out pay atte nti on to watch out be make up of be fun dame ntal tobeg in with in all direct

5、ions accord ing towatch out for 密切注意；當心;提防Grammar:I.What it was to become was uncertain until between 4.5 and 3.8 billion years ago when the dustsettled into a solid.隨后它變成什么沒人知道，知道 3845 億年前，這團 塵埃才慢慢地形成一個固體的球狀物。be to do1 將要做某事”指預先安排好的計劃或約定2 表示義務、命令、禁止或可能性等,意思接近于 should,must,have to3 表示將來必然要發生的事，意為 注定

6、.”(2010 全國高考 The discovery of gold in Australia led thousands to believe that a fortuneA. is madeB. would makeC. was to be madeD. had made2. The earth become so violent that it was not clear whether the shape would last or not.地球變得激烈動蕩，不知道這個固體形狀是否會繼續存在下去。句法分析：本句是 So.that句型,that 引導的結果狀語從句中又包含一個主語從句，其

7、中 it 是形式主語whether the shape would last or not 是真正的主語。violent:adj.暴力的;強暴的;猛烈的;激烈的拓展：a violent crime / behavior 暴力犯罪 /行為a viole nt storm 暴風驟雨do violent to對.施暴;歪曲(事實take .by viole nee 搶奪with violenee 強烈地,強有力地;用暴力3.They were in time to produce carb on dioxide, n itroge n, water vapor and other gases,whi

8、chwere to make the earth s a 最終產生二氧化碳、氮氣、水蒸氣 和其他氣體，從而形成了地球的大氣層。句法分析:which 引導非限制性定語從句 ,先行詞為 carb on dioxide ,n itroge n, water vapor andother gases.in time1 終于;遲早;最后2 及時來得及（用作此意是,in time 后常跟 for sth 或 to do sth.拓展：at no time 任何時間都不 at a time 每次，一次at one time 曾經，一度 at the sane time 同時，然而at times 有時，時常

9、（=sometimes=for time to timein no time 立刻 ahead of time 提前all the time 一直，始終 on time 按時，準時for the time being 暫日寸 once upon a time 從前take one,time 從容進行 kill time 消磨時間（2013 陜西高考 The manager wants to see changes in the company,and I am sure he will.A.in particularB.i n turnC. i n cha ngeD. i n time（201

10、2 江蘇高考-Thank God you re safe-I stepped backjust_ toavoid the raci ng car.4. It was not immediately obvious that water was to be fun dame ntal to the developme nt of life.水對生命的發展起關鍵作用，這一點在當時并不明顯。be fun dame ntal to 對必不可少/至關重要 fun dame ntal adj 基本的，基礎的be similar to 與.相似be harmful to 對.有害be importa nt

11、to 對來說是重要的翻譯：有些專家認為，閱讀是學校教育所依賴的基本技能。（2015 安徽高考5. What many scie ntist believe is that the continued prese nee of water allowed the earth todissolve harmful gases and acids into the oceans and s4 很多科學家相信;地球 上長期有水存在，使地球得以把有害氣體和酸性物質溶解在海洋里。be harmful to.對有害（=do harm toharmless adj 無害的 be harmless to 對無害

12、harmful adj.有害的 be harmful to 對.有害harm n傷害，損害 do harm to sb=do sb harm 對某人有害學法點播:有些單詞其詞性的變化形式和 harm 類似，如:carefcarefu 小心的careless 粗心的fcarelessness（粗心 hope hopeful 有希望的fhopeless 沒有希望 的fhopelessness（絕望helpfhelpful 有幫助的fhelpless 無助的fhelplessness （r 無可奈何（2010 浙江 高考 Many lifestylepatter ns do such_ great

