TOEFL 機經伴侶 大陸 12 月 22 日考試 葡萄團隊出品 托福機經伴侶 2012 12 22 1 目目 錄錄 葡萄托福伴侶本次改版說明 2 機經伴侶使用說明 3 閱讀機經伴侶使用說明 3 聽力機經伴侶使用說明 3 口語機經伴侶使用說明 3 寫作機經伴侶使用說明 3 閱讀機經伴侶 4 聽力機經伴侶 31 口語機經伴侶 74 寫作機經伴侶 85 托福機經伴侶 2012 12 22 2 葡萄托福伴侶本次改版說明葡萄托福伴侶本次改版說明 閱讀 1 閱讀部分簡化了英文背景介紹 根據文章的中文還原信息 針對難以理解的術語 背景添加簡要中文解釋 2 閱讀部分添加了文章結構文章結構 通過結構閱覽 考生更能便捷掌握文章的邏輯發展 并且 學生如果能夠熟悉托福閱讀常出現的閱讀結構 提前預測文章重點 有利于 學生快速閱讀 節約答題時間 聽力 1 聽力部分簡化了英文背景介紹 2 聽力部分重點推出題目答案預測題目答案預測 基于靠譜的中文還原 葡萄團隊采用聽力 出題原則預測題目和答案 考生以真題為例學習出題原則和預測題目之間的關系 可以主動把握聽力出題趨勢 從而保證自己的聽力能力 注 注 20122012年年1212月月2222日機經伴侶日機經伴侶中閱讀和聽力學機經的材料來自中閱讀和聽力學機經的材料來自 于各機構預測的重點頭于各機構預測的重點頭1010套 分別是套 分別是20112011年年0808月月2727日日 北美 北美 20112011 年年1212月月1717日日 北美 北美 20112011年年1212月月9 9日日 北美 北美 20122012年年4 4月月2020日日 北 北 美 美 20122012年年5 5月月5 5日日 北美 北美 20122012年年5 5月月2525日日 北美 北美 20122012年年5 5 月月2626日日 北美 北美 20102010年年1010月月1717日 大陸 日 大陸 20102010年年1010月月2222日日 北 北 美 美 20112011年年1111月月2626日 大陸 日 大陸 托福機經伴侶 2012 12 22 3 機經伴侶使用說明機經伴侶使用說明 閱讀機經伴侶使用說明閱讀機經伴侶使用說明 1 該機經伴針對各大機構對 12 月 22 日的托福機經預測的 10 套重點題目進行分析 內容包 括考生回憶的中文內容 文章結構 學術背景介紹 2 考生可以利用伴侶中的閱讀結構分析 總結托福閱讀文章特點 3 考生可以將學術背景介紹作為課外讀物閱覽 聽力機經伴侶使用說明聽力機經伴侶使用說明 1 該機經伴侶針對各大機構對 12 月 22 日的托福機經預測的 10 套重點題目進行分析 內容包 括考生回憶的中文內容 問題預測 學術背景介紹 2 考生需要熟悉問題預測中的題型 出題原則 問題 和答案 學生通過使用此伴侶 學會 基本的聽力出題原則 并能獨立運用這些原則進行聽力內容預判 3 考生可以將學術背景介紹作為課外讀物閱覽 口語機經伴侶使用說明口語機經伴侶使用說明 1 瀏覽機經中所有口語獨立題目即 Task 1 2 2 根據每道題目后面提供的思路和要點 挑選 組合并寫出適合自己的答題提綱 3 根據提綱 寫出自己的答題段落 口頭作文 4 反復朗讀并修改自己的答題段落 直至能在規定時間 45 秒 內流利說出答案為止 5 模擬考試場景 錄下自己的答題段落 考前反復重錄重聽 寫作機經伴侶使用說明寫作機經伴侶使用說明 1 按照四種分類 瀏覽機經上所有獨立寫作題目 歸納每類題目的共同特點 2 逐類瀏覽范文及分析 比較同一類題目不同寫作思路的難易 針對每一類題目 選擇最適 合自己的寫作思路 3 詳細閱讀范文 主要掌握文章開頭 結尾的寫作模式 文章主干的展開方式及結構 4 按照范文框架 還原范文的內容 5 摘抄 背誦范文主干當中的論證以及論述句子 6 模仿范文的結構 進行同一類思路下面其他文章的寫作 托福機經伴侶 2012 12 22 4 閱讀機經伴侶閱讀機經伴侶 2011 年 08 月 27 日 北美 閱讀 1 昆蟲 2 心理學 3 中世紀歐洲的土地制度 4 地球大氣的形成 5 美國水土保護 2011 年 12 月 17 日 北美 1 蜥蜴 身體的溫度是根據環境變化的 還說在沙漠的種類和平常的有什么不同 學術背景 蜥蜴類象其他爬行類一樣 首先具有外溫 假如把蜥蜴放在實驗室恒溫 條件下 其體溫立刻改變 與它的周圍濕度沒有差別 但是它在自然界條件下隨著 環境溫度而變化 蜥蜴類靠陽光熱量時刻變化來調節它的身體溫度 蜥蜴早晨從洞 穴出來 在陽光下伸展身體取暖獲得熱量 白天 蜥蜴縮小暴露身體面積或抬起身 體向著太陽取暖 在白天酷熱時 蜥蜴靜居洞穴 在太陽落下和氣溫下降的傍晚 蜥蜴出來取暖 2 動物遷移 提到 monarch butterfly grey whale 還有其他 grey whale 靠著往 南游時 海岸線在它的左手邊 往北游海岸線在它的右手邊 來記回家的路 monarch butterfly 的部份題目有陷阱 因為帝王蝶冬天時往南遷 在春天結束時先交配 夏天 飛到原本北邊才產卵 要特別記得是 在 A 地 mate 在 B 地產 egg 考題在季節 mints are only established when there is a critical mass of raw material to work with and that appeared in plenty with the discovery of silver in the Rammelsberg above the town of Goslar in the Harz Mountains late in the tenth century 貿易市場中商會間的信用機制 Monetary stability and with it market expansion could only be guaranteed when mints and markets were anchored in the context of a new or reviewed social institution the fair In this connection the international fairs transcended themselves as merchants developed a payment system based on credit instrument called lettres de foire or fair letters These documents recognized sales of merchandize but often specified payment at later fair when the total of debits and credits for a season would be computed and a final reckoning made between buyers and sellers Letters were not