1、chapter 7 blood circulation （血液循環）（血液循環）section 1 summaryblood circulation (血液循環血液循環): def : blood continuously circulatory flows in cardiovascular system (是指血液在心血管系統內周而復始地循環流動)heart (心臟心臟): muscle-pump , dynamic organ. (肌肉泵, 動力器官)artery (動脈動脈): the vessel which can guide blood to leave heart and fl

2、ow into tissues. (引導血液離開心臟流向各組織器官的管道). exchange.(進行物質交換的場所) vein (靜脈靜脈): the vessel which can guide blood to return heart. (引導血液回心的管道) capillary (毛細血管毛細血管) : the place of substancesection 2 the structures and functions of myocardium (心肌的結構與機能特性心肌的結構與機能特性)1.autorhythmicity (自動節律性自動節律性)def: the abilit

3、y of an excitable cell to rhythmically initiate its own action potentials (組織細胞能自動發生節律性興奮的特性組織細胞能自動發生節律性興奮的特性)衡量指標衡量指標: the frequency of automatic excitation (自動興奮的頻率自動興奮的頻率)2.functional synplasm（機能（機能合胞體合胞體）structure basis : intercalated disc (閏盤) 心肌的機能合體性 the phenomenon of all or none in the myoca

4、rdial （心肌收縮的“全或無”現象）3.specific conduction system (特殊傳導系統特殊傳導系統) the types of myocardium cell (心肌細胞的類型心肌細胞的類型): (1)normal myocardium (普通的心肌細胞普通的心肌細胞 ): 工作細胞工作細胞 (非自律細胞非自律細胞),包括心房肌、心室肌包括心房肌、心室肌, 具興奮性具興奮性,傳導性傳導性,收縮性收縮性,無自律性無自律性 working cardiac cell (non-autorhythmic cell)： include atrial muscle and ven

5、tricular muscle, have excitability , conductivity, and contractibility, non-autorhythmicity. (2)specific myocardium (特殊分化的心肌細胞特殊分化的心肌細胞 ): 自律細胞和非自律細胞自律細胞和非自律細胞,包括包括p細胞、浦肯野氏細胞、浦肯野氏細胞與結區細胞細胞與結區細胞,自律細胞有興奮性自律細胞有興奮性,自律性和傳自律性和傳導性導性,基本無收縮性基本無收縮性,具有產生和傳導節律性興奮具有產生和傳導節律性興奮的能力的能力 rhythmic cell and non-autorhyt

6、hmic cell, include p cell and purkinje cell, have excitability, autorhythmicity and conductivity, no contractibility, also have capacity to produce and conduct rhythmic excitation sino-artrial node (s-a node, 竇房結竇房結) artrio-ventricular node (a-v node ,房室結房室結) atrioventricular bundle 0.05m/s and bila

7、teral bundles (房室束及左右束支房室束及左右束支) 2-5m/s purkinje fiber(浦肯野氏纖維浦肯野氏纖維) 2-5m/s fig. 7-14 atrioventricular delay (房室延擱) and its significance : pacemaker(正常起搏點正常起搏點)： s-a node , right atrium intine wall (竇房結竇房結,右心右心房內壁房內壁) latent pacemaker(潛在起搏點潛在起搏點): a kind of autorhythmic tissue which dont express aut

8、orhythmicity in normal circumstances.(正常情況下不表現本身自律性的自律組織正常情況下不表現本身自律性的自律組織) ectopic pacemaker(異位起搏點異位起搏點) : the latent pacemaker which can control cardiac excitation and palmus in abnormal circumstances. (異常情況下控制心臟興奮和跳動的潛在起搏點異常情況下控制心臟興奮和跳動的潛在起搏點) artificial pacemaker (人工起博器人工起博器)4.the ap of myocardi

9、al cell - bioeletricity phenomenon of myocardial cell (心肌細胞的心肌細胞的ap-心肌細胞的生物電現象心肌細胞的生物電現象) (1)different from the skeletal muscle. (不同于骨骼肌不同于骨骼肌) (2)different types of myocardial cell have different transmembrane potential extent, persistent time, wave forms and mechanism. (不同的心肌細胞，其跨膜電位的幅度、不同的心肌細胞，其跨