13、harm to earth that they actuallyspeed up_weakening of the huma n body.A. a;/B. /;theC. a;theD. /;/6. They multiplied and filled the oceans and seas with oxygen ,which encourage the laterdevelopment of early shellfish and all sorts of fish 它們繁殖起來使得海洋充滿了 氧氣，這為早期的貝類及各種魚類后來的進化創造了條件。multiply v.繁殖;成倍增加；迅速

14、增加;乘;乘以鏈接：add v 力卩;增力卩;添力卩 plus prep.加上subtract v 減;減去;扣除 minus prep 減去2+2=4 Two plus/added to two is four.4-2=2 Four minus two is two.Two subtracted from four is two.2 2=4 Two times/multiplied by two is four.4 吃=2 Four divided by two is two.7. Later when the plants grew into forests,reptiles appear

15、ed for the first time.后來，當這些植物長成森林時，爬行動物第一次出現了。1 句法分析:when 引導時間狀語從句；介詞短語 for the first time 作狀語。Grow into sth 不能用于被動語態。2 for the first time 第一次拓展:This is/was the first .time +that 從句，表示 這是某人第幾次做某事”從句常 用完成時態。即：主語連系動詞為 is 時，從句用現在完成時，為 was 時,從句用過去完 成時。3 grow into sth 變成，變得習慣于（不能用于被動語態grow away from sb

16、逐漸疏遠某人grow on sb 逐漸為某人所愛grow out of sth 產生于;體型上太胖而穿不上衣服grow up （指人或物長大；成長;成熟8. They laid eggs and existed on the earth for more than 140million years.它們也生蛋，在地球上生存了一億四千多萬年。搭酉己:exist in 存在于.中 exist on（=live on 靠.為生/生存單詞積累:existenee n 存在，生存 existing adj.現存的，現行的拓展:come into existenee /being 形成，出現 in exi

17、stenee 現存的；存在的(2010 江蘇 高考 Theexperime nt has ruled out the possibility of the_(exist of any lifeon that pla nt,but it dose not mean there is no life on other pla nts.9. These animals were different from all life forms in the past ,because they gave birth to youngbaby an imals and produced milk to fe

18、ed them 這些動物不同于以往所有 的生命形態，因為它們從體內生產出幼崽并給幼崽哺乳。give birth to 分娩;生孩子產生;引起鏈接：at birth 在出生時，誕生時by birth 天生;生來;在血統上be of good/noble birth 出生名門brin g.to birth 使.產生10. Thus they have , in their turn , become the most important animals on the plant. 于是，他們接著成為了這個行星上最重要的動物。thus adv.因此，于是，所以這樣，如此In one s tu 輪到某

19、人;接著拓展：by turns 輪流，依次 in turns 依次,反過來take turns to do sth 輪流做某事It s one s turn to（輪到某人做某事(2007 湖北高考 People try to avoid public transportation delays by using their owncars,a nd this_creates further problems.A. i n shortB. i n caseC. i n doubtD. in turn11.They are putti ng too much carb on dioxide in

20、tothe atmosphere,which preve nts heat from escap ing from the earth into space 他 們把過多的二氧化碳排放至 U 大氣層中 , 這使得地球上的熱量不能釋放到太空中去。句法分析：which preve nts .space是which 引導的非限制性定語從句,which 指代前面的整個句子。preve nt.(fromdo ing 阻止.做誤區警示：stop sb (fromdoi ng sth 阻止某人做某事keep sb from doing sth 阻止某人做某事protect sb from/against s

21、th 保護某人免遭某物(傷害defend sd from sth 保衛某人不受某物傷害(2012 福建高考 China recently tightened 加緊 its waters controls near theHuan gya n Isla nd to preve nt Chin ese fishi ng boats from_(attacki n theSouth Chi na Sea.12. How life bega n on earth is one of the biggest puzzles that scie ntist found hard to solve.生命究竟

