...wd......wd......wd...高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法之小茂解析第一章主謂一致主謂一致(Subject-VerbAgreement)，指〞人稱〞和〞數(shù)方面的一致關(guān)系.如:Heisgoingabroad.Theyareplayingfootball.可分為:語(yǔ)法一致,內(nèi)容一致,就近一致.(一)語(yǔ)法一致原則:即主語(yǔ)為單數(shù),謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù),主語(yǔ)為復(fù)數(shù),謂語(yǔ)也用復(fù)數(shù).以下為本卷須知:1.單數(shù)主語(yǔ)即使后面帶有with,alongwith,togetherwith,like(象),but(除了),except,besides,aswellas,nolessthan,ratherthan(而不是),including,inadditionto引導(dǎo)的短語(yǔ),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞仍用單數(shù).如:Airaswellaswaterismatter.空氣和水都是物質(zhì).Nooneexcepttwoservantswaslateforthedinner.除了兩個(gè)仆人外,沒有一個(gè)人遲來(lái)用餐。2.用and連接的并列主語(yǔ),如果主語(yǔ)是同一個(gè)人,同一事,同一概念,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù),否則用復(fù)數(shù).如:Thepoetandwriterhascome.那位詩(shī)人兼作家來(lái)了.(一個(gè)人)Ahammerandasawareusefultools.錘子和鋸都是有用的工具.(兩樣物)用and連接的成對(duì)名詞習(xí)慣上被看成是一個(gè)整體,如:breadandbutter(黃油抹面包),knifeandfork(刀叉)等作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。3.不定式(短語(yǔ)),動(dòng)名詞(短語(yǔ)),或從句作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù).如:Servingthepeopleismygreathappiness.為人民服務(wù)是我最大的幸福.Whenwe’llgooutforanoutinghasbeendecided.我們什么時(shí)候出去郊游已決定了。4.用連接的并列主語(yǔ)被each,every或no修飾時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù).Everyboyandeverygirllikestogoswimming.每個(gè)男孩和每個(gè)女孩都喜歡去游泳.Noteacherandnostudentwasabsentfromthemeeting.沒有教師也沒有學(xué)生開會(huì)缺席.Eachmanand(each)womanisaskedtohelp.每個(gè)男人和每個(gè)女人都被請(qǐng)去幫助。5.eachof+復(fù)數(shù)代詞,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù).復(fù)數(shù)代詞+each,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù).如:Eachofushassomethingtosay.我們每個(gè)人都有話要說(shuō)。6.假設(shè)主語(yǔ)中有morethanone或manya/an,盡管從意義上看是復(fù)數(shù),但它的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞仍用單數(shù)。但more+復(fù)數(shù)名詞+thanone做主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞仍用復(fù)數(shù).如:Manyaboylikesplayingbasketball.許多男生都喜歡打籃球.Morethanonestudentwaslate.不只一個(gè)學(xué)生遲到Morepersonsthanonecometohelpus.不止一個(gè)人來(lái)幫助我們。7.none做主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可用單數(shù),也可用復(fù)數(shù);但在代表不可數(shù)的東西時(shí)總是看作單數(shù),因而謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù).如:Noneofusare(is)perfect.人無(wú)完人。Noneofthisworriesme.這事一點(diǎn)不使我著急。8.名詞如:trousers,scissors,clothes,goods,glasses等作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞必須用復(fù)數(shù).如:Hisclothesaregood.但這些名詞前假設(shè)出現(xiàn)apairof,謂語(yǔ)一般用單數(shù).如:Apairofglassesisonthedesk.桌上有一副眼鏡。9.形復(fù)意單名詞如:news;以ics結(jié)尾的學(xué)科名稱如:physics,mathematics,economics;國(guó)名如:theUnitedStates;報(bào)紙名如:theNewTimes;書名如:ArabianNight<天方夜談>;以及TheUnitedNations<聯(lián)合國(guó)>等作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。10.“a+名詞+andahalf“,“oneandahalf+名詞〞,“thenumberof+名詞〞等作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù).如:Onlyoneandahalfapplesisleftonthetable.注意:oneortwo+復(fù)數(shù)名詞作主語(yǔ),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式,如:Oneortwoplaceshavebeenvisited.參觀了一兩個(gè)地點(diǎn)。(二)內(nèi)容一致原則:1.主語(yǔ)中有all,half,most,therest等,以及〞分?jǐn)?shù)或百分?jǐn)?shù)+名詞〞做主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞單復(fù)數(shù)取決于連用的名詞.如:Therestofthebikesareonsaletoday.剩下的自行車，今天出售。60%oftheapplewaseatenbylittleboy.這個(gè)蘋果的60%都被這個(gè)小男孩吃了。Mostoftheappleswererotten.大局部的蘋果都是爛的。Mostoftheapplewaseatenbyarat.