1、英語六級作文經(jīng)典方法解析開篇的寫法熱身練習： 就以下主題，寫 一到兩句話，開始你的作文。§Health§ What is success?§ Honesty: is it going out of style?§ Self-confidence§ On happiness寫好文章或段落的開頭很重要。一般來講， 文章開頭既要寫出文章的主題，又要能夠引起讀者閱讀的興趣。不同的文章開頭的方式不同， 現(xiàn)推薦常見的以下幾種：引語法(Quotation)、設(shè)問法(Questions)、數(shù)據(jù)法(Figures and statistics)、背景法(Rele

2、vant background information)、定義法(Definition)、主題句法(Topic sentence)、比擬法(Analogy)。一、引語法（Quotation）：指通過在開頭段引用一些與主題相關(guān)的名人名言、成語或諺語等來開始一篇文章。引語法可應用于各種文體。E.g.: As the proverb says, “No one knows the value of health until he loses it.” In other words, nothing is more valuable than health. It is clear that heal

3、th is the foundation of ones future success. Useful quotations:All roads lead to Rome. Beauty lies in lovers eyes. Dont put off till tomorrow what should be done today. Easier said than done.Easy come, easy go. Facts speak louder than words. Failure is the mother of success. A friend in need is a fr

4、iend indeed. God help those who help themselves. He laughs best who laughs last. Its never too old/late to learn. Knowledge is power.Never judge by appearances. Time cures all things.Time and tide wait for no man. Two heads are better than one.Well begun is half done. Where there is a will, there is

5、 a way.二、設(shè)問法（Questions）: 只用提出問題的方法來引出文章的主題，以激起讀者的興趣。設(shè)問法可用于各種文體。What is success? Different people might give different answers to this question. Some people think that one is successful if he can make a great deal of money. Other people think that success means holding an important government post. S

6、till others consider one who has got a high academic title as success. However, I do not think that money, power, or status is the symbol of success. In my opinion, 三、數(shù)據(jù)法(Figures and statistics): 數(shù)據(jù)法就是用數(shù)字或數(shù)據(jù)開頭來引出文章的主題。數(shù)據(jù)法多用于描寫文、說明文和議論文。Honesty: Is It Going out of Style?According to a recent poll, 61

7、% of American high school students have admitted to cheating on exams at least once. It cannot be argued that such a response may not mean much. Therefore, honesty is still something we should put focus on.四、背景法（Relevant background Information） 對所寫主題的背景信息做簡要介紹，然后引出主題。Advertisement on TVToday, more a

8、nd more advertisements are seen on the TV screen. They appear regularly both before and after news programs, weather forecasts, TV plays and childrens cartoons. Sometimes between two parts of a film, there are as many as 20 different advertisements on industrial goods as well as consumer goods, a si

9、tuation frustrating to the impatient viewers who are in the middle of a wonderful story.五、定義法（Definition）寫關(guān)于一個抽象概念的說明文時，可以通過給這個概念下定義的方法來開始你的文章Self-confidenceSelf-confidence means trust in ones own ability. As a very important psychological quality, it brings your creative power to play, arouses your

10、 enthusiasm for work and helps you overcome difficulties. When asked for the secret of her success, Mme. Curie answered: “My success lies in perseverance and self-confidence, the latter in particular.”六、主題句法（Topic sentence）：以主題句開始你的段落，這是最典型的開門見山的寫法。On HappinessHappiness is easy to find and easy to m

11、iss. It depends on the way you look at life. It is true for most people that, for most of life, nothing wonderful happens. If you do not enjoy getting up and studying, and finishing your work and sitting down to a meal with family or friends, then the chances are you are not going to be very happy.

12、If someone bases his happiness or unhappiness on major events like a great new job, huge amount of money, a flawless lover or spouse or an American passport, that person is not going to be happy much of the time. If, on the other hand, happiness depends on a good breakfast, flowers in the garden, a

13、drink or a nap, then we are more likely to live with quite a bit of happiness.七、比擬法（Analogy）：有同學喜歡通過一個例子或一件事情做類比來引出主題，這也不失為一種有效的文章啟始法。Have you ever crossed a steam by stepping on the stones? It surely is a wonderful experience to walk across a steam of turbulent current without getting wet. In doing

14、 so, however, it is important to choose the stepping stones. If there are enough stones and the distance between each two stones is not longer than a mans stride, you can be sure of your steps. If the gaps are too wide, or if some of the stones do not have a solid foundation, you should look before

15、you leap, or you would fall into the water.Putting your ideas across to other people is just like stepping across the stream. The words, idioms and grammar points are the stepping stones. If you have a solid foundation of everything, it would not be difficult to put your ideas across, and you would