22、是怎樣起源的是科學家們覺得最難解決的問題之一puzzle 1 n 難題;謎搭配:be in a puzzle 不知如何是好;感到困惑2 v.（使迷惑;（使為難搭配:puzzle about /over 苦 苦思索單詞積累：puzzled adj 感到困惑的，困惑的 puzzling adj.令人迷惑的13. I cheered up immediately and floated weightlessly around in our spaceshipcab in.我立刻高興起來，由于失重,我在太空艙里飄來飄去 cheer up 市高興起來,（使振作起來鏈接:cheer .on 為.加油/鼓勁

23、 Cheers!（祝酒時用干杯！（天津高考-1 m thi nking of the test tomorrow .I m afraid I can t pass this time.-_! I m sure you ll make it.A. Go aheadB. Good luckC. No problemD. Cheer up14. But when I tried to step forwardfound I was carried twice as far as on the earthand fell over.但當我盡力向前邁步的時候，我發覺我被送出去很遠，步子的跨度竟是在地球上

24、的兩倍，因此我摔倒了。twice as .as .的兩倍.,這是一種倍數表示方法英語里常見的倍數表示法有三種：A is+倍數+形容詞比較級+tha n BA is+倍數+as+形容詞原級+as BA is+倍數 +the size/weight/height/le ngth/width.+of B asasas +形容詞、副詞原級+asas +adj.+a/a n+單數可數名詞+asas +adj.+復數可數名詞+as拓展as many /much as 多達as light as feathe 輕如鴻毛as soon as.一 就.as/so far as 遠至 U ;一直至 U .as e

25、arly as 早在as strong as a hors 強壯如牛as long as 長達as well as 除.之夕卜，還as good as 與.幾乎一樣as .as possible 盡可能地.(2013 安徽高考 1.lt s said that the power plant is now_ large as what itwas.A. twice asB. as twiceC. twice muchD. much twice(2011 陜西高考 The new stadium being built for the next Asian Games will be倍大 the

26、present one. 15.“ Oh dear ” , I cried, “ walking does need a bit of practice now that gravityhas changed.天哪“”我大聲說，重力改變了，看來走路的確需要練一練了。”句法分析：now that 引導原因狀語從句。動名詞 walking 作主語，并且用 does 來強調謂語動詞 need。now that 既然(引導原因狀語從句(2015 湖北高考 The team are working hard to analyze 分析 theproblem_they can find the best

27、soluti on. 16. We watched, amazed as firebroke out on the outside of the spaceship as ehearth s gravity in creased驚奇地看到，隨著地球引力的增加，宇宙飛船的外層燃燒起火。break out 突然開始,爆發 break up 解散;破碎;結束break through 突破;沖垮 break away from.脫離.break down 出故障;坍塌;(精神，身體垮掉 break in 進入;插話break into 強行進入（某處;突然開始（笑,歡呼等(2012 陜西高考 1.H

28、e had to pause from time to time to wipe the sweat from hisforehead,because the air-c on diti oning system_A. broke inB. broke upC. broke outD.broke dow n(2015 天津高考 See, your computer has broken_again! It doesn t makesense to buy the cheapest brand of computer just to save a few dollars.17. In our s

29、olar system eight pla nets circle around the sun.system n.C系統，體系;體制,制度;U條理，秩序the solar system 太 陽系a social system 社 會制度un der the n ew/old system 在新 / 舊制度下have system in one s 工作有條理18. Ca n you match the n ames with the pla nets?match v.和.協調，搭配;與匹敵,成為的對手n.火柴;比賽;對手;配偶match .with 使和搭配match up to 相當,配得

30、上be a match for 與.相匹酉己find/meet one,s match 棋逢對手，遇上對手match point 最后決定勝負的分；賽點19.lt exploded loudly with fire and rock.explode v 爆炸,爆破;突然爆發；突增;破除;推翻explosion n 爆炸;爆裂;突增 unexploded adj 未爆炸的explosive adj 易爆炸的，易爆發的;突增的 explosively adv.爆炸地;突增地explode a bomb =set off a bomb 使 炸彈爆炸explode a superstiti on 破除

