TheMiddleEasternBazaar

TheMiddleEasternbazaartakesyoubackhundreds-eventhousands-of

years.TheoneIamthinkingofparticularlyisenteredbyaGothic-arched

gatewayofagedbrickandstone.Youpassfromtheheatandglareofabig,open

squareintoacool,darkcavernwhichextendsasfarastheeyecansee,losing

itselfintheshadowydistance.Littledonkeyswithharmoniouslvtinklinabells

threadtheirwayamongthethronqsofpeopleenteringandleavingthebazaar.

Theroadwayisabouttwelvefeetwide,butitisnarrowedeveryfewyardsbylittle

stallswheregoodsofeveryconceivablekindaresold.Thedinofthestall-holder;

cryingtheirwares,ofdonkey-boysandportersclearingawayforthemselvesby

shoutingvigorously,andofwould-bepurchasersarguingandbargainingis

continuousandmakesyoudizzy.

Thenasyoupenetratedeeperintothebazaar,thenoiseoftheentrancefades

away,andyoucometothemutedcloth-market.Theearthenfloor,beatenhardby

countlessfeet,deadensthesoundoffootsteps,andthevaultedmud-brickwalls

androofhavehardlyanysoundstoecho.Theshop-keepersspeakinslow,

measuredtones,andthebuyers,overwhelmedbythesepulchralatmosphere,

followsuit.

OneofthepeculiaritiesoftheEasternbazaaristhatshopkeepersdealingin

thesamekindofgoodsdonotscatterthemselvesoverthebazaar,inorderto

avoidcompetition,butcollectinthesamearea,sothatpurchaserscanknow

wheretofindthem,andsothattheycanformacloselyknitguildagainst

injusticeorpersecution.Inthecloth-market,forinstance,allthesellersof

materialforclothes,curtains,chaircoversandsoonlinetheroadwayonboth

sides,eachopen-frontedshophavingatrestletrestletablefordisplayand

shelvesforstorage.Bargainingistheorderofthecay,andveiledwomenmoveat

aleisurelypacefromshoptoshop,selecting,pricinganddoingalittle

preliminarybargainingbeforetheynarrowdowntheirchoiceandbeginthereally

seriousbusinessofbeatingthepricedown.

Itisapointofhonourwiththecustomernottolettheshopkeeperguess

whatitisshereallylikesandwantsuntilthelastmoment.Ifhedoesguess

correctly,hewillpricetheitemhigh,andyieldlittleinthebargaining.Theseller,

ontheotherhand,makesapointofprotestingthatthepriceheischargingis

deprivinahimofallprofit,andthatheissacrificingthisbecauseofhispersonal

regardforthecustomer.Bargainingcangoonthewholeday,orevenseveral

days,withthecustomercomingandgoingatintervals.

Oneofthemostpicturesqueandimpressivepartsofthebazaaristhe

copper-smiths'market.Asyouapproachit,atinklingandbangingandclashing

beginstoimpingeonyourear.Itgrowslouderandmoredistinct,untilyouround

acornerandseeafairylandofdancingflashes,astheburnishedcoppercatches

thelightofinnumerablelampsandbraziers.Ineachshopsittheapprentices-

boysandyouths,someofthemincrediblyyoung-hammeringawayatcopper

vesselsofallshapesandsizes,whiletheshop-ownerinstructs,andsometimes

takesahandwithahammerhimself.Inthebackground,atinyapprenticeblowsa

bi-,charcoalfirewithahugeleatherbellowsworkedbyastringattachedtohis

bigtoe-theredofthelivecoalsglowing,brightandthendimming

rhythmicallytothestrokesofthebellows.