10、膜電位的幅度、持續持續 時間、波形、產生機制亦不相同時間、波形、產生機制亦不相同)mechanism of ap :0期期: 去極去極,鈉內流鈉內流(快通道快通道)1期期: 快速復極初期快速復極初期,鉀通過瞬時性外向鉀外流通鉀通過瞬時性外向鉀外流通道外流道外流, 膜內電位降至膜內電位降至0mv左右左右2期期: 緩慢復極期又叫平臺期緩慢復極期又叫平臺期,鈣和少量鈉通過慢鈣和少量鈉通過慢通道的通道的 內流與少量鉀外流相持內流與少量鉀外流相持3期期: 快速復極末期快速復極末期,膜對鉀的通透性膜對鉀的通透性 升高升高,鉀外流鉀外流 膜電位由膜電位由0mv 降至降至-90mv4期期: 靜息期靜息期 細胞

11、膜的離子轉運機能細胞膜的離子轉運機能 加強加強mechanism: 5. the refractory period of the heart (心臟的不應期心臟的不應期)(1) absolute refractory period & effective refractory period, arp&erp (絕對不應期絕對不應期與有效不應期與有效不應期): 0 -55mv, -60mv , cant generate ap.ap (2) relative refractory period, rrp (相對相對不應期不應期): -60 -80mv, threshold in

12、tensity (閾強度), can cause ap. (3) superanormal period, snp(超常期超常期): -80 -90mv, threshold intensity ,can causefig.7-16significance of long time effective eefractory period (有效不應期長的意義有效不應期長的意義):premature systole or extrasystole & compensatory pause (期前收縮與代償間歇期前收縮與代償間歇) fig. 7-17 6.electrocardiogram

13、, ecg (心電圖心電圖) basic waveform (基本波形基本波形): p , qrs, tsignificance: p: qrs: t: p-r period fig. 7-18 7-20section 3 the dynamics change of cardiac cycle (心動周期的力學變化心動周期的力學變化) 1.def. cardiac cycle (心動周期心動周期) : the whole cycle of systole and diastole (心臟由收縮到舒張的整個過程心臟由收縮到舒張的整個過程)2.the blood ejection process

14、 of heart (心臟的射血心臟的射血過程過程)(1)period of atrial systole (心房收縮期心房收縮期): end-diastolic volume (心舒末期容積心舒末期容積) (2)period of ventricular systole (心室收縮期心室收縮期)：period of isovolumic contraction (等容收縮期等容收縮期): semilunar valve is still closed , atrioventricular valve is closed (半月瓣仍關半月瓣仍關,房室瓣關閉房室瓣關閉)period of rap

15、id blood ejection (快速射血快速射血期期): semilunar valve is opened, ejectingblood (半月瓣開半月瓣開,射血射血) period of slow blood ejection (減慢射血減慢射血期期): end-systolic volume (心縮末期容積心縮末期容積 )(3) period of ventricular diastole (心室舒張期心室舒張期)： period of isovolumic relaxation (等容舒張期等容舒張期): semilunar valve is closed , atriovent

16、ricular valve is closed (半月瓣關半月瓣關,房室瓣仍關房室瓣仍關) period of rapid filling (快速充盈期快速充盈期): atrioventricular valve is opened. (房室瓣開房室瓣開) period of reduced filling(減慢充盈期減慢充盈期): fig 7-223.heart sound (心音心音) first heart sound (第一心音第一心音) : the tone is low and long, mostly caused by closing of atrioventricular v

17、alve, it is the symbol of cardiac contraction. (音調低而長音調低而長, 主要由于房室瓣關閉引起主要由于房室瓣關閉引起, 標志心室收縮開始標志心室收縮開始)second heart sound (第二心音第二心音) : the tone is high and short, mainly caused by the close of semilunar valve, the symbol of cardiac relaxation . (音調高而短音調高而短,主要由于半月瓣關閉引起主要由于半月瓣關閉引起,標志心室舒張開始標志心室舒張開始)secti