16、appreciate your own ideas being understood and accepted by your audience. On the other hand, the deficiencies in your language learning are the big gaps between the stones. You have to be very careful if you dont want to fall into the water of ineffectiveness or of being misunderstood by your audien

17、ce.Exercises:Write the beginning sentences for the following topics:§The value of time§On patriotism (愛國主義)§Should private cars be encouraged in China?§The importance of good manners§Generation gap§Money and HappinessSample Writing:Value of TimeA proverb says, “Time is

18、money.” But in my opinion, time is even more precious than money. Because when money is spent, we can earn it back; but when time is gone, it will never return. Thus we must value timeShould private cars be encouraged in China?With the fantastic development both in industry and in economy in China,

19、the number of people who own private cars is on the rise. And there have been two quite different views on this phenomenon.Some people argue that The importance of good mannersGood manners are important because we are often judged by our manners. They not only show what kind of education one has rec

20、eived and what his social position is, but they also tend to show what his nature is.Generation gapGeneration gap refers to the lack of understanding between generations caused by their different attitudes and experiences. It is common everywhere and it has a great influence on the relationship betw

21、een generations.Money and HappinessCan money buy happiness? Various people have various answers. Some people who say “yes” think that money is the source of happiness. To them, money means everything. With money, they can buy whatever they want to. On the contrary, some other people Ø擴展段的寫法擴展段是

22、一篇文章的主體段。文章的主題在擴展段展開，常用的展開段落的方法有下面幾種： 列舉法（Listing）；舉例說明法（Examples）；分類法（Classification）；比較對照法（Comparison and contrast）；因果關(guān)系法（Cause and effect）；時間順序記敘法（Time order）；空間順序描述法（Space order） 等等。一、列舉法（Listing）列舉法是指在主題句之后列舉一些足以支持主題句觀點的具體細節(jié)。這種具體細節(jié)一般是事實描述、數(shù)據(jù)、例子等。一般來講， 所列舉的具體細節(jié)按照重要性遞增的順序排列。列舉法常常和舉例法結(jié)合起來使用。列舉法常用的

23、過渡詞有以下幾組。1.First, second, third, last2.firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally3.the first , the second , the third , the last4.to begin with/ to start with/ in the first place, then, next, in addition (to),besides, also, moreover, furthermore, what is more, finally運用列舉法展開段落的寫作模式如下：主題句 細節(jié)一 細節(jié)二 細節(jié)三 結(jié)論Eg.

24、Supermarkets, a Way to Improve ServiceWith the development of commercial network, a number of supermarkets have been springing up in big cities in our country. It is a hopeful signal of commercial modernization. Supermarkets on an average have increased their sales much more than those offering trad

25、itional behind-the-counter services. The reasons for the increase are diverse.（主題句）First, self-service requires fewer salespeople than the traditional counter service. The reduced number of employees means an increase in profits. Second, in supermarkets, customers often buy things they havent planne

26、d to buy, as they have had the chance to look at things closely. Moreover, goods in supermarkets are all conveniently and attractively packed, adding to the temptation. The customers really enjoy their shopping in the supermarkets.（三個原因）However, supermarkets in some cities are still fairly small. Mo

27、re and larger ones are needed. I think that supporting the development of such markets is an important step to commercial reform, and people will feel much more convenient to buy things than ever before. （結(jié)論）Exercise: Try to develop the following idGlobal Shortage of Fresh WaterFresh water seems to

28、be inexhaustible. Every day, as soon as the tap is turned on, water will run endlessly. Besides, we can get fresh water in rivers and wells. So some people dont treasure water very much.Recently, however, the problem of water shortage has been bought into focus. （首先，人口增長使淡水需求加大。）_(其次，工農(nóng)業(yè)的迅速發(fā)展需要更多的淡水

29、。)_ (糟糕的是，有些工廠還在不斷地污染我們的淡水資源。)_ To understand the truth of the problem, it is important for us to take actions. At present, most important of all, we should take measures to keep our water resources under good care. All the resources we have discovered must be protected from pollution. The waste of

30、water should be regarded as a sort of crime. Only when we take good care of our water supply can it serve us continuously.二、舉例說明法（Examples）舉例說明法是指用具體的事例來闡述主題句中的中心思想，舉例說明法常與列舉法結(jié)合使用。使用這種寫作方法要注意所選事例應與文章主題密切相關(guān)，具有典型性和代表性。舉例法常用的句型句式和詞語有：This can be illustrated by An example of this is/involves can be illu

31、strated/shown by the following examples/instances.There are many examples to show that One example is . Another example is The shows/illustrates For example, for instance, say, suppose, such as, such as, to provide a specific example, as an illustration運用舉例法展開段落常用的模式如下： 主題句 例子 1 (例子 2, ) 結(jié)論 Is Failu

