1、從一道高考題談?wù)劒?dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的用法安徽省來(lái)安縣半塔中學(xué) 梅崇兵(中學(xué)一級(jí)教師)聯(lián)系電話e-mail:meichongbing先請(qǐng)看一道高考題：（2005湖南卷34題）I send you 100 dollars，the restin a year。A. follow B. followed C. to follow D. being followed答案是C。該題考察獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的用法,現(xiàn)筆者擬對(duì)此用法小結(jié)，以饗讀者。再看兩個(gè)例句The sale usually takes place outside the house, with the audience _on

2、benches,子chairs or boxes. (CET 4 2000,1) A having seated B seating C seated D having been seated本題考察的是with引導(dǎo)的分詞的獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)，seat一般用被動(dòng)形式表示主動(dòng)意思，所以用過(guò)去分詞，答案為C。seat可以用于如下句中：He came in and was seated in the chair. Please come in and be seated. So many directors_, the board meeting had to be put off. (CET 4 2000,

3、6)A were absent B being absent C been absent D had been absent本題考察的是分詞的獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu),主語(yǔ)與分詞之間是主謂關(guān)系，因此選擇B。當(dāng)分詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，其邏輯主語(yǔ)一般應(yīng)與句子的主語(yǔ)一致。如果不一致的話，分詞前面可以帶有自己的邏輯主語(yǔ)(名詞或代詞)，構(gòu)成分詞的獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)(或稱為帶邏輯主語(yǔ)的分詞結(jié)構(gòu))。分詞獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)可表示伴隨情況、陪襯動(dòng)作、附加說(shuō)明以及表示時(shí)間、原因、條件等。先看一些有關(guān)獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的句子。The moon has no light of its own, only sunlight shining on it.(附加說(shuō)明)She

4、 rushed out the room, the little baby carried in her arms.(伴隨動(dòng)作)Maggie ran back to the kitchen, eggs held carefully in her hand.(伴隨動(dòng)作)They being blind men,how could they see the elephants?(=As they were blind men.)(表示原因)Circumstances changed, it is necessary for you to make a new plan. (表示原因)A force

5、 acting through a distance, work is done. (表示條件)Both bright side and dark side considered, you will have the confidence to overcome this difficulty. (表示條件)All flights savings been canceled because of the snowstorm, many passengers could do nothing but take the train.there be句型和it也能引出分詞獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)，作狀語(yǔ)修飾主句，t

6、here和it相當(dāng)于分詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)。例如:There being nothing else to do, we went home.There having been no rain, the plants withered.It being impossible for most students to turn in their papers as scheduled, the teacher decided to give them another two days.從以上例句，我們可以知道獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，它是由一個(gè)相當(dāng)于主語(yǔ)的名詞或代詞加上非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞、形容詞（副）詞、或介詞短語(yǔ)構(gòu)成的一種

7、獨(dú)立成分。該結(jié)構(gòu)不是句子，也不是從句，所以它內(nèi)部的動(dòng)詞不能考慮其時(shí)態(tài)、人稱和數(shù)的變化，它與其主句之間既不能通過(guò)并列連詞連接也不能有從句引導(dǎo)詞引導(dǎo)，常用逗號(hào)與其主句隔開(kāi)。獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)在很多情況下可以轉(zhuǎn)化為相應(yīng)的狀語(yǔ)從句或其他狀語(yǔ)形式，但很多時(shí)候不能轉(zhuǎn)化為分詞形式，因?yàn)樗鼉?nèi)部動(dòng)詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)與主句主語(yǔ)不一致。在做這類題目時(shí)一定要小心判斷，不能粗心大意。下面我們從幾個(gè)方面來(lái)更好地理解獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)：（一）： 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的構(gòu)成：名詞(代詞)+現(xiàn)在分詞、過(guò)去分詞；名詞(代詞)+形容詞；名詞(代詞)+副詞；名詞(代詞)+不定式；名詞(代詞) +介詞短語(yǔ)構(gòu)成。（二） 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的特點(diǎn)： 1）獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的邏

8、輯主語(yǔ)與句子的主語(yǔ)不同，它獨(dú)立存在。2）名詞或代詞與后面的分詞，形容詞，副詞，不定 式，介詞等是主謂關(guān)系。3）獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)一般有逗號(hào)與主句分開(kāi)。（三）獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的作用：1） 做時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。例如： The test finished, we began our holiday. = When the test was finished, we began our holiday.考試結(jié)束了，我們開(kāi)始放假。President assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. = After the president was assassina

9、ted, the whole country was in deep sorrow.總統(tǒng)被謀殺了，舉國(guó)上下沉浸在悲哀之中。2）作條件狀語(yǔ)。例如：Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow.=If weather permits，we are going to visit you tomorrow。如果天氣允許，我們明天去看你。3） 作原因狀語(yǔ)。例如：His money lost ，he had to go home on foot。由于它的錢丟了，他不得不步行回家。=Because his money was lost ，he

10、had to go home on foot。There being no classes，we didnt go to school。由于今天沒(méi)有課，我們沒(méi)有去上學(xué)。=Because there were no classes，we didnt go to school。4）作伴隨狀語(yǔ)。例如：He came into the room, his ears red with cold.他回到了房子里，耳朵凍壞了。He came out of the library, a large book under his arm.他夾著本厚書，走出了圖書館。（四）與with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)的比較。“with+賓