Hereyoucanfindbeautifulpotsandbowlsengravewithdelicateand

intricatetraditionaldesigns,orthesimple,everydaykitchenwareusedinthis

country,pleasinginform,butundecoratedandstrictlyfunctional.Elsewhere

thereisthecarpet-market,withitsprofusionofrichcolours,variedtexturesand

regionaldesigns-someboldandsimple,othersunbelievablydetailedandyet

harmonious.Thenthereisthespice-market,withitspunqentandexoticsmells:

andthefood-market,whereyoucanbuyeverythingyouneedforthemost

sumptuousdinner,orsitinatinyrestaurantwithportersandapprenticesandeat

yourhumblebreadandcheese.Thedye-market,thepottery-marketandthe

carpenters'marketlieelsewhereinthemazeofvaultedstreetswhichhonevcomb

thisbazaar.Everyhereandthere,adoorwaygivesaglimpseofasunlitcourtyard,

perhapsbeforeamosqueoracaravanserai,wherecamelsliedisdainfullv

chewingtheirhay,whilethegreatbalesofmerchandisetheyhavecarried

hundredsofmilesacrossthedesertliebesidethem.

Perhapsthemostunforgettablethinginthebazaar,apartfromitsgeneral

atmosphere,istheplacewheretheymakelinseedoil.Itisavast,sombrecavern

ofaroom,somethirtyfeethighandsixtyfeetsquare,andsothickwiththedust

ofcenturiesthatthemudbrickwallsandvaultedroofareonlydimlyvisible.In

thiscavernarethreemassivestonewheels,eachwithahugepolethroughits

centreasanaxle.Thepoleisattachedattheoneendtoanuprightpost,around

whichitcanrevolve,andattheothertoablind-foldedcamel,whichwalks

constantlyinacircle,providingthemotivepowertoturnthestonewheel.This

revolvesinacircularstonechannel,intowhichanattendantfeedslinseed.The

stonewheelcrushesittoapulp,whichisthenpressedtoextracttheoil.The

camelsarethelargestandfinestIhaveeverseen,andinsuperbcondition-

muscular,massiveandstately.

Thepressingofthelinseedpulptoextracttheoilisdonebyavast

ramshackleapparatusofbeamsandropesandpulleyswhichtowerstothe

vaultedceilinganddwarfsthecamelsandtheirstonewheels.Themachineis

operatedbyoneman,whoshovelsthelinseedpulpintoastonevat,climbsup

nimblytoadizzyheighttofastenropes,andthenthrowshisweightontoagreat

beammadeoutofatreetrunktosettheropesandpulleysinmotion.Ancient

girdersgirderscreakandgroan,ropestightenandthenatrickleofoiloozes

oozesdownastonerunnelintoausedpetrolcan.Quicklythetricklebecomesa

floodofglisteninglinseedoilasthebeamsinksearthwards,tautandprotesting,

itscreaksblendingwiththesaueakinqandrumblingofthegrinding-wheelsand

theoccasionalgruntsandsighsofthecamels.

(fromAdvancedComprehensionandAppreciationpieces,1962)

NOTES

1)ThispieceistakenfromAdvancedComprehensionandAppreciationPieces,

compiledforoverseasstudentsbyL.A.HillandD.J.May,publishedbyOxford

UniversityPress,HongKong,1962.

2)MiddleEast:generallyreferringtotheareafromAfghanistantoEgypt,

includingtheArabianPeninsula,Cyprus,andAsiaticTurkey.

3)Gothic:astyleofarchitectureoriginatedinN.Francein11thcentury,

characterizedbypointedarches,ribbedvaulting,steep,highroofs,etc.

4)veiledwomen:SomeMoslemsusetheveil-moreappropriately,thepurdah—

tosecludeorhidetheirwomenfromtheeyesofstrangers.

5)caravanserai(caravansary):intheMiddleEast,akindofinnwithalarge

centralcourt,wherebandsofmerchantsorpilgrims,togetherwiththeircamels

orhorses,stayforshelterandrefreshment

Hiroshima-the"Liveliest"CityinJapan

JacquesDanvoir

“Hiroshima!Everybodyoff!"ThatmustbewhatthemanintheJapanese

stationmaster'suniformshouted,asthefastesttrainintheworldslippedtoa

stopinHiroshimaStation.Ididnotunderstandwhathewassaying.Firstofall,

becausehewasshoutinginJapanese.Andsecondly,becauseIhadalumpinmy

throatandalotofsadthoughtsonmymindthathadlittletodowithanythinga

Nipponrailwaysofficialmightsay.Theveryactofsteppingonthissoil,in

breathingthisairofHiroshima,wasformeafargreateradventurethananytrip

oranyreportorialassignmentI'dpreviouslytaken.WasInotatthesceneofthe

crime?