endorsable but could be transferred from one party to another 2 Mommoth Steppe 亞洲大陸和阿拉斯加中間的白令海域在過去 2 5 萬年之間 有七次冰河期 反正有七次冷暖交替 猛馬象在最後一次滅絕 G 開頭的學者認為 一種他命名叫 MommothSteppe 的草在過去冰河期那段寒冷期間 除了最冷到最 巔峰的時間以外 都長得比現在的草還要好 有重述題 因此可以提供足夠的營養 給上面大型動物 現代的植物因為比較酸 acidic 還有一個不太重要的原因沒有辦 法帶給地上動物足夠的營養 他認為因為這種草在之後環境變暖了後就滅絕了 所 以猛馬象也一起陪葬了 可是有另外的學者覺得沒有化石的證據證實這種 Mammoth Steppe 真的存在過 他們覺得猛馬象消失後草才跟著一起消失的 接 下來一段在講一個例子述說大象這種踩踏有利於草原而不適合灌木生長 有一題插 入題 大意是 可是這個現象可以以 mommonth steppe 不易留下化石證據的理由 托福機經伴侶 2012 12 22 15 反駁 文章結構類型 現象解釋類 現象 猛犸象滅絕 解釋 1 食物鏈的中斷 反駁 沒有化石證據 反駁反方觀點 猛犸象踐踏 毀壞化石 學術背景 什么是什么是 Mammoth SteppeMammoth Steppe During the Late Pleistocene the environment of the northern territories of Eurasia ranging from Western Europe to Alaska was generally open tending toward steppe It is known as the Mammoth Steppe a biotope remarkable for its unusual combination of mammal species when compared to the present day distribution The ecosystem of the Mammoth Steppe collapsed during the period that marks the Pleistocene Holocene transition and was replaced by the modern tundra taiga and steppe belts of Eurasia The Mammoth Steppe was very productive and characterized by a very diverse flora and fauna with a large variety in species During the Pleistocene Holocene transition a drastic rearrangement of its floral and faunal components occurred and led to a marked change in the distribution of species The geographical ranges of several species shrank and many became regionally extinct whereas others disappeared completely It was the time when species such as giant deer woolly mammoth and woolly rhinoceros became extinct after having survived many climatic changes during several hundreds of thousands of years It is also the period during which humans spread into Northern Siberia and crossed Beringia on their way to America Mammoth Steppe Mammoth Steppe 為猛犸象提供充足草料為猛犸象提供充足草料 In the time of the mammoths the landscape over most of their range looked very different than the barren heaths and boggy tundra surrounding the river today The air was drier cloud cover was limited and strong winds swept the electric blue skies In place of tundra grew a vast arid 托福機經伴侶 2012 12 22 16 grassland that paleobiologist R Dale Guthrie has called the mammoth steppe stretching from Ireland to Kamchatka and across the Bering land bridge to Alaska the Yukon and much of North America The grasses broad leaved herbs and low shrubs of the steppe provided nutritious food and in addition to mammoths nourished a profusion of other outsize exuberantly hairy mammalian megafauna woolly rhinoceroses enormous long horned bison and bear size beavers as well as the fearsome carnivores that hunted them saber toothed cats cave hyenas and giant short faced bears 氣候變暖減少適合的草料供應氣候變暖減少適合的草料供應 After a harsh 1 500 year cold snap called the Younger Dryas about 13 000 years ago the climate began to get even warmer The rising temperatures led to a decline in woolly mammoths favored foods like grasses and willows and encouraged the growth of of lowlow