11、語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)”用法與獨(dú)立主各結(jié)構(gòu)基本相同，可以理解為是with的獨(dú)立主各結(jié)構(gòu)，即 “with+賓語(yǔ)+現(xiàn)在分詞/過(guò)去分詞/形容詞/副詞/不定式/介詞短語(yǔ)”。例如：He stood there, his hand raised= He stood there, with his hand raise典型例題：The murder was brought in, with his hands _ behind his back。A. being tied B. having tied C. to be tied D. Tied答案D. with +名詞（代詞）+分詞+介詞短語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)。由于本句中名詞手

12、與分詞綁是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，因此用過(guò)去分詞，選D.（五）注意：獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)使用介詞的問(wèn)題：1）當(dāng)介詞是in時(shí)，其前后的兩個(gè)名詞均不加任何成分（如物主代詞或冠詞），也不用復(fù)數(shù)。但 with 的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)不受此限制。例如：A robber burst into the room, knife in hand. ( hand前不能加his)。2) 當(dāng)表人體部位的詞做邏輯主語(yǔ)時(shí)，及物動(dòng)詞用現(xiàn)在分詞，不及物動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去分詞如： He lay there, his teeth set, his hand clenched, his eyes looking straight up.典型例題：Weather_, wel

13、l go out for a walk. A permitted B permitting C permits D for permitting案B. 本題中沒(méi)有連詞，它不是復(fù)合句，也不是并列句。句中使用了逗號(hào)，且we小寫，可知其不是兩個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句。能夠這樣使用的只有獨(dú)立主格或with的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。據(jù)此判斷，本句中使用的是獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)，其結(jié)構(gòu)為：名詞+分詞。 由于permit在這里翻譯為天氣允許，表主動(dòng)，應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在分詞，故選B。如果不會(huì)判斷獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語(yǔ)的形式，不妨將句子改為條件句，例如本句改為If weather permits, well go out for a walk.然后將if去掉，再將謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)

14、詞改為非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞即可。下面來(lái)試一試你掌握了多少:1、邏輯主語(yǔ)+V-ing1._no bus, we had to walk home.A .There being B .Being C .Having been D .There was2._no bus, we had to walk home.A .As there being B .As there was C .Being D .There was3._Sunday, the library doesnt open.A .Being B .There being C .It being D .Having been4._Sunday,

15、the library doesnt open.A .As it being B .Being C .It is D .As it is2、邏輯主語(yǔ)+V-ed1._, the train started. A .The signal given B .Giving the signal C .The signal being given D .The signal giving2._, the train started. A .After having given the signal B .After the signal givenC C. Giving the signal D .Af

16、ter the signal was given3._, the text became easier for us to learn. A .Explaining new words B .New words explained C .Being explained new words D .Having explained new words4._, the text became easier for us to learn. A. When new words were explained B .Explaining new words C .New words explaining

17、D .Being explained new words3、邏輯主語(yǔ)+形容詞（副詞）1._, the patient can leave the hospital. A .Better conditions B .Conditions better C .Conditions are better D .Being better conditions2._, the patient can leave the hospital. A .If better conditions B .If conditions better C .If conditions are better D.Being

18、 better conditions3._, wed like to go outing. A .Being Sunday B .Sunday OK C .Sunday is OK D .If Sunday OK4._, wed like to go outing. A .If Sunday is OK B .Sunday being OK C .Sunday OK D.A,B and C5._, you can wait a while. A .The play being still on B .The play still on C Being still on the play D.A

19、 and B6._, so you can wait a while A .The play is still on B .The play being still on C. As the play is still on D .The play still on4、邏輯主語(yǔ)+介詞短語(yǔ)1.The boy followed the nobleman here, _. A .a sword in hand B .a sword in his hand B .Being a sword in hand D .sword in hand2.The boy followed the nobleman

20、here _. A .with a sword in his hand B .with a sword in hand C .with a sword being in hand D .a sword being in hand3.He left the office, _. A .tears being in eyes B .tears in eyes C .being tears in eyes D .with tears being in eyes4.He left the office _. A .with tears being in eyes B .with tears in he

21、r eyesC .being tears in eyesD .tears being in eyes二、獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)訓(xùn)練題1._ no bus, we had to walk home. A .There being B .As there was C .There was D.A and B2._Sunday, the library doesnt open. A .It being B .As it is C .Being D.A and B3._, I had to ask for two days leave. A .Mother being ill B .Bother ill C .

22、As mother was illD. A,B and C4._, we have to work late into the night. A .The exam near B .The exam being near C .As the exam is near D. A,B and C5._, the train started. A .The signal given B .After the signal was given C .Given the signal D.A and B6._, the text became easier for us to learn. A. New

23、 words explained B .When new words were explained C .When teacher explained new words D .all above7._, well go to visit the Great Wall. A .Weather permitting B .If weather permits C .If permitting D.A and B8._, the patient will recover himself soon. A .If the treatment is in time B .The treatment in

24、 time C The treatment being in time D.A,B and C9.We have lessons every day, _. A .Sunday included B .Sunday including C .Sunday is including D .all the above10.The boy fell asleep,_. A .cap on head B .with a cap on head C .a cap on was on head D. all the above11.Father came home,_ A .a dog following

25、 him B .a dog followed him C .being followed by a dog D .all the above12. The problem，they all went home happily。A. settling B. to be settled C. settled D to settle。13.A lot of work ，he had no time to talk with us。 A. done B to do C doing D to be doing 14.-Everyonetheir seats，the meeting began。 A taken B taking C having taken D to take 15.，Mother had to stay at home and looked after him。 A. Being ill B He was ill C Tom being ill D To be ill16.，there is no school。 A It is Sunday B It was