32、re a Bad ThingFailure is a common thing in our daily life. For example, as a student, we may get a very low score in our composition. Perhaps, we cannot pass our examinations. All these failures happen naturally and almost every one of us has had such experiences.Exercises:Do “Lucky Numbers” Really

33、Bring Good Luck?Some people say that some numbers will bring them good luck. (就拿“8”來說吧。中文中數(shù)字“8”讀起來很像“發(fā)”，表示發(fā)財?shù)囊馑迹虼撕芏嗳嘶ê芏噱X來使他們的電話號碼或車牌號帶“8”。)_ _ _ 三、分類法（Classification）當要說明的事物比較復雜或包括的內(nèi)容比較多時， 常常將其分成更小的類別， 這便是分類法。使用這種寫作方法要注意分類的標準一定要明確，而且標準只有一個。分類法常用的句型句式有： may be classified Divided categorized putintos

34、everal typesthe following kinds two categorieson the basis of depending upon consists of is composed of The classification is based upon may be divided sub-divided three main groups further sub-divided according to 分類法的寫作模式如下：主題句+所分類別+各個類別的具體事例+結(jié)束句 Ways of communicationWe can communicate in three ba

35、sic ways. Each way has its advantages. One way is speaking. When we speak, we have a chance to judge our audiences reactions. If they dont understand, we can repeat as necessary to make our points. We can also invite additional questions and clarify additional aspects for our listeners. Another way

36、of communicating is by writing. We can think of our subject thoroughly. We can modify our development and polish our phraseology(措詞)until we get it the way we want it. The third way of communicating is nonverbal. Communication can be quite effective in a very noisy atmosphere, or when we dont want t

37、o dignify(把夸大為)aresponse with actual words.四、 比較對照法（Comparison and contrast）比較法(Comparison)是將人們熟悉的事物與其他事物放在一起分析其相似之處， 比較的目的在于表現(xiàn)不同事物的相似之處；對照法(contrast)則是將人們熟悉的事物與其他事物放在一起分析其不同之處，其目的在于表現(xiàn)同類事物的不同方面。兩者強調(diào)的重點不同，但結(jié)構(gòu)相似。常用的結(jié)構(gòu)有兩種：第一種稱之為塊式結(jié)構(gòu)， 假如比較的事物為A和B，文章首先把有關(guān)事物A的全部要討論的內(nèi)容討論完， 再轉(zhuǎn)入B事物。第二種結(jié)構(gòu)稱之為點式結(jié)構(gòu)， 即首先就事物A和事物B的

38、要比較的內(nèi)容的第一方面進行比較或?qū)φ眨缓笤诒容^或?qū)φ誂和B的第二個方面，比較：Both A and B are A and B seem to have much in common.A and B seem to have some features in common.A is similar to B in There are a lot of similarities between A and B.A has something in common with B.A and B share similar A shares some common features with B.A

39、 is like B in A is the same as B in Both, too, compare with, similarly, likewise, also, in comparison, just like, just as, also, both and, similar to對照：A is different from B in A differs from B in There are many differences between A and B.A has nothing (little) in common with B.The difference betwe

40、en A and B lies in Compared with A, B Unlike, on the contrary, in contrast, on the other hand, while, whereas, however, although Professor Wright and Professor HunterProfessor Wright, who teaches English poetry, is about forty. He has an easy-going personality. He is lively and friendly. He mixes mo

41、re with the students. However, he doesnt work hard.Professor Hunter, on the other hand, is also about forty. He teaches management. He has a dignified personality and is always serious-looking. I never see him smile. There is always a sore look on his face when a student is late or when a student ma

42、kes a mistake. But he works like a beaver(海貍). （塊式結(jié)構(gòu)）塊式結(jié)構(gòu)模式：主題句事物 A特征 1 特征 2, 事物 B 特征 1特征 2, 結(jié)論Professor Wright and Professor HunterProfessor Wright, who teaches English poetry, is about the same age as Professor Hunter, the teacher of management. Professor Wrights personality is quite different fro

43、m Hunters. Professor Hunter is much more serious-looking than Professor Wright. I never see him smile. There is always a sore look on his face when a student is late or when a student makes a mistake. Professor Wright is more lively and friendly. He mixes more with the students than Professor Hunter