nutrient conifers and potentially toxic birch nutrient conifers and potentially toxic birch Marshy peatlands developed forcing the mammoths to struggle through difficult and nutritionally poor terrain and forests became more abundant squeezing mammoths out of their former territory 地質結構變化減少適合的草料供應地質結構變化減少適合的草料供應 As herbivorous animals mammoths needed large amounts of minerals to survive and they compensated for the lack of such by eating certain kinds of clay known as alkali soils at animal pastures The need to eat these clays was particularly prevalent during mating season and pregnancy Due to tectonic forces alkali soils were transformed into soils of an acid nature which were lacking in nutrients GrGrass which was a mammoth staple lacked ass which was a mammoth staple lacked necessary necessary mineralsminerals and this progressive decrease in proper nutrition caused various and this progressive decrease in proper nutrition caused various pathological processpathological processes in bones some so painful that the poor animals es in bones some so painful that the poor animals couldn t even move much less forage for food and more likely become couldn t even move much less forage for food and more likely become someone else s food someone else s food 托福機經伴侶 2012 12 22 17 3 生物應該是生態類的題目 第一段大意是說人們都覺得群居動物是演化程度比 較高的 因為他們會互相合作 其實這不是絕對的 獨居的動物 Solitary 也是有他 們生存上的優勢 後面繼續說了群居的壞處 有兩點 一個是群居動物需要耗費精 力爭奪社會階層 Social rank 另外群居也比較容易有傳染病 就生物學上的角度 來說 生物要耗費精力在處理這些負面影響是演化上不利的條 像是某種蜜蜂就需 要幫蜂蛹加熱幫助猛種黴菌 fungus 的感染 有題 但是整體上 物種會演化成群居 生活一定是整體利益大於那些單身生活不利的條件 反之亦然 舉例 一種 B 魚嘴 巴很小 會跟另外一種C魚合作趕走想要吃魚卵的入侵者 相反地 跟B魚同科的D 魚則喜歡獨自生活 不喜歡合作 他們有天生得大嘴巴可以趕走入侵者 所以自己 生活 ok 文章結構類型 對比類 對比 1 競爭 對比點 獨居和群居 對比 2 疾病傳染 對比的結果和意義 物種會演化成群居生活一定是群體生活利益大于獨立生活利益 反之亦然 學術背景 Social animals 群居動物 Solitary animals 獨居動物 Pros 優勢 1 Protection against predators 2 Better chance to catch larger prey 3 Opportunity of learning from others 1 No needs to share resources 2 The solitary often is the top predator so it does not need to cooperate for protection 3 The brain is less activated since the solitary animal spends less time in communicating 托福機經伴侶 2012 12 22 18 詞匯題 Tactic strategy potential possible inhibit prevent 4 Making the physical environment more tolerable developing and maintaining relationship and learning to work together so the large brain required for social activity is not necessary It takes less food to power that small computer Cons 劣勢 1 The more animals there are in a group the more food the group needs 2 There may be competition within the group for resources in addition to food For example there can be competition for mates and subordinates may find themselves unable to reproduce 3 Diseases generally spread more easily when there are more animals together 1 Less likelihood of capturing large animals 2 Vulnerable to harsh weather conditions 托福機經伴侶 2012 12 22 19 2010年10月17日 大陸 第一篇 prehistoric diet P1 many ways to know the prehistoric diet one way indirect 通過看 當時的natural environment和農業可以大概知道他們吃什么 有題 however