1、INCIDENT RATES 事件比率 Incident rates are an indication of how many incidents have occurred, or how severe they were. They are measurements only of past performance or lagging indicators Incident rates are also only one of many items that can be used for measuring performance There are many items that

2、should be used to measure performance, most of which are positive in nature; incident rates tend to be viewed as an indication of something that is wrong with a safety system, rather than what is positive or right about the system. In spite of this, for many companies, incident rates remain the prim

3、ary indicator of safety performance measurement. This is primarily because incident rates are fairly easy to figure out, and can be easily compared between one company and another, and are used throughout industry 事件比率表示事件發生的次數或事件的嚴重程度。事件比率只通過過往表現和滯 后指標進行衡量。事件比率也是各個項中唯一的一個可以用于衡量性能的比 率。衡量性能應該使用各類項LL大

4、多數都是正面性質的，而事件比率趨向于被 看作表示安全系統有錯誤的地方，而不是這個系統的積極或正確方面。除此之 外，在大多公司，事件比率還是安全性能衡量的首要指標。這主要是因為事件比 率容易斷定，也可簡單地用于公司之間的對比，并用于整個行業。 The most difficult part about incident rates is that the five major types of rates are easily confused with one another. The most common rate used is the Recordable Incident Rate.

5、 This is commonly called either the total case incident rate95 or just the incident rate”. The Lost Time Case Rate (LTC) is the second most commonly used The “Lost Workday Rate and Severity Rate are primarily used only in larger companies that have a larger number of Lost Time Cases The newest incid

6、ent rate type is called the DART or “Days Away/Restricted or Transfer Raten. 事件比率最難的部分是5個主要的比率類型之間容易相互混淆。最常用的比率是可 記錄的事件率，這個比率通常被稱為“總體案件事件率”或簡單稱為“事件率” o 其次常用的是“損失時間案件率” (LTC) o “損失工作日比率”和“嚴重率”主 要用于有大量損失時間情況的較大型公司。最新的事件比率類型叫做DART “損失 天數/限制日或工作轉移率”。 DEFINITIONS:定義 DART (Days Away/Restricted or Transfer

7、 Rate) 一 A mathematical calculation that describes the number of recordable injuries and illnesses per 100 full-time employees that resulted in days away from work, restricted work activity and/or job transfer that a company has experienced in any given time frame DART 損失天數/限制日或壬作轉移比率”一是一種數學計算方法，描述在

8、給定 的時間框架內，公司每100名全職員工可記錄數量的受傷和疾病造成損失工作、受 限制的工作活動和/或丄作轉移的比率。 LOST TIME CASE 一 Any occupational injury or illness which results in an employee being unable to work a full assigned work shift(A fatality is not considered a LTC.) Lost time cases result when there are no reasonable circumstances under wh

9、ich the injured employee could return to meaningful work It is assumed that if an employee could work, even if it is not their normally assigned duties, alternate tasks that accommodate the restrictive nature of an injury would be assigned to the employee In this situation, the days are recorded as

10、RESTRICTED WORK DAYS, rather than Lost Work Days. (Note 什lat working from home, on a computer or at other assigned tasks, is not considered restricted work activity unless the employee would normally perform this function from home as part of their assigned work Situations like this would be conside

11、red lost work days The incident, if employees can report to their normal workplace, and they can be assigned and complete productive tasks to benefit the company, can be considered restricted work days, rather than lost work days.) 損失時向案件率一任何工傷或職業疾病造成員工不能工作一個完整的班次。(死 亡不做LTC考慮。)損失事件案例導致受傷的員工沒有合理的情況返回

12、進行有意 義的工作。人們認為，如果員工可以工作，即使這個工作不是他日常指定的職 責，帶有傷害限制性質的替代任務將會分配給這名員工。在這種情況下，記錄的 天數為限制的工作日，而不是損失的工作日。(注意：在家里電腦上工作或擔任 其它指定的任務將不被視為限制的工作活動，除非這名員丄在家匸作通常就是其 指定任務的一部分。像這樣的情況將被視為損失的工作日。如果員工可以報道到 他們正常的工作場所，也可以被指定并完成生產性任務讓公司受益，這種事件可 以被認為是限制的工作日，而不是損失的工作日。) LOST WORKDAY RATE 一 a mathematical calculation that desc