這個(gè)蘋果的大局部被老鼠吃了。2.不定數(shù)量的詞組,如:partof,alotof,lotsof,oneof,anumberof,plentyof等作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)取決于量詞后面名詞的數(shù).如:Apartofthetextbookshavearrived.一小局部教科書已運(yùn)到。Apartoftheapplehasbeeneatenupbythepig.這個(gè)蘋果的一局部被豬吃光了。3.加減乘除用單數(shù).如:Fifteenminusfiveisten.15減去5等于10。4.表示時(shí)間,金人民幣,距離,度量等的名詞做主語(yǔ)時(shí),盡管是復(fù)數(shù)形式,它們做為一個(gè)單一的概念時(shí),其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù).如:Tenmilesisagooddistance.十英里是一個(gè)相當(dāng)?shù)木嚯x。5.(1)通常作復(fù)數(shù)的集體名詞.包括police,people,cattle等,這些集體名詞通常用作復(fù)數(shù).如:TheBritishpolicehaveonlyverylimitedpowers.(2)通常作不可數(shù)名詞的集體名詞.包括equipment,furniture,clothing,luggage等.(3)可作單數(shù)也可作復(fù)數(shù)的集體名詞.包括audience,committee,government,family,enemy,group,party,team,public等.如:Thecommitteehas/havedecidedtodismisshim.委員會(huì)決定辭退他。6.the+形容詞/過(guò)去分詞形式〞表示一類人或事物,作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù).如:Theinjuredweresavedafterthefire.(三)就近原則1.由here,there,where等引導(dǎo)的倒裝句中,(有時(shí)主語(yǔ)不止一個(gè)時(shí))謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與靠近它的主語(yǔ)在數(shù)上一致.如:Herecomesthebus公共汽車來(lái)了.Hereisapenandsomepiecesofpaperforyou.給你一支鋼筆和幾張紙。Whereisyourwifeandchildrentostaywhileyouareaway?你不在這兒的時(shí)候,你愛人和孩子在哪兒呆呢2.用連詞or,eitheror,neither….nor,notonly….butalso等連接的并列主語(yǔ),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與靠近它的主語(yǔ)在數(shù)上一致。如：Neitherthestudentsnortheteacherknowsanythingaboutit學(xué)生和教師都不知道這事.Heoryouhavetakenmypen.他或你拿了我的鋼筆。注意:oneof+復(fù)數(shù)名詞+who/that/which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句中,定語(yǔ)從句的動(dòng)詞為復(fù)數(shù)。如：Maryisoneofthosepeoplewhokeeppets.瑪麗是飼養(yǎng)寵物者之一。Theonlyoneof+復(fù)數(shù)名詞+who/that./which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句中，定語(yǔ)從句的動(dòng)詞應(yīng)為單數(shù)。Maryistheonlyoneofthosepeoplewhokeepspets.瑪麗是唯一一個(gè)飼養(yǎng)寵物的人。主謂一致練習(xí)1.About60percentofthestudents_____fromthesouth,therestofthem_____fromthenorthandforeigncountries.A.are/isB.are/areC.is/areD.are2.Halfoftheworkershere_____under30_____.A.is/yearsB.are/yearoldC.is/yearsoldD.are/yearsofage3.NowTomwithhisclassmates_____footballontheplayground.A.playB.areplayingC.playsD.isplaying4.Thenumberofpagesinthisdictionary_____abouttwothousand.A.areB.hasC.haveD.is5.Thirtydollars_____tooexpensive.A.areB.isC.wereD.be6.Theaudience_____solargethatnoseatwasleftunoccupiedinthegreathall.A.isB.areC.wasD.has7.Thesecretaryandprincipal_____atthemeetingnow.A.arespeakingB.isspeakingC.weremakingaspeechD.haveaspeech8."Ifanybody_____,pleaseputdown_____name,"saidtheteachertothemonitor.A.wantstobuythebook/hisB.wanttobuythebook/theirC.willbuythebook/one'sD.wantstohavethebookbought/her9.Nothingbutonedeskandsixchairs_____intheroom.A.areB.isstayedC.isD.areleft10.Havingarrivedatthestation,_____.A.itwasfoundthatthetrainhadleft&nb,sp;B.th,etrai,nhadleftC.thetrainwasfoundleftD.hefoundthatthetrainhadleft11.Betweenthetworoads_____aTVtowercalled"SkyscraperTower".A.standsB.standingC.whichstandsD.stand12.Eitherofyou_____goingtheretonight.A.willB.wasC.isD.are13.Youaswell_____right.A.IareB.IamC.asIamD.asIare14.AllbutDick_____inClassThreethisterm.A.areB.isC.wereD.was15.--ShallIwaithereforthreehours?