the flaw of this method can t know what s the most important part of their diet 有題 P2 another way direct 通過food remains in the garbage heaps or other sites problem the food remains usuallly fragile 詞匯題 a solution by scientists 一般是連土一起取回實驗室 用一種liquid可以使之分離 因為food remains是organic 可以在這種liquid里面浮起來 句子簡化題 P3 通過看牙齒和wear on the teeth得到general info about their diet for example dog teeth meat 有題 文章結構類型 現象解釋類 理論 1 觀察外界環境 駁斥觀點 不能觀察到最重要的飲食組成 現象 史前飲食證據 理論 2 研究食物垃圾 駁斥觀點 食物垃圾容易分解 理論 3 觀察尸骨殘骸中的牙齒部分 第二篇 morphography P1 same species of plant different in different light conditions P2 two examples can only live well in specific light environment while others can adapt to various light conditions P3 在弱光下 moss 生長出長的stem 這叫elongation 在強光下 生長短 但是diameter 增加 P4 甚至大家以為的不會有這種情況的闊葉樹也會展示出elongation的特性 and they can compete for light 托福機經伴侶 2012 12 22 20 文章結構類型 對比型 對比對象 1 只能在特定光線下生長的植物 對比點 植物對于光的反應 對比對象 2 能靈活適應各種光線的植物 舉 例 moss 舉例 闊葉樹 對比的結果或意義 不同的植物對于光的反應不同 學術背景 Morphology 形態描述學 the systematic investigation tabulation and description of the structure of animals including comparative anatomy histology and embryology and the distribution of animals in time and in space with special reference to their classification general or systematic zo logy 第三篇 深海生物 p1 以前大家一直以為 深海底無生物 但19th century 發現了一個生物 然后lead to many researches p2 以前一直以為深海生物都是小snails啊worms啊 但是后來發現他們其實 都是很野蠻的 reason lack of competition abundance in food and lack of juvenile 有題 這個單詞要認識 p3 antarctic 被發現竟然有上百種魚 P4 Antarctica有一種barrier可以阻礙冷水魚出去 warm魚進來 然后暖流 也不會進來 這些魚有一種special blood protein which bind to the crystal so that they can survive P5 深海底的bacteria和其他organism承受了上千的pressure 但是如果放到 小于300的pressure的時候他們反而不能生存 文章結構類型 現象解釋類 事物特點類 理論 1 深海無生物 駁斥觀點 19 世紀發現了生物 托福機經伴侶 2012 12 22 21 現象 深海生物 理論 2 深海生物都是弱小生物 駁斥觀點 這些生物很野蠻 特點 1 南極存在天然的隔離帶 阻礙內外生物的交流 特點 2 深海的生物習慣了深水壓力 在淺水區不能生存 2010年10月22日 北美 1 講鳥怎么學唱歌 三種方式 遺傳 聽自己唱然后不斷糾正 聽別個成年鳥唱然 后學 證明遺傳是說有些鳥把蛋下在別個窩里 然后幼鳥由別個養大但是一樣能唱 歌 證明學習時說聾鳥雖然也能唱但是不完整 最后說鳥的唱歌很精確到有很多 dialect 然后鳥夫妻們利用這種 dialect 的區別來找到對方 最后一段是說他們之 間相互模仿能夠達到唱到一樣的程度 文章結構類型 現象解釋類 事物特點類 文章結構類型 現象解釋類 事物特點類 理論 1 遺傳 證明觀點 由非唱歌類鳥撫養長大的鳥能唱歌 現象 鳥會唱歌 理論 2 后天學習 證明觀點 聾鳥雖然能唱歌但不完整 唱歌特點 不同的方言 用方言尋找配偶 相互模仿 學術背景 1 1 遺傳遺傳 Inherited Vocal AbilityInherited Vocal Ability Some species of birds including flycatchers are born with the species specific song patterns genetically encoded in each individual bird s make up 托福機經伴侶 2012 12 22 22 實驗 1 According to the Cornell Lab of Ornithology attempts to confuse young Alder flycatchers into learning the songs of another flycatcher species failed Researchers played recordings of Willow flycatchers to 10 day old Alder flycatchers that had been removed from the nest The youngsters still sang the song of their own species Experiments involving this bExperiments involving this bird group ird group demonstrate the inherent ability to produce the correct song even demonstrate the inherent ability to produce the correct song even when raised away from their own species when raised away from their own species 實驗 2 one way to