13、ribes the number of lost work days per 100 full-time employees in any given time frame. 損失工屜日比率一一種數學計算方法，描述在給定的時間框架內每100名全職員工 的損失工作日數量。 LOST TIME CASE RATE 一 a mathematical calculation that describes the number of lost time cases per 100 full-time employees in any given time frame. 損失時間案件率一一種數學計算方法，

14、描述在給定的時間框架內每100名全職員工 的損失時間案件數量。 #/13 OCCUPATIONAL INJURY 一 Any injury （including a fatality） which results from a work-related incident or exposure involving a single incident. Examples are: 工傷：與工作相關的事件或涉及到單個事件的風險造成的任何傷害（包括死 亡）。例如： Thermal and chemical burns熱灼傷或化學燒傷 Cuts, abrasions and punctures 割傷、

15、擦傷和刺傷 Fractures or crushing injuries 骨傷或擠壓傷 Respiratory irritations 呼吸系統刺激 Instantaneous hearing loss 瞬間的聽覺損失 Amputations 截肢 Sprains or strains 扭傷或拉傷 Broken bones 斷骨（骨折） OCCUPATION ILLNESS 一 Any abnormal condition or disorder （other than an injury） that resulted from a work-related exposure to a bio

16、logical, chemical or physical agent. These include both acute and chronic illnesses or diseases that may be caused by inhalation, absorption, ingestion or direct contact. Some examples are: 職業病一因丄作關系接觸生物、化學或物理制劑造成的任何異常情況或混亂失調 （不同于傷害）這里包含可能因吸入、吸收、攝取或直接接觸造成的急性和慢 性疾病。一些示例如下： CATEGORY 類別 EXAMPLES 示例 Ski

17、n diseases 皮膚病 Dermatitis, eczema or rash that is caused by plants, oil, acne, chromic ulcers, chemical contact, or inflammation. 因植物、油、痊瘡、含洛性潰 瘍、化學接觸或炎癥引起的皮 炎、濕疹或疹子。 Lung diseases 肺疾病 Silicosis, asbestosis, pneumoconiosis, or other similar Disorder 矽肺、石棉肺、塵肺病或其它類 似的癥狀。 Respiratory Conditions 呼吸道 Pn

18、eumonitis, rhinitis or acute congestion caused by work related exposures to chemicals, dusts, gases or fumes 因工作接觸化學品、粉劑、汽油 或煙氣引起的肺炎、鼻炎或急性 充血。 Poisoning 中毒 Exposure to lead, mercury, cadmium, arsenic or other heavy metals; inhalation of carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide or other gases; exposure to b

19、enzene compounds, carbon tetrachloride, or other organic solvents; exposure to toxic levels of insecticide sprays; and exposure to other chemicals such as formaldehyde, plastics or other resins. 接觸鉛、汞、鎘、碑或其它的 重金屬，吸入一氧化碳、硫化 氫或其它氣體，接觸苯混合 物、四氯化碳或其它有機溶 劑，接觸毒性殺蟲劑噴霧，接 觸其它的化學品例如屮醛、塑 料或其它樹脂類。 Physical disor

20、ders 身體障礙 Heatstroke, sunstroke, heat exhaustion, freezing, frostbite and other environmental effects; radiation exposure; and effects form non-ionizing radiation sources such as welding flashes, UV rays, microwaves and sunburn 受熱、中暑、中署虛脫、受凍、 凍傷和其它環境影響，輻射照 射、非電離輻射如弧光灼傷、 UV射線、微波和曬傷。 Repetitive Trauma

21、 重復性創傷 Carpal Tunnel syndrome, synovitis, tendonitis and other conditions related to repeated motion, vibration or pressure; and noise induced hearing loss. 腕管綜合征、滑膜炎、肌腱炎和 其它與重復性運動、震動或壓力 相關的癥狀，以及噪音引起的聽 覺損失。 Other 其它 Anthrax, infectious hepatitis, tumors, food poisoning, and gradual hearing loss 炭疽、傳

22、染性肝炎、腫瘤、食物 中毒、漸進性聽覺損失。 RECORDABLE INCIDENTS 一 Recordable incidents include all work related deaths, illnesses, and injuries which result in a loss of consciousness, restriction of work or motion, permanent transfer to another job within the company, or that require some type of medical treatment or