--Yes.Threehours___,__t,,,,,owaitforsuchadoctor.A.arenotverylongforyouB.isnotlongenoughfo,,,,,ryouC.wasnotlongenoughforyouD.willbetoolongforyou16.Wheretogetthematerialsandhowtogetthem_____atthemeeting.A.havenotdiscussedB.havenotbeendiscussedC.hasnotdiscussedD.hasnotbeendiscussed17.ItookmathematicsandphysicsbecauseIthinkthat_____veryimportantformetomakefurtherresearchinthisfield.A.whatisB.theyareC.thisD.whichare18.Everystudentandeveryteacher_____.A.aregoingtoattendthemeetingB.haveattendedthemeetingC.hasattendedthemeetingD.isattendedthemeeting19.Threefourthsofthebread_____byBob,andtherestofthebread_____leftonthetable.A.waseaten/wereB.wereeaten/wasC.wereeaten/wereD.waseaten/was20.Thispairofshoes_____.A.isherB.ishersC.arehersD.areher21.There______nolifeonthemoon.A.issaidtohaveB.aresaidtohaveC.issaidtobeD.aresaidtobe22.Agroupof______areeating______and______atthefootofthehillA.sheep;grass;leavesB.sheepsgrassesleavesC.sheep;grassleafD.sheepsgrassleafs23.Myfamilyraisealotof_______,includingtwo______.A.cattlescowsB.cowscattleC.cattlecowsD.cow,cattles24.Whathesaysandwhathedoes_______.A.doesnotagreeB.donotagreeC.doesnotagreewithD.notagree25.Theboyandthegirleach______toys.A.havetheirownB.hastheirownC.haveherownD.hasherown26.Sheistheonlyoneamongthe______writerswho______storiesforchildren.A.woman,writesB.womenwriteC.womenwritesD.womanwrite27.Therailwaystationis______fromourschool.A.twohour`sdriveB.twohours`driveC.twohourdriveD.twohoursdrive28.MikeandJohn`s______.A.fatherisateacherB.fathersareteachersC.fatherareteachersD.fathersareteacher29.Agreatdealoftalkingandlisteningthat______undercasualcircumstancemayseemtobeaimless.A.isoccurredB.areoccurredC.occursD.occur30._______theclassroomneedstobecleaned.A.EithertheofficesorB.TheofficesandC.BoththeofficeandD.Theofficeand31.Three-fourthsofthehomework______today.A.hasfinishedB.hasbeenfinishedC.havefinishedD.havebeenfinished32.Morethan60percentoftheworld’sradioprogrammes______inEngland.A.isB.wasC.areD.be33.______workhasbeendonetoimprovethepeople`slivingstandardA.AgreatdealofB.AgreatmanyC.AlargenumberofD.Many34.Therestofthemagazines______withinhalfanhour.A.issoldoutB.aresoldoutC.wassoldoutD.weresoldout35.There______alotofsugarinthejar.A.hasB.haveC.isD.are36.“All______presentandall______goingonwell〞,ourmonitorsaid.A.isisB.are,areC.areisD.isare37.YesterdaytheLeaguesecretaryandmonitor______askedtomakeaspeechatthemeeting.A.isB.wasC.areD.were.38.Maryaswellashersisters______ChineseinChina.A.arestudyingB.havestudiedC.studiesD.study39.Therich______notalwayshappy.A.areB.isC.willD.may40.______canbedone______done.A.All,havebeenB.Allthat,havebeenC.AllhasD.Allthat,hasbeen41.Eitheroftheplans______equallydangerous.A.areB.isC.hasD.have42.Thepolice______themurderereverywherewhenhesuddenlyappearedinatheatre.A.issearchingB.weresearchingforC.aresearchingD.wassearchingfor43.Yourtrousers______dirty,youmusthave______washed.A.isitB.areitC.arethemD.isthem44.TheOlympicgames______heldeveryfour______.A.isyearsB.areyearsC.isyearD.areyear45.Heistheolyoneofthestudentswho______elected.A.areB.haveC.hasD.is46.______agoodenoughpriceforthisbookA.TwoyuansareB.TwoyuanareC.TwoyuansisD.Twoyuanis47.Nobirdandnobeast______inthelonelyislandA.areseenB.isseenC.seeD.sees48.Everymeans______preventthewaterfrom______A.areusedtopollutingB.getusedtopollutingC.isusedto,pollutedD.isusedto,beingpolluted49.Eachofthe______intheship.A.passengerhashisownroomB.passengershavetheirownroomC.passengerhavetheirownroomD.sengershashisownroom50.Whatweneed______goodtextbooks.A.isB.areC.haveD.has51.Whatyousaidjustnow______todowiththematterwearediscussing.A.havesomethingB.hassomethingC.hadsomethingD.wassomething52