approach the problem would be to take some newly laid birds eggs incubate them separately in soundproof chambers hand rear each young one also in individual and acoustic isolation and then see as each bird grew up what sounds it produced At Cambridge England some chaffinches were reared in these exacting conditions Even when nearly a year old they sang very Even when nearly a year old they sang very simple songsimple songs representing as the experiment intended the inborn s representing as the experiment intended the inborn component of the ponent of the song 2 后天習得 Vocal Learners True songbirds of the Oscine suborder of Passeriformes such as canaries finches sparrows and thrushes are vocal learners that learn to sing by listening to adult birds of the same species If young birds of these species are removed from members of their own species they will still vocalize and produce songs but the songs do not follow the normal species specific patterns 實驗 1 William Thorpe pioneered scientific research on song learning in the late 1950s He showed that chaffinches Fringilla coelebs raised in a laboratory as nestlings without exposure to adult males of the same species develop abnormal songs Thorpe 1958 However when young of the same species were exposed to taped recordings of a wild chaffinch song tutor songs they sang species specific songs as adults This demonstrated that birds must learn songs early in This demonstrated that birds must learn songs early in life life 實驗 2 Classic studies of the White crowned Sparrow showed that a nestling taken from a nest at eight or nine days of age and raised alone in a laboratory would develop an abnormal song However young WhiteHowever young White crowned Sparrows crowned Sparrows 托福機經伴侶 2012 12 22 23 housed with a tutor a singing adult Whitehoused with a tutor a singing adult White crowned Sparrow crowned Sparrow learned their songs fromlearned their songs from that bird that bird 3 3 后天習得的時間段 后天習得的時間段 Stages of LearningStages of Learning Some songbirds such as canaries and starlings are called open learners They have the ability to learn new songs even after reaching adulthood However most most juvenile songbirds learn to sing in two phases juvenile songbirds learn to sing in two phases with the sensitive or critical period being the time when they memorize new songs by listening to the adult males of their species Once this period has passed and the birds enter the second learning phase they begin to practice what they previously memorized The two phases vary in length depending upon species 4 4 方言方言 Dialects Dialects Birds of the same species but living in different geographical regions sing similar songs but often produce distinct dialectic variations Young birds learn to sing in these dialects much like human babies learn dialects by listening to the accents of the adults around them Birds can even find their mates by detecting the Birds can even find their mates by detecting the differences in the dialect