TheJapanesecrowddidnotappeartohavethesamepreoccupationsthatI

had.Fromthesidewalkoutsidethestation,thingsseemedmuchthesameasin

otherJapanesecities.Littlegirlsandelderlyladiesinkimonosrubbedshoulders

withteenagersandwomeninwesterndress.Seriouslookingmenspoketoone

anotherasiftheywereobliviousofthecrowdsaboutthem,andbobbedupand

downre-heatedlyinlittlebows,astheyexchangedtheritualformulaofgratitude

andrespect:"Tomoaligatogozayimas."Otherswereusinglittleredtelephones

thathungonthefacadesofgrocerystoresandtobaccoshops.

"Hi!Hi!"saidthecabdriver,whosedoorpoppedopenattheverysightofa

traveler."Hi",orsomethingthatsoundsverymuchlikeit,means"yes"."Canyou

takemetoCityHall?"Hegrinnedatmeintherear-viewmirrorandrepeated"Hi!"

"Hi!'WesetoffattopspeedthroughthenarrowstreetsofHiroshima.Thetall

buildingsofthemartyredcityflashedbyaswelurchedfromsidetosidein

responsetothedriver'ssharptwistsofthewheel.

JustasIwasbeginningtofindtheridelong,thetaxiscreechedtoahalt,and

thedrivergotoutandwentovertoapolicemantoasktheway.AsinTokyo,taxi

driversinHiroshimaoftenknowlittleoftheircity,buttoavoidlossoffacebefore

foreigners,willnotadmittheirignorance,andwillacceptanydestinationwithout

concernforhowlongitmaytakethemtofindit.

Atlastthisintermezzocametoanend,andIfoundmyselfinfrontofthe

giganticCityHall.Theusherboweddeeplyandheavedalong,almostmusical

sigh,whenIshowedhimtheinvitationwhichthemayorhadsentmeinresponse

tomyrequestforaninterview."Thatisnothere,sir,"hesaidinEnglish."The

mayorexpectsyoutonightfordinnerwithotherforeignersor,therestaurantboat.

See?Thisiswhereitis."Hesketchedalittlemapformeonthebackofmy

invitation.

Thankstohismap,Iwasabletofindataxidriverwhocouldtakemestraight

tothecanalembankment,whereasortofbargewitharooflikeoneona

Japanesehousewasmoored.TheJapanesebuildtheirtraditionalhouseson

boatswhenlandbecomestooexpensive.Theratherarrestingspectacleoflittle

oldJapanadriftadriftamidbeiqeconcreteskyscrapersistheverysymbolofthe

incessantstrugglebetweenthekimonoandtheminiskirt.

Atthedoortotherestaurant,astunninq,porcelain-facedwomanin

traditionalcostumeaskedmetoremovemyshoes.Thisdone,Ienteredoneof

thelow-ceilingedroomsofthelittlefloatinghouse,treadingcautiouslyonthe

softmattingandexperiencingatwinqeofembarrassmentattheprospectof

meetingthemayorofHiroshimainmysocks.

Hewasatall,thinman,sad-eyedandserious.Quiteunexpectedly,the

strangeemotionwhichhadoverwhelmedmeatthestationreturned,andIwas

againcrushedbythethoughtthatInowstoodonthesiteofthefirstatomic

bombardment,wherethousandsuponthousandsofpeoplehadbeenslaininone

second,wherethousandsuponthousandsofothershadlingeredontodiein

slowaqonv.

Theintroductionsweremade.MostoftheguestswereJapanese,anditwas

difficultformetoaskthemjustwhyweweregatheredhere.ThefewAmericans

andGermansseemedjustasinhibitedasIwas."Gentlemen,"saidthemayor,*'l

amhappytowelcomeyoutoHiroshima."

Everyonebowed,includingtheWesterners.AfterthreedaysinJapan,the

spinalcolumnbecomesextraordinarilyflexible.

"Gentlemen,itisaverygreathonortohaveyouhereinHiroshima."

Therewerefreshbows,andthefacesgrewmoreandmoreseriouseachtime

thenameHiroshimawasrepeated.

"Hiroshima,asyouknow,isacityfamiliartoeveryone,55continuedthemayor.