18、on 4 cardiac output and its regulation (心輸出量及其調節心輸出量及其調節) cardiac output (心輸出量心輸出量) : the volume of blood pumped by each ventricle per minute; equal to the stroke work output times the heart rate per minute.(一側心室每分鐘射出的血量一側心室每分鐘射出的血量)cardiac output = heart ratestroke volumeco=hrsv =75 70 =5250（ml） co

19、 (cardiac output) quiet (安靜時安靜時)：5l/min movement (運動時運動時)： 180-200 150-170 25-30l/min cardiac reserve (心力心力貯備貯備)maximal output (最大輸出量最大輸出量): maximal volume of blood pumped by each ventricle per minute.(一側心室每分鐘射出的最大血量一側心室每分鐘射出的最大血量)cardiac reserve(心力貯備心力貯備):the ability that cardiac output increases a

20、long with the need of body metabolism.(心輸出量隨機體代謝需要而增加的能力心輸出量隨機體代謝需要而增加的能力) heart rate reserve (心率貯備心率貯備) : 2-2.5 times 200 beat/min stroke volume reserve: 140ml 160 ( ml ) 15 reserve of relaxation period 145 70 75 55 reserve of contraction period 20 (搏出量貯備搏出量貯備)(舒張期貯備舒張期貯備) 15 ml(收縮期貯備收縮期貯備) 55-60 m

21、l1. the regulation of heat rate (心率的調節心率的調節)nerve regulation (神經調節神經調節): sympathetic nerve (交感神經) (+) vagus nerve (迷走神經) (-) tab. 7-2hormone regulation(激素調節激素調節): adrenal hormone 腎上腺素 (+)2.regulation of cardiac output (心搏量的調節心搏量的調節)(1)heterometric autoregulation (異異長調節調節) cardiac regulation (心臟自身的調節

22、心臟自身的調節) cardiac law (心臟定律心臟定律) fig 7-29 (2) homometric regulation (等長調節等長調節) nerve regulation (神經調節神經調節) sympathetic nerve (交感神經交感神經) (+) vagus nerve (迷走神經迷走神經) (-)hormone regulation (激素調節激素調節) adrenal hormone (腎上腺素腎上腺素) (+) , thyroid hormone (甲狀腺素甲狀腺素) (+)section 5 physiology of blood vessel (血管生理

23、血管生理)1.structures and function characters of various vessels (各類血管的結構與機能特點各類血管的結構與機能特點)一 artery (動脈動脈)1)aorta (大動脈大動脈) windvessel vessel (彈性貯器血管)function：buffering high pressure are related to continual flow of blood(緩沖高壓與血流的持續流動有關) elasticity and age (彈性與年齡彈性與年齡): 2)distribution vessel (分配血管分配血管) f

24、unction: transfusing blood to organs and tissues (輸送血液至器官組織輸送血液至器官組織) 3)arteriole (微動脈微動脈) resistance vessel before capillary (cap前阻力血管前阻力血管) structure characters : vessel wall is mainly smooth muscle(sm). (管壁以平滑管壁以平滑肌為主肌為主. ) function： regulating peripheral resistance/bp; 調節外周阻力調節外周阻力/ bp calamus i

25、s small, and velocity of flow is high; (管徑小管徑小,流速快流速快) function： controlling local hemoperfusion , blood flow is directly proportional to r4 , and relates to continuous flow of blood. (控制局部血液灌流量控制局部血液灌流量, 血流量與血流量與r4成正比成正比 與血流持續有關與血流持續有關) blood pressure fall (血壓降落血壓降落):aorta (主大主大a) small artery (小小a

26、) arteriole(微微a) vein (靜脈靜脈) capacitance vessel (容量血管容量血管) function: contain 60-70% blood (容納容納60-70%的血的血) capillary (毛細血管毛細血管) exchange vessel structure and function characters (結構與機能特點結構與機能特點): 管壁很薄管壁很薄,只有一層內皮細胞和一層很薄的基膜只有一層內皮細胞和一層很薄的基膜,內皮內皮層可有空隙層可有空隙,孔道等孔道等,故通透性很大故通透性很大,血管內的血液與血管血管內的血液與血管外的組織液間能夠進