differences in the dialect 結論 結論 ConclusionConclusion No one knows the relative importance of inheritance and learning in each and every one of the world s 9 000 species of bird Comparatively few have been studied But among the typical songbirds it seems that learning partly by imitating elders as in the chaffinch example is probably quite widespread 托福機經伴侶 2012 12 22 24 2 講海龜靠什么導航 一開始說不可能是星星 因為海龜眼神不好 也不可能是 氣味 因為在過程中有氣味干擾但是海龜依然能找對方向 接下來一個實驗證明磁 場也不可能 但是有一個結論是海龜可能是用 combine 幾種方 法 在靠近目的地 是味道是有用的 這里有題 最后一種解釋 是海龜體內的一種 DNA 它能記錄海 龜被孵化出的地點 也就是他們去的地方 并且由母海龜 遺傳給小海龜 最后說有 一個例子可以證明 從前在加勒比海的一個地方有很多綠海龜 但是后來捕殺很嚴 重海龜們就不去了 近幾年雖然又保護起來了但是海龜們 來得仍然很少 文章結構類型 現象解釋類 理論 1 星星導航 反駁觀點 眼神不好 理論 2 氣味導航 反駁觀點 氣味干擾 現象 海龜導航 理論 3 磁場導航 反駁觀點 理論 4 各種導航集合 理論 5 DNA 證明觀點 學術背景 解釋解釋 1 1 視力視力 Navigation by celestial bodies or landmark Navigation by celestial bodies or landmark 反駁 反駁 A Adult turtles of several species migrate across hundreds or thousands of kilometers of open ocean to nest on their natal beaches which are often isolated stretches of continental shores or tiny remote islands Such impressive feats are all the more astonishing in view of the fact that they are accomplished in an open ocean environment devoid of visual landmarks and by marine animals whose poor eyesight above water poor eyesight above water probably precludes the useprobably precludes the use of star patterns and other celestial cues of star patterns and other celestial cues 解釋解釋2 2 氣味 氣味 Navigation by olfactory cueNavigation by olfactory cue 反駁 反駁 Sea turtles are known to possess a high degree of olfactory discrimination and orientation mechanism involving an olfactory component has been put forward However in rHowever in recent experiment scientists found that sea turtle can find its way ecent experiment scientists found that sea turtle can find its way to the seashore even when olfactory abstractor is placed in the migration to the seashore even when olfactory abstractor is placed in the migration route route 托福機經伴侶 2012 12 22 25 解釋解釋3 3 磁場磁場 Navigation by magnetic forceNavigation by magnetic force 反駁 反駁 The ability to head in a given direction without reference to landmarks is called a compass mechanism and where magnetic cues are used to achieve this it is called a magnetic compass Here researchers study how loggerhead sea turtle hatchlings use geomagnetic cues to guide themselves during their migration around the north Atlantic gyre a current system that encircles the Sargasso Sea The results suggest that hatchling turtles can use regional magnetic fields from numerous locations along the northern segment of their migratory pathway as open ocean guideposts Exceptions may exist however in cases where regional fields have changed significantly in the recent past because of secular variation My results also suggest that the magnetic field in which sea turtle eggs incubate influences the hatchlings subsequent ability to use regional fields for navigation This finding has important implications for sea turtle na