"Yes,yes,ofcourse,5,murmuredthecompany,moreandmoreaqitated.

"Seldomhasacitygainedsuchworldrenown,andIamproudandhappyto

welcomeyoutoHiroshima,atownknownthroughouttheworldforits--Oysters".

Iwasjustabouttomakemylittlebowofassent,whenthemeaningofthese

lastwordssankin,joltingmeoutofmysadreverie.

"Hiroshima-oysters?Whataboutthebombandthemiseryandhumanity's

mostheinouscrime?"Whilethemayorwentonwithhisspeechinpraiseof

southernJapaneseseafood,Icautiouslybackedawayandheadedtowardthefar

sideoftheroom,whereafewmenweretalkingamongthemselvesandpaying

littleattentiontothemayor'sspeech."Youlookpuzzled,"saidasmallJapanese

manwithverylargeeye-glasses.

"Well,ImustconfessthatIdidnotexpectaspeechaboutoystershere.I

thoughtthatHiroshimastillfelttheimpactoftheatomicimpact

"Noonetalksaboutitanymore,andnoonewantsto,especially,thepeople

whowerebornhereorwholivedthroughit."Doyoufeelthesameway,too?"

"Iwashere,butIwasnotinthecenteroftown.ItellyouthisbecauseIam

almostanoldman.Therearetwodifferentschoolsofthoughtinthiscityof

oysters,onethatwouldliketopreservetracesofthebomb,andtheotherthat

wouldliketogetridofeverything,eventhemonumentthatwaserectedatthe

pointofimpact.Theywouldalsoliketodemolishtheatomicmuseum."

"Whywouldtheywanttodothat?"

"Becauseithurtseverybody,andbecausetimemarcheson.Thatiswhy."

ThesmallJapanesemansmiled,hiseyesnearlyclosedbehindtheirthicklenses.

"Ifyouwriteaboutthiscity,donotforgettosaythatitisthegayestcityinJapan,

evenitmanyofthetown'speoplestillbearhiddenwounds,andburns."

Likeanyother,thehospitalsmelledofformaldehydeandethere.Stretchers

andwheelchairslinedthewallsofendlesscorridors,andnurseswalkedby

carryingStretchersinstruments,theverysightofwhichwouldsendshivers

downthespineofanyhealthyvisitor.Theso-calledatomicsectionwaslocated

onthethirdfloor.Itconsistedof17beds.

"Iamafishermanbytrade.Ihavebeenhereaverylongtime,morethan

twentyyears,"saidanoldmaninJapanesepajamas.<(Whatiswrongwithyou?^^

"Somethinginside.IwasinHiroshimawhenithappened.Isawthefireball.

ButIhadnoburnsonmyfaceorbody.Iranalloverthecitylookingformissing

friendsandrelatives.IthoughtsomehowIhadbeenspared.Butlatermyhair

begantofallout,andmybellyturnedtowater.Ifeltsick,andeversincethenthey

havebeentestingandtreatingme."Thedoctoratmysideexplainedand

commentedupontheoldman'sstory,"Westillhareahandfulofpatientshere

whoarebeingkeptalivebyconstantcare.Theothersdiedasaresultoftheir

injuries,orelsecommittedsuicide."

"Whydidtheycommitsuicide?"

"Itishumiliatingtosurviveinthiscity.Ifyoubearanyvisiblescarsofatomic

burns,yourchildrenwillencounterprejudiceonthepartofthosewhodonot.No

onewillmarrythedaughterorthenieceofanatomicbombvictim.Peopleare

afraidofgeneticdamagefromtheradiation."Theoldfishermangazedatme

politelyandwithinterest.

Hangingoverthepatientwasabigballmadeofbitsofbrightlycoloredpaper,

foldedintotheshapeoftinybirds."What'sthat?"Iasked.

"Thosearemyluckybirds.EachdaythatIescapedeath,eachdayof

sufferingthathelpstofreemefromearthlycares.Imakeanewlittlepaperbird,

andaddittotheothers.ThiswayIlookatthemandcongratulatemyselfofthe

goodfortunethatmyillnesshasbroughtme.Because,thankstoit,Ihavethe

opportunitytoimprovemycharacter."