27、行物質交外的組織液間能夠進行物質交換換. exchange vessel (交換血管交換血管) function：the place where substances exchange (物質交換的場所物質交換的場所)2.blood pressure and its measuration (血壓與血壓的測定血壓與血壓的測定) bp (血壓血壓):the force exerted by the blood against any unit area of vessel wall (血液血液對單位面積血管壁的側對單位面積血管壁的側壓力壓力)unit(單位單位): kpa/mmhg(1)the

28、mensuration of blood pressure (血壓的測定血壓的測定) 測側壓 直接測定法血壓的測定 測終端壓 間接測定法(2) the forming of blood pressure (血壓的形成血壓的形成)basic factors： enough blood volume in cardiovascular center (心血管內有足夠的血量心血管內有足夠的血量) ventricular ejection (心室射血心室射血 ) peripheral resistance (外周阻力外周阻力)(3) arterial blood pressure (動脈血壓動脈血壓)

29、systolic pressure(收縮壓收縮壓) when ventricle is contracting, the maximal arterial pressure is called the systolic pressure . (心室收縮時動脈壓升到的最高值心室收縮時動脈壓升到的最高值)normal (正常值正常值): 100 -120 mmhg / 13.3-16kpadiastolic pressure (舒張壓舒張壓) when ventricle is relaxing, the minimal arterial pressure is called diastolic

30、pressure.(心室舒張時動脈壓降到的最低值心室舒張時動脈壓降到的最低值) normal (正常值正常值): 60-80 mmhg / 8-10.6 kpablood pressure: age, sex and others(血壓與年齡血壓與年齡,性別及其它性別及其它)effect factors of arterial blood pressure(動脈血壓的動脈血壓的影響因素影響因素)1.stroke volume (搏出量搏出量)2.heart rate (心率心率)3.peripheral resistance (外周阻力外周阻力)4.function of elastic re

31、serve of aorta (主主 大動脈的彈性貯器作用大動脈的彈性貯器作用)5.proportion of circular volume and vascular volume (循環血量與血管容量的比例循環血量與血管容量的比例)(4)venous pressure & venous return (靜脈血壓和靜脈回流靜脈血壓和靜脈回流) vp (v血壓血壓) peripheral vp (外周外周v壓壓) vp of different organs (各器官各器官v的血壓的血壓) 15-20 mmhgcentral vp (中心中心v壓壓) vp of main line i

32、n right atrium and thoracic cavity (右心房和胸腔內大右心房和胸腔內大v的血壓的血壓) 0-12 mmhg v return power = peripheral vp - central vp v回流動力回流動力= 外周外周v壓壓 - 中心中心v壓壓systole (心臟收縮心臟收縮) 心肌收縮力量心肌收縮力量 正變正變 (左、右心衰左、右心衰)gravity and pose (重力與體位重力與體位) 血液重力引起靜水壓血液重力引起靜水壓 lie: vp are approximately same in different part . 各處各處v壓大致

33、相同壓大致相同 stand: vp are different in different parts, 各處各處v壓大不相同壓大不相同 effect factors of venous return (影響影響v回流的因素回流的因素)gravity and pose (重力與體位重力與體位) the degree of v engorge is affected by transmura pressure. (v充盈程度受跨壁壓的影響大充盈程度受跨壁壓的影響大) vp of lower parts are expanded because of the transmura pressure i

34、ncreased, and the blood volume are also increased.(身體低垂部分的身體低垂部分的v壓因跨壁壓增大而擴張壓因跨壁壓增大而擴張,容容納血量也增多納血量也增多) respiratory movement / respiratory pump(呼吸運動呼吸運動 / 呼吸泵呼吸泵) inspiration (吸氣吸氣) (+) extrusion action of skeletal muscle /muscle pump(骨骼肌的擠壓作用骨骼肌的擠壓作用 /肌泵肌泵) muscle contraction (+) (肌肉收縮肌肉收縮) respirat