.Eitheryourparentsoryourelderbrother______toattendthemeetingtomorrow.A.isB.areC.aregoingD.have53.Neitherofthenovelswhich______popularwithus______beentranslatedintoChinese.A.arehasB.arehaveC.ishaveD.ishas54.Everyboyandeverygirl______toattendtheeveningparty.A.wishB.wishesC.hopeD.arehoping55._______hasbeendone.A.nety—ninepercentsoftheworkB.HalfofwhathepromisedC.Two-fifthsofthearticlesD.Threequarterofthebusiness答案：1-5BDDDB6-10ABACD11-15ACDAB16-20DBCDB21-25CACBA26-30CBACA31-35CCADC36-40CBCAD41-45BBCBD46-50DBDDB51-55BAABB第三章：非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞不定式〔infinitive〕、分詞〔participle〕、動(dòng)名詞〔gerund〕是非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，在句子中不能作謂語(yǔ)。以下表格列出了他們各自在句中的作用。〔√表示可以在句中擔(dān)任的語(yǔ)法成分，×則表示不可以。〕作用種類主語(yǔ)賓語(yǔ)賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)表語(yǔ)定語(yǔ)狀語(yǔ)不定式√√√√√√動(dòng)名詞√√×√√×分詞××√√√√非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞在句中的特點(diǎn)、性質(zhì)、用法、區(qū)別及使用本卷須知分述如下：第一節(jié)、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作主語(yǔ)可作主語(yǔ)的非謂語(yǔ)形式為：不定式和動(dòng)名詞。其表達(dá)形式為：不定式：主動(dòng)態(tài)todo;被動(dòng)態(tài)tobedone;動(dòng)名詞：主動(dòng)態(tài)doing;被動(dòng)態(tài)beingdone。例1：Toactlikethatisfoolish.例2：Itisimpossibleformetobuythecarwithcash.要我用現(xiàn)金買那輛車是不可能的。例3：Walkingisagoodformofexerciseforbothyoungandold.例4：——Whatmadeyousolateforworktoday?——Drivingtotheofficewasveryslowthismorningbecauseofheavytraffic.因?yàn)榻煌〒頂D，今早開車上班非常慢。一般說(shuō)來(lái)，動(dòng)名詞和不定式作主語(yǔ)，可以互換，其意義沒有多大差異，但須注意以下兩點(diǎn)：1．表示具體的，尤其是未發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，傾向用不定式〔如例2〕。表示無(wú)時(shí)限的泛指動(dòng)作〔如例3〕或描述當(dāng)時(shí)的情況〔如例4〕，傾向用動(dòng)名詞。2．在以下句型用動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)Itisnogooddoing.〔……沒有用〕Thereisnodoing.〔……不可能〕Itisnogoodarguingwithhim.和他爭(zhēng)論沒有用。Thereisnoknowingwhatmayhappen.=Itisimpossibletoknowwhatmayhappen.練習(xí)：1．〔改錯(cuò)〕Asisknown,learnaforeignlanguagewellrequiresgreatefforts.2．〔改錯(cuò)〕Thoughflyingballoonsareeasy,balloonistsmustwatchtheweathercarefully.3．〔選擇〕_______tosunlightfortoomuchwilldoharmtoone’sskin.A.ExposedtoB.ExposingC.HavingexposedD.Beingexposed答案：1．learn→learning原形動(dòng)詞不能作主語(yǔ)。2．a(chǎn)re→is單個(gè)動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)。3.答案D。句義：遭太陽(yáng)暴曬對(duì)皮膚有害。此題考察動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)。分析句子構(gòu)造可知，待選項(xiàng)在句中作主語(yǔ)，又因?yàn)槿伺cexpose為被動(dòng)關(guān)系，所以選D。第二節(jié)、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作表語(yǔ)可作表語(yǔ)的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為：不定式，動(dòng)名詞。1．YourtaskthismorningistodeliverthemailtoProfessorSmith.你今天上午的任務(wù)是把這個(gè)郵件送給史密斯教授。〔不定式解釋主語(yǔ)內(nèi)容〕2．Myhobbyiscollectingstamps.〔動(dòng)名詞解釋主語(yǔ)內(nèi)容〕1.Thepurposeofnewtechnologiesistomakelifeeasier,____itmoredifficult.〔99全國(guó)〕A.notmakeB.nottomakeC.notmakingD.donotmake2.分析句子是否正確:Whatwedoisprepareourstudentstofacefiercecompetitionswhentheyentersociety.1、答案B。is后有兩個(gè)表語(yǔ)，兩者必須在構(gòu)造上對(duì)稱。第一個(gè)表語(yǔ)為不定式tomakelifeeasier，則第二個(gè)表語(yǔ)也應(yīng)該為不定式，所以選B。2、正確。當(dāng)主語(yǔ)局部有實(shí)義動(dòng)詞do時(shí)，作表語(yǔ)的不定式可以省略to;假設(shè)沒有實(shí)義動(dòng)詞do,表語(yǔ)中to不能省略。第三節(jié)、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作賓語(yǔ)可作賓語(yǔ)的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為：不定式和動(dòng)名詞。1．不定式作賓語(yǔ)例1．Hedemandedtoknowthetruth.例2．Thecarfailedtostopattheredlight.那輛轎車看到紅燈沒有停。英語(yǔ)中有相當(dāng)數(shù)量的動(dòng)詞，只能以不定式作賓語(yǔ)。