31、迷信explode into wild laughter 突然大笑起來the explodi ng world population 迅猛增長的世界人口2O.As a result of this eve nt, a great dust cloud formed in the sky block ing out the sun light.block out 擋住，遮住（光線，聲音等,忘掉，抹去（不愉快的事情block out （用路障圭寸鎖，堵住block up 塞住,圭寸住block one s 曲曲擋住某人的去路block sth.in/out 草擬，畫.的簡略圖21.We were

32、trying to escape the pull of the earths gravity.pull 拉（力;拖;牽引力pull dow n 拆毀pull out （of 駛出（車站;抽出;取出pull up （使車停下pull through 恢復健康;（使渡過難關/危機語法精講（名詞性從句-主語從句主語從句通常由下列詞引導：1 從屬連詞 that,whether,if 等；2 連接代詞 what,who,which,whatever,whoever,whom 等;3 連接畐【J 詞 how,when,where,why 等。that 在句中無詞義，只起連接作用；連接代詞和連接副詞都在句

33、中既保留自己的 疑問含義、又起連接作用，在從句中充當主語的成分。注：whom、who 指人,what 指 物,whatever,whoever表示泛指意義。例女口 :What he wants to tell us is not clear 他要 跟我們說什么，還不清楚。Who will win the match is still unknown.誰能贏得這場比賽還不得而知。It is kn ow n to us how he became a writer 我們都知道他是如何成為一名作家的。Where theEn glish eve ning will be held has not ye

34、t bee n announ ce（英 語晚會將在哪里 舉行,還沒有宣布。有時為避免句子頭重腳輕，常用形式主語 it 代替主語從句作形式主語放于句首 而把主語從句置于句末。主語從句后的謂語動詞一般用單數形式。常用句型如下：（1It be+名詞+ that 從句Its a great pity that they did nt get marriec 他們沒能結婚，真是令人惋惜。It s a good thing that you were insured(爾保了險，這可是件好事。(2It be +形容詞+ that 從句Its splendid that you passed your exa

35、n 爾通過考試了，真棒。Its strange that there are no lights or 真奇怪，沒有一盞燈是開著的。(3It be +動詞的過去分詞+主語從句Its said that he has been there ma ny time 據. 說他去過那兒很多次。(4It +不及物動詞+ that 從句1另注意在主語從句中用來表示驚奇、不相信、惋惜、理應如此等語氣時 動詞要用虛擬語氣“(should +do 常用的句型有：It is n ecessary (importa nt, n atural, stra nge, etc. thatIt is suggested (

36、requested, proposed, desired, etc. that(5 it seems/happe ns+tha 從句眾所周知的幾種表達方式(lit is known to us that.(2As is known to us.(3what is known to us is that.it 引導的強調句結構:It is/was+被強調部分+that/who+句子其它部分。eg:My father did the experiment in the lab yesterday evening.強調主語：lt was my father who did the experimen

37、t in the lab yesterday evening.，謂強調賓語:It was the experiment that my father did in the lab yesterday evening.強調時間：It was yesterday evening that my father did the experiment in the lab 注意不用 when強調地點:It was in the lab that my father did the experiment yesterday evening.(2015 北京高考_we un dersta nd things

38、 has a lot to do with whatwe feel.A. WhereB. HowC. WhyD. When(2013 陜西高考 It rema ins to be seen_ the n ewly formedcommittee s policy can be put into practice.A. thatB. whichC. whatD. whether(2015 江蘇高考_Li Bai , a great Chin ese poet,was born is known tothe public ,but some won,t accept it.A.WhatB. Why

39、C. WhereD. How(2011 江蘇高考 It was never clearthe man hadn ” t reported theaccide nt sooner.A. thatB. howC. whe nD. why(2014 天津高考 I think_ impresses me about his painting is the colorshe uses.A. whatB. thatC. whichD. who(2011 江西高考 The villagers have already known_ we II do is to rebuildthe bridge.A.thi