35、ory pump (呼吸泵呼吸泵) 呼氣時右房回心血呼氣時右房回心血 量減少量減少(左房相反左房相反) 吸氣時右房回心血吸氣時右房回心血 量增多量增多(左房相反因為左房相反因為 肺擴張容納血量增多肺擴張容納血量增多)3.microcirculation (微循環微循環)def :the blood circulation in microangium between arteriole and venule . (微動脈和微靜脈之間微血管中的血液循環微動脈和微靜脈之間微血管中的血液循環)(1)the component of microcirculation (微循環的組成微循環的組成)art

36、eriole(微動脈微動脈); metarteriole(后微動脈后微動脈); precapillary sphincter (毛細血管前括約肌毛細血管前括約肌);true capillary (真毛細血管真毛細血管); thoroughfare channel (通血毛細血管通血毛細血管); arteriovenous anastomoses (動動-靜脈吻合支靜脈吻合支); venule (微靜脈微靜脈) fig 7-38arteriole(微動脈微動脈): precapillary resistance vessel ;master valve (毛細血管前阻力血管毛細血管前阻力血管;總

37、閘門總閘門) capillary (毛細血管毛細血管): structure characters : big area , slow velocity, high permeability (面積大面積大,流速慢流速慢,通透性大通透性大) fig.7-39 function: exchange of substancesvenule(微靜脈微靜脈): capacitance vessel (容量血管容量血管) (2)the methods and mechanisms of substance exchange (物質交換的方式和機制物質交換的方式和機制) diffusion(擴散擴散):

38、concentration (濃度濃度), distance(距離距離), area(面積面積), temperature(溫度溫度), molecular weight(分子量分子量), membranous permeability(膜的通透性等膜的通透性等) filtration and reabsorption (濾過與重吸收濾過與重吸收)starling hypothesis(starling假說)power (動力動力):effective filtration pressure = (cap pressure + colloid osmotic pressure of tissu

39、e fluid)- (colloid osmotic pressure of blood plasma + lentic pressure of tissue fluid)有效濾過壓有效濾過壓 =（cap壓壓+ 組織液膠體滲透壓）組織液膠體滲透壓） （血漿膠體滲透壓（血漿膠體滲透壓+組織液靜水壓組織液靜水壓)process(過程過程): effective filtration pressure of cap a terminal is positive ,and the fluid is filtrated and forms tissue fluid;effective filtratio

40、n pressure of cap v terminal is negative , and tissue fluid returns cap. cap a端的有效濾過壓為正值，液體濾出而端的有效濾過壓為正值，液體濾出而成組織液；成組織液；cap v端的有效濾過壓為負值，組端的有效濾過壓為負值，組織液回流入織液回流入cap。filtration and reabsorption (濾過與重吸收濾過與重吸收) 血漿膠體滲透壓 組織液靜水壓 +32-21-10+15+14-29-10+15動脈端靜脈端+16-10組織液 淋巴液 effect factors of tissue fluid form

41、ing (組織液生成的影響因素組織液生成的影響因素) cap壓壓 靜脈回流受阻靜脈回流受阻,右心衰右心衰 cap壓壓 組織液生成組織液生成血漿膠滲壓血漿膠滲壓 蛋白尿或肝功蛋白尿或肝功 血漿膠滲壓血漿膠滲壓 組織液生成組織液生成 permeability of cap (cap通透性通透性)permeability(通透性通透性)forming of tissue fluid(組織液生成組織液生成) burn , allergy (燒傷、過敏燒傷、過敏)pinocytosis (胞飲作用胞飲作用)two dimensional action (雙向作用雙向作用)exchange of macr

42、omolecular protein(大分子蛋白質的交換大分子蛋白質的交換)4.lymph circulation (淋巴循環淋巴循環)(1)component (組成組成): lymphatic capillary, lymphatic vessel, lymph node. (毛細淋巴管毛細淋巴管,淋巴管淋巴管,淋巴結淋巴結) permeability : lymphatic capillary capillary (毛細淋巴管通透性毛細淋巴管通透性 毛細血管毛細血管)(2)effect factors of lymph fluid forming and return (影響淋巴液生成與