如：agree〔同意〕，decide,refuse,pretend〔假裝〕，manage〔設(shè)法〕，promise,seem,happen,hope,wish,offertodo〔表示愿望〕affordtodo〔買得起，承擔(dān)得起〕，bothertodo〔特意〕，choosetodo〔愿意或決定〕attempt/seektodo〔試圖〕learntodo〔學(xué)習(xí)或?qū)W會(huì)〕短語(yǔ)wouldlike〔love〕todo，wouldprefertodo〔更愿意〕，beabouttodo〔即將〕,介詞but/excepttodo例1〕Ihavenochoicebuttogiveuptheplan.2〕Therewasnothingwecoulddoexceptwait.注：but/except前有實(shí)義動(dòng)詞do,其后to必須省去請(qǐng)注意以下幾點(diǎn)：1〕疑問(wèn)代詞如what，which；疑問(wèn)副詞如when,whether〔why除外〕引導(dǎo)的不定式可作know,decide等的賓語(yǔ)，在意義上相當(dāng)與一個(gè)未曾發(fā)生的賓語(yǔ)從句。例1．Wehaven’tdecidedwhatstepstotakenext.→Wehaven’tdecidedwhatstepsweshouldtakenext.2．Ireallydon’tknowwhethertowritetoherorgiveheraphonecall.→Ireallydon’tknowwhetherIshouldwritetoherorgiveheraphonecall.這種構(gòu)造也可以作主語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)例1．Whattodonextremainstobediscussed.下一步該若何辦有待于討論。例2．Ourdifficultyiswheretogetenoughmoney.2〕為了防止重復(fù)，不定式可省去與前邊重復(fù)的動(dòng)詞原形，而保存“to〞。例：——Wouldyouliketogoforapicnicwithme?——I’dloveto,butIcan’tspareanytimeatpresent.〔to后省略了goforapicnicwithyou〕3〕不定式的時(shí)態(tài)與語(yǔ)態(tài)：主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)形式時(shí)間概念形式時(shí)間概念todo(一般時(shí))1〕未發(fā)生2〕和謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作同時(shí)tobedone同左tobedoing(進(jìn)展時(shí))謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作發(fā)生時(shí)，正在進(jìn)展tohavedone(完成時(shí))發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作之前tohavebeendone同左不定式的進(jìn)展時(shí)和完成時(shí)常用在以下句型中：seem/appear〔似乎〕to1〕S〔人，物〕happen〔碰巧〕topretendtobesaid〔據(jù)說(shuō)〕tobethought/supposed/considered/believed〔據(jù)認(rèn)為〕to2〕S〔人，物〕bereported〔據(jù)報(bào)導(dǎo)〕tobeknown〔知道〕to請(qǐng)注意：考察不定式的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)，主要集中在以上句型中，是高考的重點(diǎn)和熱點(diǎn)。Ihappenedtobestandingnexttohimwhenhefelldown.Thebankisreportedinthelocalnewspapertohavebeenrobbedinbroaddaylightyesterday.據(jù)當(dāng)?shù)貓?bào)紙指導(dǎo)，這家銀行昨天在光天化日之下遭到搶劫。Heisknowntohavebeenarrestedbythepolice.人們都知道他曾被警察逮捕過(guò)。4〕was/weretohavedone；wouldliketohavedonewished〔hoped/wanted/intended/meant〕tohavedone表示當(dāng)時(shí)想做，而實(shí)際不能做到Iwastohavepickedyouupattheairport,butIforgotaboutit.IintendedtohavehelpedyououtbutIhadnomoneythen.我當(dāng)時(shí)真想幫助你擺脫困境，可是我那時(shí)身無(wú)分文。2．動(dòng)名詞作動(dòng)詞或介詞的賓語(yǔ)Ican’timaginemarryingagirlofthatsort.我很難想象與那種女子結(jié)婚后的情形。Inarrowlymissedbeingkilledinthecaraccident.在那次車禍中我死里逃生。Headmittedhavingstolenmybicycle.他成認(rèn)偷了我的自行車。Thereisnopointinarguinganyfurther.再爭(zhēng)議下去毫無(wú)意義。1〕以下動(dòng)詞必須帶動(dòng)名詞構(gòu)造作賓語(yǔ)：understand〔理解〕，admit〔成認(rèn)〕，keep〔on〕〔繼續(xù)〕，practise〔練習(xí)〕，finish〔完成〕，imagine〔想象〕，miss〔錯(cuò)過(guò)，防止〕，avoid〔防止〕，escape〔逃避〕，suggest〔建議〕，dislike〔討厭〕，enjoy〔喜歡〕，delay〔推遲〕，excuse〔原諒〕，mind〔介意〕，appreciate〔感謝〕，oppose〔反對(duì)〕。另外，有的詞既可帶動(dòng)名詞做賓語(yǔ)，亦可帶不定式做賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，請(qǐng)區(qū)別清楚。如：allowdoing〔比較：allowsb.todo〕advisedoing〔比較：advisesb.todo〕2〕以下短語(yǔ)必須帶動(dòng)名詞構(gòu)造作賓語(yǔ)：beworth〔值得〕，payattentionto〔注意〕，objectto〔反對(duì)〕，can’thelp〔情不自禁〕，devoteoneselfto〔致力于〕，putoff〔推遲〕，be/getusedto〔習(xí)慣于〕，feellike〔想要〕，lookforwardto〔盼望〕，getdownto〔開場(chǎng)做，認(rèn)真做某事〕，how/whatabout〔……若何樣〕，Thereisnopoint(in)doingsth(做某事毫無(wú)意義)3〕以下動(dòng)詞可以用不定式作賓語(yǔ)，也可以用動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)，但有明顯的語(yǔ)義差異。