40、sB.thatC.whatD.which(2012 安徽高考 The limits of a pers on,s in tellige nee, gen erally speak ing, are fixedat birth, but_he reaches these limits will depe nd on his en vir onment.A. whereB. whetherC. thatD. why語法選擇1.It rema ins to be seen_ this pla n is practical eno ugh to keep theproject going.A. whe

41、therB. howC. whereD. whe n2._ (2014 陜西高考 the delay flight will take off depe nds much ontheweather.A. WhyB. WhenC.ThatD.What3. (2012 全國高考 It is by no means clearthe preside nt can do to endthe strike.A. howB. whichC. thatD. what4. (2011 北京高考_Barbara Jones offers to he fans is hon esty andhapp in ess

42、.A. WhichB. WhatC. ThatD. Whom5. (2012 江西高考 It suddenly occurred to him_ he had left his keys inthe office.A. whetherB. whereC. whichD.that6. (2012 山東高考 It doesn t matteryou pay by cash or credit cardin this store.A. howB. whetherC. whatD. why7. (2012 湖南高考 Every one in the village is very frien dly.

43、 It does n tmatter_ you have lived there for a short time or a long time.A. whyB. howC. whetherD. that8. _ I want to tell you is the deep love and respect I have for my pare nts.A:That B:Which C:Whether D:What9. (2014 大纟岡高考 Exactlythe potato was introduced into Europe isun certa in ,but it was proba

44、bly around 1565.A. whetherB. whyC. whe nD.how10._ (2014 陜西高考 the delay flight will take off depe nds much onthe weather.A. WhyB. WhenC. ThatD. What11. (2014 北京高考 Some people believe_has happe ned before or ishappening now will repeat itself in the future.A. whateverB. whe neverC. whereverD.however12

45、. (2013 重慶高考_ struck me most in the movie was the father sdeep love for his son.A. ThatB. ItC. WhatD. Which13.(2012 山東高考 It doesn t matteryoupay by cash or credit card in this store.A.howB. whetherC. whatD. why單詞變形1. system n. -_adj 系統的2. religion n. -_ adj.宗教的；虔誠的3. theory n. -_ adj 理論上4. globe n.

46、-_adj 全球的;總體的5. viole nt adj. -_adv.猛烈地;激烈地-_n.暴力;侵犯6. i n time_on time_7. un like prep.（介詞-_ prep.像8. harmful adj. -_ v./n.傷害;損害-_ adj.無害的;無惡意的9. multiply-_multiply by 乘以10. lay-_-_-_ 產卵;放置11. exist v. -_ n.存在;生存12. puzzle v. -_ adj.感至卩困惑的-_ adj.令人困惑13. biology n. -_n.生物學家14. gen tie adj. -_adv 輕輕地

47、;溫和地15. physicist n. -_ n 物理學-_adj.身體的;物理的-_ n.內科醫生16. lesse n v. -_ adj. /adv 較少的;較少地17. cheer v.歡呼;使高興;為加油-_ adj.快樂的，愉快的，高興的18. weightlessly adv. -_ n 重量;重力19. break -_-_打破;弄破;休息;中斷20. _、心;堤防_ 看守;監視;看管一、短語互譯1. 突發;爆發_2. 密切注意；當心;提防_3. 輪到某人_4. 阻止;制止_5. 擋住（光線_6. 感到高興;感到振奮_7. 及時;終于_8. 既然_9. solar syste

48、m_lO.lay eggs_11. give birth to_12. carb on dioxide_13. get the hang of_14.i n all directi ons_15. 輪到某人;接著16. 感到高興，感到振奮17. 密切注視;當心;堤防18. be fun dame ntal to_二、填詞1. Opportunities_ 存 在 in our compa ny for experie need engin eers.2. The_氣氛 of the meeting is very friendly.3. Remember to put the_ 鏈子 on t