Onceagain,outsideintheopenair,Itoreintolittlepiecesasmallnotebook

withquestionsthatI'dpreparedinadvanceforinterviewswiththepatientsofthe

atomicward.Amongthemwasthequestion:DoyoureallythinkthatHiroshima

istheliveliestcityinJapan?Ineveraskedit.ButIcouldreadtheanswerinevery

eye.

(fromanAmericanradioprogrampresentedbyEdKay)

NOTES

1)Hiroshima:aseaport,capitalofHiroshimaprefectureinsouthwestJapan.

Population(1970)54,834.OnAug.6,1945,Hiroshimawasthefirstcitytobe

struckbyanatomicbomb,droppedbytheU.S,airforce.Almost130000people

werekilled,injured,ormissing,and90%ofthecitywasleveled.Muchofthecity

hasbeenreconstructed,butaguttedsectionofthecityhasbeensetasideasa

"PeaceCity"toillustratetheeffectofanatomicbomb.Since1955,anannual

worldconferenceagainstnuclearweaponshasmetinHiroshima.

2)Nippon:(Japanese)Japan

3)Tomoaligatogozayimas:(Japanese)Thankyouverymuch.

4)Hi:(Japanese)yes

5)kimono:(Japanese)alooserobewithwidesleevesandabroadsash

traditionallywornasanoutergarmentbytheJapanese

6)tatami:(Japanese)strawmattingusedasafloorcoveringinaJapanesehome.

ItisacustomoftheJapanesetoremovetheirshoesoncetheygoindoors,

walkingonthetatamimattingintheirsocks.

SpeechonHitlefsInvasionoftheU.S.S.R.

WinstonS.Churchill

WhenIawokeonthemorningofSunday,the22nd,thenewswasbroughttome

ofHitler'sinvasionofRussia.Thischangedconvictionintocertainty.Ihadnot

theslightestdoubtwhereourdutyandourpolicylay.Norindeedwhattosay.

Thereonlyremainedthetaskofcomposingit.Iaskedthatnoticeshould

immediatelybegiventhatIwouldbroad-castat9o*clockthatnight.Presently

GeneralDill,whohadhasteneddownfromLondon,cameintomybedroomwith

detailednews.TheGermanshadinvadedRussiaonanenormousfront,had

surprisedalargeportionoftheSovietAirForcegroundedontheairfields,and

seemedtobedrivingforwardwithgreatrapidityandviolence.TheChiefofthe

ImperialGeneralStaffadded,"Isupposetheywillberoundedupinhordes

Ispentthedaycomposingmystatement.Therewasnottimetoconsultthe

WarCabinet,norwasitnecessary.Iknewthatweallfeltthesameonthisissue.

Mr.Eden,LordBeaverbrook,andSirStaffordCripps-hehadleftMoscowonthe

10th-werealsowithmeduringtheday.

ThefollowingaccountofthisSundayatChequersbymyPrivateSecretary,

Mr.Colville,whowasondutythisweekend,maybeofinterest:

"OnSaturday,June21,1wentdowntoChequersjustbeforedinner.Mr.and

Mrs.Winant,Mr.andMrs.Eden,andEdwardBridgeswerestaying.Duringdinner

Mr.ChurchillsaidthataGermanattackonRussiawasnowcertain,andhe

thoughtthatHitlerwascountinqonenlistinqcapitalistandRightWing

sympathiesinthiscountryandtheU.S.A.Hitlerwas,however,wrongandwe

shouldgoallouttohelpRussia.WinantsaidthesamewouldbetrueoftheU.S.

A.

Afterdinner,whenIwaswalkingonthecroquetlawnwithMr.Churchill,he

revertedtothistheme,andIaskedwhetherforhim,thearchanti-Communist,this

wasnotbowingdownintheHouseofRimmon.Mr.Churchillreplied,"Notatall.I

haveonlyonepurpose,thedestructionofHitler,andmylifeismuchsimplified

thereby.ItHitlerinvadedHellIwouldmakeatleastafavourablereferencetothe

DevilintheHouseofCommons.,

Iwasawokenat4a.m.thefollowingmorningbyatelephonemessagefrom

theF.O.totheeffectthatGermanyhadattackedRussia.TheP.M.hadalways

saidthathewasnevertobewokenupforanythingbutInvasion(ofEngland).I

thereforepostponedtellinghimtill8am.Hisonlycommentwas,'TelltheB.B.C.I

willbroadcastat9to-night.fHebegantopreparethespeechat11a.m.,and

exceptforluncheon(=lunch),atwhichSirStaffordCripps,LordCranborne,and

LordBeaverbrookwerepresent,hedevotedthewholedaytoit...Thespeech

wasonlyreadyattwentyminutestonine."