rememberdoing回憶起過(guò)去做過(guò)的事remembertodo記住要做的事forgetdoing忘記了曾做過(guò)的事forgettodo忘記該做的事regretdoing對(duì)已發(fā)生的事表示懊悔regrettodo對(duì)現(xiàn)在要發(fā)生的事表示抱歉meandoing意味著，意思是meantodo打算，想要trydoing試一試某種方法trytodo設(shè)法去做一件事比較1．Idon’tmeantogiveuptheplan.我不打算放棄這個(gè)方案。Abreakdownonourwaywouldmeanourwalkingforhours.汽車半路拋錨意味著我們要步行幾個(gè)小時(shí)。比較2．Ihavealwaysdeeplyregrettedselling〔havingsold〕thefarm.我一直為賣掉這個(gè)農(nóng)場(chǎng)而懊悔不已。Weregrettotellyouthatyouowethebank&100.我們很遺憾地告訴你，你欠銀行100英鎊。第四節(jié)、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作狀語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為：分詞和不定式1．現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞的區(qū)別1〕現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動(dòng)，譯為“令人……〞；過(guò)去分詞表示被動(dòng)，譯為“感到…〞，這是兩者最重要的區(qū)別Theweatherofthissummerisdisappointing.MyparentswillbedisappointedwithmeifIfailtheexam.描述事物或事情的性質(zhì)一般用現(xiàn)在分詞。描述人的情感一般用過(guò)去分詞。Idon’tthinkitsurprisingforsuchabadmantohavebeenpunished.〔it指“象這樣的壞人受到懲罰〞這件事〕Therewasasurprisedexpressioninhereyes.她的眼里流露出驚訝的神情。〔人的表情是情感的具體表現(xiàn)，故應(yīng)用過(guò)去分詞來(lái)修飾expression〕2〕現(xiàn)在分詞通常表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)展；過(guò)去分詞通常表示動(dòng)作已完成。Powerstationsemployfallingwatertoproduceelectricity.Thegroundiscoveredwithfallenleaves.2．現(xiàn)在分詞的時(shí)態(tài)與語(yǔ)態(tài)主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)形式時(shí)間概念形式時(shí)間概念doing1〕正在進(jìn)展2〕與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作同時(shí)beingdone動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)展havingdonehavingbeendone同左3．分詞表示時(shí)間、原因、條件、讓步、伴隨或補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明等a〕分詞做時(shí)間、原因、條件、讓步狀語(yǔ)的表達(dá)形式如下：doingdonehavingdoneS〔主語(yǔ)〕+VhavingbeendoneS〔主語(yǔ)〕+V〔主動(dòng)關(guān)系〕〔被動(dòng)關(guān)系〕Notunderstandingitsmeaning,heaskedtheteachertoexplaintheword.〔表原因：understanding與句子主語(yǔ)he之間是主動(dòng)關(guān)系，同謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞asked同時(shí)發(fā)生〕Havingmadeadecision,theyimmediatelysetouttowork.〔表時(shí)間：makeadecision與句子主語(yǔ)之間是主動(dòng)關(guān)系且發(fā)生于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞setout之前〕Havingbeenexperimentedmanytimes,thisnewproductwillbeputintomassproduction.由于這一新產(chǎn)品已實(shí)驗(yàn)過(guò)屢次，不久將投入批量生產(chǎn)。〔表原因：experimented與主語(yǔ)product為被動(dòng)關(guān)系，且先于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞put之前發(fā)生〕詞作上述狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，它的位置可置于主句之前，也可置于主語(yǔ)之后。例：They,havingmadeadecision,setouttowork.選擇：Theresearchissodesignedthatonce_____nothingcanbedonetochangeit.〔02全國(guó)〕A.beginsB.havingbegun C.beginning D.begun此題考察狀語(yǔ)從句的省略，難度較大。假設(shè)時(shí)間、原因、條件和讓步狀語(yǔ)從句的主語(yǔ)與主句主語(yǔ)一樣，且從句局部有be時(shí)，可省略從句主語(yǔ)及be。省略后的形式如下：(1)when〔while,until,once,as,if,though等〕+doing從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與主語(yǔ)為主動(dòng)關(guān)系(2)when〔while,until,once,as,if,though等〕+done從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與主語(yǔ)為被動(dòng)關(guān)系表示“某一事件的開場(chǎng)〞，begin既可用主動(dòng)態(tài)，也可以用被動(dòng)態(tài)。狀語(yǔ)從句表達(dá)形式：〔1〕Onceitbeings。這種形式，不具備省略條件。〔2〕Onceitisbegun。具備省略條件〔有be〕。省略后的形式為：Oncebegun。所以此題選D。b〕分詞作伴隨狀語(yǔ)時(shí),其形式為：〔1〕doing〔2〕done。終究用現(xiàn)在分詞還是過(guò)去分詞，取決于該動(dòng)作與句子主語(yǔ)是主動(dòng)還是被動(dòng)關(guān)系“Wecan’tgoingoutinthisweather,〞saidBob,lookingoutofthewindow.〔04重慶〕Theboysatinthedarkroom,frightenedandtrembling.男孩一個(gè)人做在黑洞洞的房間里，嚇得渾身發(fā)抖。注意：作伴隨狀語(yǔ)的分詞，與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作同時(shí)。