43、回流的因素影響淋巴液生成與回流的因素) the pressure difference between tissue fluid and lymphatic capillary (組織液與毛細淋巴管內的壓力差) skeletal muscle movement (骨骼肌運動)(3)the physiological significance of lymphatic return (淋巴回流的生理意義淋巴回流的生理意義)regulating the balance of blood volume and tissue fluid volume. (調節血量與組織液量的平衡調節血量與組織液量的平

44、衡)recycling protein of tissue fluid. (對組織液中的蛋白質的回收作用對組織液中的蛋白質的回收作用)the transportation of chyle vessel to fat (乳糜管對脂肪的運輸乳糜管對脂肪的運輸)defense barrier action of lymph node (淋巴結的防御屏障作用淋巴結的防御屏障作用) macrophage (巨噬細胞巨噬細胞) lymphocyte (淋巴細胞淋巴細胞)section 6 regulation of cardiovascular activity (心血管活動的調節心血管活動的調節) 1

45、.nervous regulation (神經調節神經調節) (1)cardiovascular innervation (心血管的心血管的n支配支配) cardiac innervation (心臟的心臟的n支配支配) cardiac sympathetic nerve and its regulation (心交感心交感n及其作用及其作用): t1-5 (ne+1r) different parts of heart (ne+1r) 心臟各部分心臟各部分 function：正性變時變力變傳導正性變時變力變傳導cardiac vagus nerve and its regulation (心

46、迷走心迷走n及其作用及其作用):function：負性變時變力變傳導負性變時變力變傳導 vessel innervation (血管的血管的n支配支配)dorsal nucleus and ambiguous nucleus of medulla (延髓背核、疑核延髓背核、疑核) (ach+mr) different parts of heart (ach+mr)心臟各部分心臟各部分 vasoconstrictor fiber (縮血管神經纖維縮血管神經纖維): the nerve fiber which can cause contraction of smooth muscle of bl

47、ood vessel (能引起血管平滑肌收縮的神經纖維能引起血管平滑肌收縮的神經纖維) sympathetic vasoconstrictor nerve (交感縮血管交感縮血管n) ： t1-l2.3ne+smooth muscle of blood vessel r (ne+血管血管平滑肌平滑肌r) contraction (收縮收縮)function: keeping tonic contraction of blood vessel smooth muscle, peripheral resistance is increased, and the organic hemoperfus

48、ion is reduced.(維持血管壁平滑肌的緊張性收縮維持血管壁平滑肌的緊張性收縮,外周阻力升外周阻力升高高, 該器官血液灌流量下降該器官血液灌流量下降)distribution density (分布密度分布密度)： blood vessel of skin blood vessel of skeletal muscle and viscus blood vessel of cardiac muscle and cerebrovascular system (皮膚血管皮膚血管 骨骼肌及內臟血管骨骼肌及內臟血管 心肌血管及心肌血管及腦血管腦血管) a v the thinner of t

49、he calibre, the higher of the distribution density. (口徑愈細，分布密度愈高口徑愈細，分布密度愈高)vasodilator fiber (舒血管神經纖維舒血管神經纖維)： sympathetic ach.mr vasodilator nerve fiber parasympathetic ach.mr vasodilator nerve fiber (交感舒血管交感舒血管nf)(副交感舒血管副交感舒血管nf) vasodilator nerve fiber of spinal dorsal root (脊髓背根舒血管脊髓背根舒血管nf) va

50、soactive intestinal polypeptide neuron (血管活性腸肽神經元血管活性腸肽神經元) vipvipr (2)cardiovascular center (心血管中樞心血管中樞) concentrative site of neuron which related with cardiovascular reflex (與心血管反射有關的神經元集中的部位與心血管反射有關的神經元集中的部位)spinal cord (脊髓脊髓) primary cardiovascular center (初級心血管中樞初級心血管中樞) 脊髓的胸腰段有支配心臟和血管的交感節脊髓的胸