InthisbroadcastIsaid:

"TheNaziregimeisindistinauishablefromtheworstfeaturesofCommunism.

Itisdevoidofallthemeandprincipleexceptappetiteandracialdomination.It

excelsallformsofhumanwickednessintheefficiencyofitscrueltyand

ferociousaqgression.Noonehasbeenamoreconsistentconsistentopponent

ofCommunismthanIhaveforthelasttwenty-fiveyears.Iwillunsaynoword

thatIhavespokenaboutit.Butallthisfadesawaybeforethespectaclewhichis

nowunfolding.Thepast,withitscrimes,itsfollies,anditstragedies,flashes

away.IseetheRussiansoldiersstandingonthethresholdoftheirnativeland,

guardingthefieldswhichtheirfathershavetilledfromtimeimmemorial.Isee

themguardingtheirhomeswheremothersandwivespray-ah,yes,forthereare

timeswhenallpray-forthesafetyoftheirlovedones,thereturnofthe

bread-winner,oftheirchampion,oftheirprotector.Iseethetenthousand

villagesofRussiawherethemeansofexistenceiswrunqsohardlyfromthesoil,

butwheretherearestillprimordialhumanjoys,wheremaidenslaughand

childrenplay.IseeadvancinguponallthisinhideousonslaughttheNaziwar

machine,withitsclanking,heel-clicking,dandifiedPrussianofficers,itscraftv

expertagentsfreshfromthecowinqandtyingdownofadozencountries.Isee

alsothedull,drilled,docile,brutishmassesoftheHunsoldieryploddingonlike

aswarmofcrawlinglocusts.IseetheGermanbombersandfightersinthesky,

stillsmartinafrommanyaBritishwhipping,delightedtofindwhattheybelieveis

aneasierandasaferprey.

"Behindallthisglare,behindallthisstorm,Iseethatsmallgroupof

villainousmenwhoplan,organise,andlaunchthiscataractofhorrorsupon

mankind...

"IhavetodeclarethedecisionofHisMajesty'sGovernment-andIfeelsure

itisadecisioninwhichtheqreatDominionswillindueconcur-forwemust

speakoutnowatonce,withoutaday'sdelay.Ihavetomakethedeclaration,but

canyoudoubtwhatourpolicywillbe?Wehavebutoneaimandonesingle,

irrevocablepurpose.WeareresolvedtodestroyHitlerandeveryvestiaeofthe

Naziregime.Fromthisnothingwillturnus-nothing.Wewillneverparley：we

willnevernegotiatewithHitleroranyofhisgang.Weshallfighthimbyland,we

shallfighthimbysea,weshallfighthimintheair,until,withGod'shelp,wehave

ridtheearthofhisshadowandliberateditspeoplesfromhisyoke.Anymanor

statewhofightsonagainstNazidomwillhaveouraid.Anymanorstatewho

marcheswithHitlerisourfoe...Thatisourpolicyandthatisourdeclaration.It

followsthereforethatweshallgivewhateverhelpwecantoRussiaandthe

Russianpeople.Weshallappealtoallourfriendsandalliesineverypartofthe

worldtotakethesamecourseandpursueit.asweshallfaithfullyandsteadfastly

totheend

"Thisisnoclasswar,butawarinwhichthewholeBritishEmpireand

CommonwealthofNationsisengaged,withoutdistinctionofrace,creed,orparty.

ItisnotformetospeakoftheactionoftheUnitedStates,butthisIwillsay:if

HitlerimaginesthathisattackonSovietRussiawillcausetheslightest.

divergenceofaimsorslackeningofeffortinthegreatdemocracieswhoare

resolveduponhisdoom,heiswoefullymistaken.Onthecontrary,weshallbe

fortifiedandencouragedinoureffortstorescuemankindfromhistvrannv.We

shallbestrengthenedandnotweakenedindeterminationandinresources.

