1、.Unit 4 Chemistry and Advanced Materials 化學及先進材料 Chemistry of Advanced Materials 先進材料的化學Stone, bronze, iron: civilization has always been defined by Mans relationship with materials. nowadays, materials have become such an integral part of our society, that they are often either underappreciated or

2、even overlooked. But much of the technological progress is directly or indirectly dependent on the availability of advanced materials with improved functions. It is often forgotten that there is much chemistry behind these investigations! 石、銅、鐵:文明歷來被認為是與人類息息相關的材料.如今,材料已成為當今社會的組成部分,它們往往也不能受到重視甚至被忽略。但

3、是大多數的技術進步是直接或間接依賴于所能獲得的先進材料以改善功能。這些調查系統背后是有許多化學反應，這是經常被遺忘的!Being closely related to materials science, chemistry focuses on the atomic or molecular level, and materials science deals with macroscopic properties, however both together provide a proper understanding of how chemical composition, struct

4、ure and bonding of materials are related to the particular properties.與材料科學緊密相關的化學關注原子或者分子水平以及材料科學設計到的宏觀性質。然而，兩者一起可以理解材料的化學組成、結構和化學鍵如何同具體的性質聯系起來。In the earlier days of civilization, especially in the production of metals, chemistry was only used empirically for the processing of materials, far from

5、any understanding of the basic concepts. But many arising problems like pollution of the environment or the toxicity of different materials nowadays clearly reveal the need of a better understanding of the basic chemistry. It is becoming widely recognized that no new method for extracting or process

6、ing a material can be considered without good understanding of the real costs as well as its fate after its lifetime.在早期的文明,特別是在生產金屬材料和僅以經驗進行化學處理的材料,不能理解基本概念。但是許多出現的問題，像現在的環境污染、不同材料的毒性，清晰地顯示需要很好地理解基礎化學。如果不能很好的理解產品的真實成本和用完以后的處置，那么就不能考慮出新的提取或者加工材料的方法，這一點已經為大家所公認。A number of important aspects have to b

7、e investigated for example whether the required properties can be achieved and maintained during the use of a material, whether the material is compatible with other parts of an assembly, whether a material can be easily recycled, whether a material causes environmental problem, and whether a materi

8、al can be produced economically.許多重要的方面必須加以調查，比如:是否材料要求的性質能否達到并且在使用過程中得到保持，是否材料同組裝的其他部分相協調，是否材料能夠容易地回收，是否材料會導致環境問題，是否材料可以很便宜的生產。Taking the fact into account that most of the processes during the life-cycle of a product are typically chemical reactions， it becomes obvious，that the solution of fundame

9、ntal materials science problem is intimately interconnected with our knowledge in chemistry.在產品的一生中，大多數加工工藝是典型的化學反應，很明顯，解決基本材料科學問題的方法緊密的同我們在化學方面的知識緊密地聯系起來了。Only a better understanding of the chemicals concepts involved in materials life-cycle leads to substantial improvements in materials technologi

10、es. The understanding of the nanostructure of materials will be an essential part of such an enterprise. But the complexity and interdisciplinary nature of material science and engineering requires effective cooperation between scientists and engineers from various disciplines. 只有更好的了解化學在材料生命周期實質的相關

11、概念才可以提高材料的技術。對于一個企業納米材料的解釋將占據著主要部分。但復雜性和跨學科性質的科學和工程需要科學家和工程師之間的有效合作從各種各樣的學科來解釋。Solid State Chemistry and Nanochemistry 固態化學和納米化學In general, research in solid state chemistry is concerned with investigations of synthesis, structures and properties of solidsThe most important motivation is to understa

12、nd，to predict, and to design the properties of solids with respect to both，chemical composition and their crystal and electronic structures.通常，在固體化學中的研究是參與研究固體材料的合成、結構和性質。最重要的目的是根據化學組成和它們的晶體和電子結構，去理解、預測和設計固體材料的性質。Of course, the first step is the synthesis of the required material. Three different ca

13、tegories of solid state synthesis can be distinguished depending on the motivation:i) preparation of known compounds to investigate a specific property;ii) synthesis of unknown members in a structurally related family in order to extend structure-property relations;iii) synthesis of new classes of s

14、olids.當然,第一步是合成所需的資料。三種不同類別的固態合成可以分為視動機:1. 制備已知化合物的一個特定的性能;2.合成未知結構的同系物是為了延伸結構-性能關系的關系;3. 合成新的固體Thus，solid state chemistry is mainly concerned with the development of new synthesis methods，new ways of identifying and characterizing materials and of describing their structureIn the last few years, th

15、e key direction of solid state chemistry lay in the search for new strategies of tailor-making materials with desired and controllable properties這樣，固體化學主要參與開發新的合成方法、新的識別和表征材料的方法和描述它們的結構的新方法。在最近幾年，固體化學的重點方向在于找到具有預期的和可控制的性能的特制材料的新的手段。Although there have been major advances in the synthesis of solid ma

16、terials due to many new chemical methods, we are still far away from a tailor-making of solid materials with specified structures/properties. Most of the discoveries of new solids still have been made by chance! Therefore, rational design and synthesis of novel materials have remained important obje