49、he door when you lock it.4. Fresh air is_基礎的 to good health,so we should make everyeffort to improve air quality.5. There are many理論 about how the uni verse came intoexiste nee.6. Dave was always cautious. IT was a_ 謎 why he took a cha neethis time.7. He was broken the world record of 100m,_ 因此匕 win

50、ning thisgold medal.8. The new gover nment promised to improve the prese nt health care_(體系.9. The hot氣候 here doesn t agree with her.10. The car碰撞 straight into a tree.11. He found something_ 漂浮 on the lake which frighted him.12. Man can t生存 without water.13. The nurse (gentlemopped 擦 the blood from

51、 the wound with a soft cloth.14. He worked very hard,接著 he succeeded will do the construction.15. The sandstorm 產生 a chain reaction 連鎖反應 which ended ina serious train crash.16. Roman Catholicism(天主教 is one of the biggest (religious in the world.17. There were reports that some people had bee 阻止 voti

52、ng in the election. frighte ned her.18. When SARS_ 爆 發，fear spread out quickly all over the cou ntry.19. With a_ (viole ncekick(踢,the robber broke into the old mans house.first、詞匯運用第組:give birth to, in time, for the first time, lay eggs , in turn1. My sister_ a lovely baby last ni ght,which made us

53、very happy.2. He lost a game_ in two years.3. Not all the ani mals on the earth produce young by_ .4. We stude nts clea n the classroom every day_ .5. Although we met with some difficulty, we successfully completed the project第二組:now that,block out,get the hang of,watch out for,break out,cheer up1.

54、The man has a bad habit of telli ng lies.Please_ him now and the n.2. You look sad. ! Everyth ing will be all right soon.3. he has graduated from uni versity,he should lear n to earn his livi ng.4. A viole nt quarrel betwee n them on how to bring up their only child.5. After a while, the sky was by

55、black clouds.6. Typing is easy once you it.第三組:force, disappoint, system, surface, harmful, astronomy, gravity, publish,atmosphere, pla net1. His words_me and I lost hope for him.2 .He seems very hon est on the_but actually he is not reliable.t know or expla in in the field of_3. There is still a lo

56、t that scie ntists don4. He posted his n ewly-writte n no vel to a_ house but received no reply.5 .There are eight_ in the solar system.6. Whe n I en tered the meeti ng room I sen sed the_was unu sual andevery one kept sile nt.7. Do you know about Newt on s law of_?8. Drinking alcohol is_to people s

57、 health.9. I n the Chin ese educati on_ exams are laid in the most importa nt place.10. Never_ anyone to do anything he doesn t want to.第四組:telescope, development, oxygen, violent, presenee, gradually, mass, spread,explode, solid, exist, float1. With the_ of scie nee and tech no logy people can enjo

58、y the moder ncivilization fully.2. Childre n should not be allowed to watch any_ movie.3. _ , he bega n to un dersta nd how silly he was to have done such a thing.4. With the Internet n ews from every part of the world_ rapidly.5. Ma ny of the stude nts thi nk that_geometry is too hard to learn.6. A

59、 plastic bag was see n_ in the water.7. The scie ntists say that dino saurs_millio ns of years ago but the n diedout sudde nly.8. A bomb_n ear the doorway of the restaura nt from across the street.9. Whe n you are on the moon your_ will be less tha n on the earth.10. He sat in the front row and hard

60、ly no ticed my_ .11. Man canno t live without_ .12. With the help of a_you can observe lots of stars in the sky.四、翻譯1. 長時間坐在電腦前對你的眼睛有害處。你應該每兩個小時休息一會兒。Sitti ng before a computer for a long time_ your eyes.Youshould rest a while every two hours.2. 每個人都說出了自己的夢想。輪到他了，他沉默了一會兒說 我要當一名老師” Every one spoke ou