23、first-aid. Companies with 10 or more employees need to report their incident rates, types of incidents and lost/restricted work days to OSHA every year Recordable incidents are incidents 什mt resulted from an exposure or event in the workplace and that required some type of medical treatment or first

24、-aid 可記錄的事件一可記錄的事件包含所有與工作相關的死亡，疾病，傷害造成的意 識喪失、工作或活動受限、公司內永久性的工作轉崗、或者需要醫療或急救。擁 有10名或以上數量的員工時，公司需要每年向OSHA報告事件率、事件類型和損失 的/限制的工作天數。可記錄的事件表示因工作場所發生的事故需要一些類型的醫 療和急救的事件。 Incidents are not recordable if the employee has symptoms that merely surfaced while at work but were the result of a non-work related eve

25、nt or exposure For example, a cold or an infection from a cut that was received at home is not recordable Additionally, activities of daily living are not normally recordable For example, a heart attack is generally not considered a recordable injury, unless it was caused by a singular event or expo

26、sure at work that caused the attack For more information on what is and is not recordable, the OSHA website () has numerous resources that will guide a company 什irough the recordability determination. The OSHA website also has forms and euidelines to assist a company in the proper reporting format 如

27、果員工的癥狀只是在工作時出現，但原因是與工作無關的事件或風險，則這樣的 事件無需記錄。例如：在家里引發的感冒或傷口引起的感染是不用記錄的。此外， “日常生活中的活動”通常也無需記錄。例如：心臟病突發不被視為可記錄的事 件，除非是因為工作期間的異常事故或風險造成的心臟病突發。什么是可記錄的什 么是無需記錄的風險請訪問OSHA網站查看更多信息，指導公司做可記錄性決定。 OSHA網站還有表格和指南，為公司提供正確的報告格式。 SEVERITY RATE - a mathematical calculation that describes the number of lost days experi

28、enced as compared to the number of incidents experienced 事故嚴重率一一種數學計算方法，說明：對比事故發生的數量，造成的損失天 數。 TOTAL INCIDENT RATE 一 a mathematical calculation that describes the number of recordable incident that a company experiences per 100 full-time employees in any given time frame. 總事件率-一種數學訃算方法，說明：一家公司在任何給定的

29、時間框架內每100名 全職員工的可記錄的事故數量。 WORK RELATED 一 Work relationship is established with the injury or illness results from an event or exposure in the work environment. The work environment is normally considered the company premises, or another location where the employee is present as a condition of employ

30、ment (i.e. a construction site, or customer location). Driving to or from work is not normally considered work-related, unless 什company requires the employee to drive or be transported to a specific location for a specific business purpose The following flowchart is a simplified version to assist co

31、mpanies in determining workrelationship. 工作相關一匸作相關性通過：作環境中事件或風險造成的傷害或疾病建立。丄作 環境通常是公司場所或其它的員工以雇傭關系出現的地點(即建筑工地或客戶地 點)。行駛到工作地點或從工作地點行駛回來通常不視為與工作相關，除非公司 要求員工行駛或通過交通方式到達特定的地點，為了一個特定的業務口的。下面 的簡化版流程圖幫助公司確定工作相關性。 Incident or exposure resulting in an injury or illness 事故或風險造成桁害或疾病 Off company premises 不在公筍場所

32、 Employee is performing a work related activity, present as a condition of employment or in travel status as a pan of a work related fun ction 員工在達行與工送# 或以與工作相關的職鴕 處在出差狀態中 DETERMINING LOST WORK DA YS:確定損失的工作天數 Once a decision has been made that an injury or illness should be considered as a Lost Tim

33、e Case (LTC), the number of days charged to that case is the number of days an employee lost work because of the incident. Days do NOT have to be consecutive For example, if an employee breaks their leg on a Monday, and loses the rest of that day plus three additional days of work, then the employee

34、 comes back to work the following Friday and is given restricted or limited work tasks, and then loses another two days when their cast is removed, the total number of lost days would be five. The day the injury or illness occurred is not counted as a lost work day. For incidents that have lost time