44、. But he doesnt work as hard as Professor Hunter. Professor Hunter works like a beaver. （點式結(jié)構(gòu)） 點式結(jié)構(gòu)模式：主題句特征一事物 A 的情況 特征二 事物 A 的情況 事物 B 的情況 事物 A 的情況 事物 B 的情況 結(jié)論事物 B 的情況 特征三, 五、 因果關(guān)系法(causal effect)因果關(guān)系法是通過分析事物的因果關(guān)系來展開段落。如果是一果多因的情況，一般先寫結(jié)果后分析多種原因；如果是一因多果， 一般先寫原因后寫結(jié)果。運用因果分析法展開段落最好把主題句放在開頭，這種段落展開方法的結(jié)構(gòu)常見的

45、有兩種：即分塊法和連環(huán)法。分塊法指的是先說原因后說結(jié)果（一個原因引起一個或多個結(jié)果）；或者先說結(jié)果后說原因（多個原因引起一個結(jié)果）。連環(huán)法指的是先敘述的一個原因及結(jié)果，再敘述第二個原因及結(jié)果，以此類推。形象一點表示，運用因果關(guān)系法展開段落常見的模式有：模式1 結(jié)果 1 結(jié)果 2, 結(jié)論模式2主題句 原因 1 原因 2, 因果關(guān)系常用的句型句式和詞語有：原因：The explanation is that There are several reasons why/ for The cause of is The reasons for are is the result of is cause

46、d by/ due to/ because ofbecause, since, now that, because of , as a result of , on account of , for this reason, owing to, due to, for, as, thanks to, result from結(jié)果：The result/ effect/ consequence of is will result in Therefore, As a result (of), Lead to, result in, contribute to, so that, thus, hen

47、ce, consequently, so, accordingly, in view of Advertisements on TelevisionToday, more and more advertisements are seen on television. Whenever we turn on TV, we will see advertisements. Every fifteen minutes we will be interrupted by commercials. Advertisements are one of the most frustrating parts

48、of watching television.（結(jié)果）In the first place（原因1）, the advertisements waste time. For instance, in order to see a 90-minute movie, we have to spend another 20 to 30 more minutes watching advertisements. In the second place（原因2）, the advertisements interrupt the viewers. For example, the viewers may

49、 forget the plot of a show during the advertisements. Even worse, the frequent appearances of ads may make watchers lose their appetites for a good movie. That is the bad psychological influence of ads. In the third place（原因3）, they make people under constant economic pressure. The ads make many pro

50、ducts look more attractive than they really are. They always ask those that their young parents cannot possibly afford.But life should not be controlled by advertisements. Since ads could not disappear from TV screen, the television viewers must be aware and critical of the advertisements in order t

51、o endure them.（結(jié)論） （第一種模式）Smoking（原因） results in a series of negative effects. To begin with（結(jié)果1）, it has been proved that poisonous nicotine（尼古丁）contained in cigarettes can reduce your fitness. And what is worse, it can even cause lung cancer if you smoke constantly. That is why such warning as “sm

52、oking is harmful to your health” must be printed on the cover of the cigarette case in western countries. Further more（結(jié)果2）, passive smoking occurs in your family members and other people as a result of your smoking at home or in public places. Consequently, their health will be unfavorably influenc

53、ed. In addition（結(jié)果3）, smoking adds to your financial difficulty if you happen to be short of money. Even if you are rich, you are encouraged to spend your money on valuable books, nutritious food, high quality TV sets, etc., not on meaningless smoking. Therefore(結(jié)論)， giving up smoking is a good way

54、to make you and your family happy. （第二種模式）IV. 時間順序或空間順序描述（Order of time or space）這種方法主要用于故事或事件、地點或景物的描寫。Yesterday was one of those awful days for me when everything I did went wrong. First, I didnt hear my alarm clock and arrived later for work. Then I didnt read my diary and forgot to get to the me

55、eting with my boss. During the coffee break, I dropped my coffee cup and spoilt my skirt. At lunch time, I left my purse on a bus and lost all the money that was in it. After lunch, my boss was angry because I hadnt gone to the meeting. Then I didnt notice a sign on a door that said “Wet paint” and

56、so I spoilt my jacket too. When I got home I couldnt get into my flat because I had left my key in my office. So I broke a window to get in - and cut my hand.Ø結(jié)尾的寫法I.結(jié)論1.From what has been discussed above, we may reasonably draw/reach/come to/arrive at the conclusion that2.Therefore, we can com

57、e to a conclusion that3.Thus, it can be concluded that4.In summary/conclusion/a word, it is important5.To sum up, In short, In a word, All in all.6.As has been mentioned above, a conclusion can be drawn that 7.In my opinion,8.As far as I am concerned,9.From this point of view,10.This conclusion is also suggested by the fact that II. 號召性和意義1.It is time that we urged/put an immediate end to2.It is necessary that some effective steps should be taken 3.It is hoped that efforts will be made4.We may have a long way to go before5.Only by doing this can we作文布局謀篇