這是判斷一個(gè)動(dòng)詞是否作伴隨狀語(yǔ)的主要尺度。請(qǐng)注意以下固定短語(yǔ)在作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)的表達(dá)形式：Generallyspeaking一般地說(shuō)Strictlyspeaking從嚴(yán)格意義上說(shuō)Judgingfrom/by…根據(jù)…判斷Given/Allowingfor考慮到Giventheirinexperience,theyhavedoneagoodjob.在缺少經(jīng)歷的情況下，他們的工作算是做得不錯(cuò)。4．不定式用作表目的，結(jié)果，方式和形容詞原因狀語(yǔ)1〕目的Towinovertheundecidedvoters,theyareworkingtwiceashard.為了把尚未拿定主意的選民爭(zhēng)取過(guò)來(lái)，他們正在加倍努力工作。Hegotupearlynottomissthefirstbus.〔notto也可用soasnotto或inordernotto這一強(qiáng)調(diào)形式〕2〕結(jié)果不定式作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)，常見構(gòu)造有：tooadj/advtodo;tooadj+a+ntodosoadj/advastodo;such+nastodoTheboyistooyoungtodresshimself.Hewastooshrewd〔精明的〕abusinessmantoacceptouroffer.他是個(gè)非常精明的商人，不會(huì)承受我們的開價(jià)。Willyoubesokindastoturndowntheradio?請(qǐng)把收音機(jī)開小一點(diǎn)。Hecan’thavedonesuchaterriblethingastokeepyouwaitingsolong.他不可能做出這樣糟糕的事，讓你等這么長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間。注意：表示一種事先沒有預(yù)料的結(jié)果，用不定式。不定式前可用only來(lái)加強(qiáng)意想不到的語(yǔ)氣。如：(04福建卷)Thenewsreportershurriedtotheairport,onlytobetoldthefilmstarshadleft.然而，要表示在事情開展過(guò)程中必然會(huì)產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果，就要用分詞來(lái)表達(dá)。分詞前可加thus,加強(qiáng)必然的語(yǔ)氣。Thenewmachinewillworktwiceasfast,thusgreatlyreducingcosts.新機(jī)器的運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)速度提高一倍，因而大大降低了成本。3〕方式狀語(yǔ)構(gòu)造：S〔人，物〕be+adjtodo特點(diǎn)〔1〕句子的主語(yǔ)在邏輯關(guān)系上為不定式動(dòng)作的賓語(yǔ)〔2〕形容詞為：easy,hard,difficult,comfortable,dangerous等。1.Somebooksareinterestingtoread,butboringtolearn.有些書讀起來(lái)很有趣，但學(xué)起來(lái)很討厭。2.Thetelephonenumberiseasytoremember.他的號(hào)碼很難記。3.Thatmanisdifficulttodealwith.那個(gè)人很難對(duì)付。4.Theriverisdangeroustoswimin.注意：以上句子，盡管句子的主語(yǔ)和不定式動(dòng)作為被動(dòng)關(guān)系，但只能用主動(dòng)形式；假設(shè)不定式動(dòng)詞為不及物，應(yīng)加上適當(dāng)介詞，如例4。4〕形容詞原因狀語(yǔ)。這類形容詞通常是表示情感或評(píng)價(jià)行為表現(xiàn)的形容詞。Iamshockedtohearthenewsofhissuddendeath.Youweresillynottohavelockedyourcar.(04湖南)第五節(jié)、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是不定式和分詞。英語(yǔ)中有相當(dāng)一批動(dòng)詞必須以不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)充語(yǔ)。Myparentsdon’tallowmetostayoutlate.Shewaitedimpatientlyforhimtomakeuphismind.這些動(dòng)詞和短語(yǔ)為：wish,want,ask,require/request〔要求〕；order,warn〔警告〕allow/permit,forbid〔制止〕,expect,remind〔提醒〕，encourage,inspire〔鼓勵(lì)〕callon〔號(hào)召，要求〕，dependon,longforsb.todo〔渴望〕請(qǐng)?zhí)貏e記住以下動(dòng)詞的賓補(bǔ)形式，表達(dá)的意義及判斷的依據(jù)。do賓語(yǔ)與賓補(bǔ)動(dòng)作為主動(dòng)關(guān)系。1．make〔使〕+O+Cdone賓語(yǔ)與賓補(bǔ)動(dòng)作為被動(dòng)關(guān)系。todo主語(yǔ)與不定式動(dòng)作為主動(dòng)關(guān)系。S+bemadedone主語(yǔ)與分詞動(dòng)作為被動(dòng)關(guān)系。注：句型“O〞代表賓語(yǔ)，為名詞或代詞；“C〞代表賓補(bǔ)。例：Thosewhowon’tworkshouldbemadetowork.那些不愿工作的人應(yīng)強(qiáng)制他們?nèi)スぷ鳌ecouldn’tmakehimselfheard.他無(wú)法讓別人聽到他說(shuō)的話。2．Keep〔leave〕+O+Cdoing賓語(yǔ)與賓補(bǔ)動(dòng)作為主動(dòng)關(guān)系。〔使……處于某種狀態(tài)〕done賓語(yǔ)與賓補(bǔ)動(dòng)作為被動(dòng)關(guān)系。doing主語(yǔ)與分詞動(dòng)作為主動(dòng)關(guān)系。S+be+kept〔left〕done主語(yǔ)與分詞動(dòng)作為被動(dòng)關(guān)系。例：Nowstudentsarekeptburyingthemselvesinbooksallday.現(xiàn)在的學(xué)生被迫整天埋頭讀書。Hisworkwasleftundone.他丟下工作不去干。3．doing賓語(yǔ)與賓補(bǔ)動(dòng)作為主動(dòng)關(guān)系。find〔發(fā)現(xiàn)〕+O+Cdone賓語(yǔ)與賓補(bǔ)動(dòng)作為被動(dòng)關(guān)系。doing主語(yǔ)與分詞動(dòng)作為主動(dòng)關(guān)系。S+be+founddone主語(yǔ)與分詞動(dòng)作為被動(dòng)關(guān)系。例：〔03全國(guó)〕Acookwillbeimmediatelyfiredifheisfoundsmokinginthekitchen.4．