17、ctives. The control over the composition is often possible, but still then there must be a way of producing materials in any required micro and nanoscopic shape or form. At the same time, the characterization of materials is a critical ingredient to progress, because it provides guidance for further

18、 research efforts.在合成固體材料上雖然已經取得了重大的進展,由于許多新的化學方法,我們仍遠離特定固體材料的指定結構或性能。大多數被發現的新固體都是偶然被制造出來的!因此,合理的設計和合成新型材料依然是重要的目標。構成的控制往往是可能的,雖然這樣但是一定要有辦法讓任何需要的生產材料擁有微觀和納米形狀或形式。與此同時,表征材料的進步是一個關鍵的成分,因為它提供指導,為進一步研究工作。In the last few years， solid state chemists started to exploit a combination of covalent and non-cov

19、alent interactions， i.e. they started to connect molecular chemistry，the chemistry of the covalent bond，with supramolecular chemistry， based on non-covalent, intermolecular forces (electrostatic interactions, hydrogen bonding, van der Waals forces)過去幾年間，固體化學家開始開發以共價鍵和非共價鍵結合的化合物，比如，他們開始把分子化學（共價鍵化學）同基

20、于非共價鍵、分子間作用力（靜電作用、氫鍵、范德華力）的超分子化學連接起來。Molecular chemistry is concerned with uncovering and mastering the rule that govern the structure, properties, and transformations of molecular species，whereas the supramolecular chemistry is covering the structures and functions of organized entities higher comp

21、lexity formed by association of two or more chemical species held together by intermolecular forces. These polymolecular assemblies may lead to supramolecular devices, defined structurally organized and functionally integrated chemical systems built on supramolecular architectures.分子化學主要參與揭露和掌握控制結構、

22、性質和分子式樣轉變的規則，然而，超分子化學含蓋了兩種或兩種以上化學物質通過分子間作用力連接起來的高度復雜的組織實體的結構和功能。這些多分子組件可能導致超分子設備,定義組織結構和功能的綜合性化學系統建立在超分子體系結構上。From molecular to supramolecular chemistry, nanochemistry is the pursuit of this development of bottom-up synthesis of complex objects. 從分子到超分子化學、納米化學是為了追求這自下而上的合成復雜對象的發展。The nanochemists fu

23、ture goal is to built and organize nanoscaIe objects under mild and controlled conditions finalIy of one cluster of atoms or even one atom at a time instead of manipulating the bulk，thus，providing a reproducible method of preparing materials that are perfect in size and shape.納米化學家將來的目標是在溫和的和控制的條件下，

24、一次而不是成批的操作建立和組織一團原子或者一個原子的納米分子水平物體，這樣，提供了一個可重復的材料制備方法，這些材料在尺寸和形狀上都有很好的性質。Nowadays, one would call this directed self assembly.At present，nanochemistry is concerned with the development of novel methods for the synthesis and characterization of chemical systems within the size range of about 1nm to 1

25、00nm. The interest in nanoscaIe objects is due to the exhibition of novel electronic，optical，magnetic, transport，photochemical, electrochemical，catalytic and mechanical behaviors，depending on composition，size，and shape of the particles. 如今,人會稱這為自行組裝。目前，納米化學是開發新的制備表征化學系統的方法，這些化學系統在1納米到100納米尺寸范圍內。納米尺度

26、物體的興趣在于：它們顯示出新的電的、光的、磁的、傳輸的、光化學的、電化學的、催化的和機械性能，取決于粒子的組成、尺寸和形狀。The physical properties of nanoparticles neither correspond to those of the free atoms or molecules making up the particle nor to those of the bulk solids with identical chemical composition. It is astonishing, that many relevant phenomen

27、a at nanoscale are caused by the organized structure and by interactions at their predominant and complex interfaces. When the chemists are able to gain control over size and shape of the particles, further enhancement of material properties and device functions will surely be possible.納米粒子的物理性質既不與那

28、些自由的原子或構成分子的粒子有關也不與那些有相同的化學成分的大顆粒固體有關。在納米尺度的許多相關的現象由有組織的結構、它們最主要的和復雜界面上的相互作用引起的，這點是特別驚奇的。當化學家能能掌控的微粒的大小和形狀，進一步的提高材料的特性和設備功能一定會成為可能。Each change in both，composition or size can lead to different physical and chemical properties，providing a large number of new materials. Interestingly，it is true that t

29、he product of nanochemitry exhibit new and useful properties, but at the same time it is not necessarily a need for new starting materials: new applications and properties are rather a result of tailoring matter and subsequently arranging the components by means of chemical interactions，so，ideally,

30、new properties can arise from a combination of inexpensive and environmentally harmless components. 在組成或者尺寸上的每一個變化可以導致不同物理和化學性質，這就提供了大量的新材料。有趣的是，納米化學的產品顯示出新的和有用的性質，但是同時，又不需要開發新的材料：借助于化學相互作用，通過特制物質和排布相應的組成，就可以得到新的應用和性質，理想狀況下，把便宜的和環境無害的成分組合起來，就可以出現新的性質。At present the field of nanochemistry includes (i) nanoparticles, (ii) nanocrystalline materials and nanodevices. (iii)The most important aspect is still the development of new strategies for the synthesis of nanomaterials, particularly soft chemical routes.目前納米化學領域包括