"ThisisnotimetomoraliseonthefolliesofcountriesandGovernments

whichhaveallowedthemselvestobestruckdownonebyone,whenbyunited

actiontheycouldhavesavedthemselvesandsavedtheworldfromthistvrannv.

ButwhenIspokeafewminutesagoofHitler'sblood-lustandthehateful

appetiteswhichhaveimpelledorluredhimonhisRussianadventureIsaidthere

wasonedeepermotivebehindhisoutrage.HewishestodestroytheRussian

powerbecausehehopesthatifhesucceedsinthishewillbeabletobringback

themainstrengthofhisArmyandAirForcefromtheEastandhurlituponthis

Island,whichheknowshemustconquerorsufferthepenaltyofhiscrimes.His

invasionofRussiaisnomorethanapenaltytoanattemptedinvasionofthe

BritishIsles.Hehopes,nodoubt,thatallthismaybeaccomplishedbeforethe

wintercomes,andthathecanoverwhelmGreatBritainbeforetheFleetand

air-poweroftheUnitedStatesmayintervene.Hehopesthathemayonceagain

repeat,uponagreaterscalethaneverbefore,thatprocessofdestroyinghis

enemiesonebyonebywhichhehassolongthrivedandprospered,andthat

thenthescenewillbeclearforthefinalact,withoutwhichallhisconquests

wouldbeinvain-namely,thesubjuqationPoftheWesternHemispheretohis

willandtohissystem.

"TheRussiandangeristhereforeourdanger,andthedangeroftheUnited

States,justasthecauseofanyRussianfightingforhishearth)andhomeisthe

causeoffreemenandfreepeoplesineveryquarteroftheglobe.Letuslearnthe

lessonsalreadytaughtbysuchcruelexperience.Letusredoubleourexertions,

andstrikewithunitedstrengthwhilelifeandpowerremain."

(fromanAmericanradioprogrampresentedbyEdKay)

NOTES

1)SirWinstonSpencerChurchill(1874-1965):PrimeMinister,FirstLordofthe

Treasury,andMinisterofDefense(1940-45),ledBritainfromneardefeatto

victoryinWorldWarII;LeaderoftheOpposition(1945-51);PrimeMinisterand

FirstLordoftheTreasury(Oct.1951-April1955);retired1955;hisbestknown

book,TheSecondWorldWar.

2)GeneralDill:SirJohnGreenDill(1881-1944),Britishfieldmarshal,Chiefofthe

ImperialGeneralStaff(1940-41),amemberofthejointAnglo-Americanboardof

strategy(1941-44)

3)Eden:RobertAnthonyEden,SecretaryofStateforForeignAffairs(1935-38,

1940-45),forDominionAffairs(1939-40),andforWar(1940).From1942to

1945hewasleaderoftheHouseofCommons.HewasPrimeMinisterfrom1955

to1957.

4)LordBeaverbrook:InWorldWarII,hewasMinisterofAircraftProduction(1940

-41),ofState(1941),andofSupply(1941-42),Britishrepresentative(Feb.1942)

inAmericaforthesupervisionofBritishsupplyagencies.

5)SirStaffordCripps:BritishAmbassadortoMoscow(1940-42)

6)Chequers:ahistoricTudormansioninBuckinghamshire,35milesNWof

London;presentedtothegovernmentbyLordandLadyLeeofFareham1917;

theofficialcountryseatoftheprimeministerofGreatBritain

7)Colville:Churchill'sprivatesecretary

8)Winant:JohnGilbertWinant(1889-1947),Americangovernmentofficialand

diplomat;U.S.ambassadortoGreatBritain(1941-46)

9)EdwardBridges:SecretaryoftheCabinet(1938—46)

10)tobowdownintheHouseofRimmon:outwardconformitywithconventional

religionorcustom,practisedwithmentalreservationforpoliticalpurposes;

Rimmon,deityworshippedbySyriansofDamascus(Bible,IIKings,v.18)

11)F.O.:ForeignOffice

12)P.M.:PrimeMinister

13)LordCranborne:5thMarquisofSa