35、 occurring over a longer period of time, weekends are counted as working days, and the number of lost days is capped at 180 days 當確定需要把傷害或疾病決定為損失事件案例(LTC)時，記入到這個案例的天 數就是因為這個事件產生的員工損失工作天數。這個天數不需要是連續不斷的。 比如：一名員工在周一斷了腿，這天剩下的損失時間加上另外三天內的工作天 數，然后這名員工在周五過來上班，被分配了限制的或有限的工作任務，然后乂 損失了2天拆石膏的時間，則總損失天數為5天。受到傷害或

36、生病的那天不計為損 失工作天數。如果事故的損失時間超過很長一段期限，則周末也被計為工作天 數。損失工作日的數量上限為180天。 CALCULATING RATES:計算比率 OSHA has established specific mathematic calculations that enable any company to report their recordable incident rates, lost time rates and severity rates, so that they are comparable across any industry or group

37、 The standard base rate of calculation is based on a rate of 200.000 labor hours This number equates to 100 employees, who work 40 hours per week, and who work 50 weeks per year Using this standai dized base rate, any company can calculate their rate(s) and get a percentage per 100 employees. OSHA建立

38、了具體的運算方法，可以讓公司報告可記錄的事件率、損失時間比率和 嚴重率，這樣在任何行業或群組內都可比較。計算的標準基礎比率是以20萬勞動 小時數為基礎。這個數字等于100名員工每周工作40小時，每年工作50周的時間。 使用這個標準化的基礎比率，任何公司都可以計算自己的比率，并獲得每100名員 工的百分比。 OSHA Recordable Incident Rate OSHA 可記錄的事件比率 The OSHA Recordable Incident Rate (or Incident Rate) is calculated by multiplying the number of record

39、able cases by 200,000、and then dividing that number by the number of labor hours at the company. OSHA可記錄的事件比率(或事件率)的計算方法是可記錄案件的數量乘以200, 000,得出的數除以公司的勞動小時數。 7/13 Number of OSHA Recordable Cases X 200,000 IR = Number of Employee labor hours worked OSHA可記錄案件的數量x200,000 事件率IR二 員工工作的勞動小時數 For example, a

40、company has 17 full-time employees and 3 part-time employees that each work 20 hours per week. This equates to 28,400 labor hours each year If the company experienced 2 recordable injuries, then the formula works like this: 例如，公司擁有17名全職的員工和3名每周工作20小時的兼職員工。等于每年工作 28400小時。如果公司發生了2起可記錄的事件，則公式計算如下： 2 x

41、200,000400,000 IR = IR 二 IR= 14.08 2840028,400 What is now known is that for every 100 employees, 14.08 employees have been involved in a recordable injury or illness. 現在得知的就是每100名員工中,14.08人涉及到一起可記錄的傷害或疾病 中。 Please note that smaller companies that experience recordable incidents will most likely hav

42、e high incident rates, or the incident rates will fluctuate significantly from year to year. This is because of the small number of employees (and hence the lower number of labor hours worked) at the company. Calculations are more meaningful at larger companies that have a higher labor hour count. 請

43、注意，公司人員越少，經歷的可記錄事件就很有可能有越高的事件率。或者每 年的事件率會有顯著的波動，這是因為公司的員工數量較少(工作的勞動小時數 就越低)。這個公式運算對規模較大、勞動小時數較高的公司更有意義。 Lost Time Case Rate損失事件案件率 The Lost Time Case Rate (LTC) is a similar calculation, only it uses die number of cases that contained lost work days The calculation is made by multiplying the number

44、of incidents that were lost time cases by 200,000 and then dividing that by the employee labor hours at the company. 損失事件案件率(LTC)的計算公式類似，只是這個比率運用的是包含損失工作 天數的案件數量。運算為損失時間事件的數量乘以200000,然后除以公司的員工 勞動小時數。 Number of Lost Time Cases x 200.000 LTC Rate = Number of Employee Labor Hours Worked 損失事件案例的數量X 200,

45、000 LTC Rate = 員工工作的小時數 Using the previous company example, assume that one of the two recordable cases had lost work days associated with the incident. The calculations would look like this: 使用之前的公司案例，假設2個可記錄的案件的其中一個因事件的關系損失了工 作天數，計算方法如下： 1 x 200,000200,000 LTC Rate = LTC Rate = LTC Rate = 7.04 28,