51、腰段有支配心臟和血管的交感節前前n元，元， 具緊張性活動具緊張性活動bulb延髓延髓 basic cardiovascular center (基本心血管中樞基本心血管中樞)心迷走n元 心迷走緊張心交感n元 心交感緊張交感縮血管n元 交感縮血管緊張vasoconstrictor region (縮血管區縮血管區) 延髓頭端腹外側部延髓頭端腹外側部 cause cardiac sympathetic tension 、sympathetic vasoconstrictor tension (引起心交感緊張、交感引起心交感緊張、交感縮血管緊張縮血管緊張) vasodilator region (舒

52、血管區舒血管區) 延髓尾端腹外側部延髓尾端腹外側部 inhibit activity of vasoconstrictor region (抑制縮血管區的活動抑制縮血管區的活動)substitution station of afferent nerve (傳入傳入n接替站接替站) 孤束核孤束核 inhibitory region of heart (心抑制區心抑制區) dorsal nucleus and ambiguous nucleus of bulb (延髓背核、疑核延髓背核、疑核 ) cause cardiac vagal tension (引起心迷走緊張引起心迷走緊張) hypot

53、halamus and cerebral cortex (下丘腦和大腦皮層下丘腦和大腦皮層) integration (整合整合): compose a uniform and interactional physiological process from various physiological effects. (是指把各種不同的生理反應組成一個統一的相是指把各種不同的生理反應組成一個統一的相互配合的生理過程互配合的生理過程)sympathetic vasodilator n (交感舒血管交感舒血管n) : root in hypothalamus and cerebral corte

54、x (源于下丘腦和大腦皮層源于下丘腦和大腦皮層)defence reaction(防御反應防御反應): hypothalamus (下丘腦下丘腦)(3)cardiovascular reflex (心血管反射心血管反射) carotid sinus 、aortic arch baroreceptor reflex (頸頸a竇、主竇、主a弓壓力感受性反射弓壓力感受性反射) an autonomically mediated reflex response that influences the heart and blood vessels to oppose a change in mean

55、arterial blood pressure. (血壓變化經壓力感受器等反射弧活動而維持血壓變化經壓力感受器等反射弧活動而維持血壓于穩態的反射血壓于穩態的反射)blood pressure (血壓血壓)carotid sinus(頸頸a竇竇) pressure r(壓力壓力r) aortic arch(主主a弓弓)sinus nerve(竇竇n 舌咽舌咽n)aortic nerve(主主a神經神經 )spinal bulb (延腦延腦) cardiac sympathetic tone 心交感緊張心交感緊張(-)sympathetic vasoconstrictor tone 交感縮血管緊張

56、交感縮血管緊張(-)cardiac vagal ton 心迷走緊張心迷走緊張(+)blood pressure(血壓血壓)cardiovisceral vessel (心血管活動心血管活動)壓力壓力r發放的沖動頻率與發放的沖動頻率與a管壁擴張度管壁擴張度（血壓）呈正變關系。（血壓）呈正變關系。the significance of depressor reflex :(減壓反射的意義減壓反射的意義)chemoreceptor reflex of carotid body and aortic body (頸頸a體、主體、主a體化學感受性反射體化學感受性反射)receptor (感受器感受器):

57、 carotid body , aortic body (頸頸a體體, 主主a體體)chemoreceptor (化學感受器化學感受器)afferent nerve (傳入傳入n): glossopharyngealn (舌咽舌咽n) vagus n (迷走迷走n) process: p co2h+p o2carotid body(頸a體) aortic body(主a體) chemoreceptor(化學感受器)舌咽n迷走nmedulla(延髓) cardiovascular center 心血管中樞(+) respiration center 呼吸中樞(+) 心輸出量外周阻力血壓significance : when the organism in hypoxia、 asphyxia and low a pressure, it can regulate cardiovascular activity obviously to supply blood 、 oxygen for heart and brain .(意義意義: 在低氧、窒息、在低氧、窒息、a壓過低、酸中毒時才對壓過低、酸中毒時才對心血管動起明顯調節作用以保證腦心供血供氧心血管動起明顯調節作用以保證腦心供血供氧)2.humoral