46、400 28,400 What is now known is that for every 100 employees, 7.04 employees have suffered lost time because of a work related injury or illness 現在得知每100名員工中，7.04名員工因為工作相關的傷害或疾病損 失了時間。 Lost Work Day Rate (LWD)損失工作日比率 The Lost Work Day rate is primarily used only at larger companies. This does not pr

47、eclude a small business from using this calculation in their performance system, however The LWD rate is calculated by multiplying the total number of lost work days for the year by 200,000, then dividing that number by the number of employee labor hours at the company 損失的工作日比率主要用于較大規模公司。這也不排除小業務公司在

48、他們的性能 系統中使用這種運算方法，但是，LWD比率的運算方法是一年內總損失工作日數 量乘以200000,然后除以公司的員工勞動小時數。 Total Number of Lost Days x 200,000 LWD Rate = Number of Employee Labor Hours Worked 損失工作日總數X 200,000 LWD Rate = -員工的勞動小時數 Using the previous company example and the broken-leg example used earlier, there were 5 lost days due to th

49、e injury. The calculations would look like this: 使用之前的公司和斷腿的案例，這次傷害造成了5個損失工作日，運算方法如 下： 5 x 200,0001,000,000 LWD Rate = LWD Rate = LTC Rate = 35.21 28,400 28,400 What is now known is that for every 100 employees, 35.21 days were lost from work due to work related injuries or illnesses. 現在得知，每100名員工中，

50、山于與工作相關的傷害或疾病，工作損失了 35.21 天。 9/13 DART Rate (Days Away/Restricted or Job Transfer Rate) DART比率(損失天數/限制日或工作轉移比率) The DART rate is relatively new to industry. This rate is calculated by adding up the number of incidents that had one or more Lost Days, one or more Restricted Days or that resulted in an

51、 employee transferring to a different job within the company, and multiplying that number by 200.000、then dividing that number by the number of employee labor hours at the company. DART比率對工業行業來說相對較新。這個比率的運算方法為：擁有1天或多天損 失天數的事故數量加上一天或多天限制日造成員工在公司內轉到不同工作的事故 數量，再乘以200000,然后除以公司的員工勞動小時數： Total Number of

52、DART incidents x 200,000 DART Rate = Number of Employee Labor Hours Worked 總DART事故數量x 200,000 DART Rate = 員工的工作小時數 Using the previous company examples, assume that the second recordable incident resulted in limited or restricted work activity that necessitated a job transfer to a different position

53、in the company. The first was a broken leg that had only lost time associated with it (no restriction or transfer). The calculations would look like this: 使用之前的公司為例，假設第二個可記錄的事件造成有限的或限制的工作活動， 使員工必須在公司內轉移到不同的職位工作。第一個斷腿的員工只損失了時間 (沒有限制或轉移)，則計算方法如下： 2 x 200,000400,000 DART Rate = DART Rate = DART Rate =

54、14.08 28,400 28,400 What is now known is that for every 100 employees, 14.08 incidents resulted in lost or restricted days or job transfer due to work related injuries or illnesses. 現在得知對每100名員工來說，因工作相關的傷害和疾病,14.08起事故造 成損失天數或限制工作日或工作轉移。 Severity Rate事故嚴重率 The severity rate is a calculation that give

55、s a company an average of the number of lost days per recordable incident. Please note, that very few companies use the severity rate as a calculation, as it only provides an average The calculation is made by dividing the total number of lost work days by the total number of recordable incidents. 嚴

56、重率的運算方法可以讓公司獲得每個可記錄事件損失天數的平均結果。請注 意，極少數公司使用嚴重率來做計算，因為只能提供平均數據。運算公式為總損 失工作天數除以總可記錄事故數量。 Total number lost work days SR = Total number of recordable incidents 總損失工作天數 SR 二 總可記錄事故數量 Again, using our previous company as an example, there were 5 lost work days and two recordable incidents So, the severit

57、y rate calculation would look like this: 再次使用上面的公司作為案例，有5天損失工作日和2個可記錄的事件，所以嚴重 率計算如下： 5 SR = SR = 2.5 2 What is now known is that for every recordable incident at the company, an average of 2.5 days will be lost due to those work related injuries and illnesses. 現在得知在這家公司發生的單個可記錄事件，因工作相關的傷害和疾病 平均損失2.5天工作日。 Additional Assistance in calculating incident rates can be found on the OS