doing賓語(yǔ)與賓補(bǔ)動(dòng)作為主動(dòng)關(guān)系with+O+Cdone賓語(yǔ)與賓補(bǔ)動(dòng)作為被動(dòng)關(guān)系todo〔動(dòng)作未發(fā)生〕例：1.Helayonthegrasslandwithhisjacketcoveringhisstomach.他躺在草地上，把上衣蓋在肚子上。2.Withalotofdifficultproblemstosettle,thenewly-electedpresidentishavingahardtime.〔02上海春季〕由于很多棘手的問(wèn)題要解決，那為新中選的總統(tǒng)處境困難。5．catchsb.doing;becaughtdoing該句型表示〔偶然或突然〕撞見、發(fā)現(xiàn)。例：Helookedaroundandcaughtamanputtinghishandintothepocketofapassenger.〔04北京春季〕他向四周看，突然發(fā)現(xiàn)一個(gè)人把手伸進(jìn)一個(gè)旅客的口袋6．do賓語(yǔ)與賓補(bǔ)動(dòng)作為主動(dòng)關(guān)系。讓某人做某事。have〔使〕+O+Cdoing賓語(yǔ)與賓補(bǔ)動(dòng)作為主動(dòng)關(guān)系。讓某一動(dòng)作一直在進(jìn)展。done賓語(yǔ)與賓補(bǔ)動(dòng)作為被動(dòng)關(guān)系。(表示：1)讓某事由別人做。2)表達(dá)主語(yǔ)的遭遇。〕例:1.Whomwouldyouliketohavehandlethecomplicationproblem?2.Paulhadhishandburnedseriouslywhilecookingdinner.保羅在做飯時(shí)，手被嚴(yán)重燙傷。7．todo賓語(yǔ)與賓補(bǔ)動(dòng)作為主動(dòng)關(guān)系。Getsbtodo=havesb.do。get〔使〕+O+Cdone賓語(yǔ)與賓補(bǔ)動(dòng)作為被動(dòng)關(guān)系。getsthdone=havesth.done。例：You’llnevergethertoagree.Whenaregoingtogetyourhaircut?8．感官動(dòng)詞hear,listento,see,lookat,notice,watch,observe,feel等。do賓語(yǔ)與賓補(bǔ)動(dòng)作是主動(dòng)關(guān)系。該動(dòng)作全過(guò)程已完畢，或經(jīng)常性發(fā)生。hear+O+Cdoing賓語(yǔ)與賓補(bǔ)動(dòng)作是主動(dòng)關(guān)系。該動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)展。done賓語(yǔ)與賓補(bǔ)動(dòng)作是被動(dòng)關(guān)系。todo主語(yǔ)與不定式動(dòng)作為主動(dòng)關(guān)系。該動(dòng)作全過(guò)程已完畢或經(jīng)常發(fā)生S+be+hearddoing主語(yǔ)與分詞動(dòng)作為主動(dòng)關(guān)系。該動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)展。done主語(yǔ)與分詞動(dòng)作為被動(dòng)關(guān)系。例：Hehasneverheardhersingsowellbefore.Ididn’tnoticeyoucarryingapackwhenyoucamein.Neverbeforehadhefelthimselfsopowerfullyattractedtothescientificidea.改錯(cuò)：1〕NowmoretalentedyoungpeoplearehopedtogotoworkinWesternChina.ABCD2〕Idemandyoualltotakeyourworkquiteseriously.ABCD3〕Hisappearanceimmediatelymadeallthechildrenbecomingexcited.ABCD4〕Thissonghasneverbeenheardtobesungsowell.ABCD5〕Withmuchworkremainedtobedone,wehavetoputoffthetripuntilnextweek.ABCD答案：1〕B錯(cuò)arehoped→arewishedhopesb.todo典型病句2〕B錯(cuò)totake→〔should〕takedemand句型：1〕demandtodo2〕demandthat(should)do3〕C錯(cuò)becoming→become現(xiàn)在分詞doing不能做make的賓補(bǔ)。4〕C錯(cuò)tobesung→sung5〕B錯(cuò)remained→remaining。remain“剩下〞是不及物動(dòng)詞，只有主動(dòng)形式。注意：以上動(dòng)詞的賓補(bǔ)形式的考察是高考的重點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn)。第六節(jié)、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作定語(yǔ)1．不定式作定語(yǔ)在三種情況下需用不定式作定語(yǔ)：1〕動(dòng)作未發(fā)生，被修飾的名詞在邏輯關(guān)系上是不定式動(dòng)作的賓語(yǔ)。不定式用主動(dòng)形式還是被動(dòng)形式，由句子的主語(yǔ)與不定式的邏輯關(guān)系決定。ItseemstomethatIhavenothingtotakehometomychildren.在我看來(lái)今天我們沒有東西可以帶給孩子了Shewilltelluswhyshefeelssostronglythateachofushasaroletoplayinmakingtheearthabetterplacetolive．〔03上海春季〕她會(huì)告訴我們?yōu)槭裁此龔?qiáng)烈地認(rèn)為在使地球成為更好住處這一點(diǎn)上，我們每個(gè)人都有可以發(fā)揮的作用。假設(shè)作定語(yǔ)的不定式動(dòng)詞為不及物動(dòng)詞，需加適合介詞。如：NowIfeelverylonelybecauseIcan’tfindanyonetotalkwith.2〕被修飾的詞為抽象名詞，如need,way,reason,right等，不定式解釋其內(nèi)容。Thereisnoneedtoquarrelwithhim.Pleasegiveyourreasontorefusehim.3〕被修飾的詞，其前有序數(shù)詞first,second,last,only作定語(yǔ)。Heisalwaysthefirst〔one〕togettoschooleveryday.Shewastheonlyonetosurviveintheaircrash.她是這次空難中唯一的幸存者。2．分詞作定語(yǔ)以下情況常用分詞作定語(yǔ)：1〕被修飾名詞與作定語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞為主動(dòng)關(guān)系，該動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)展，或與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作同時(shí)進(jìn)展，或是經(jīng)常性行為時(shí)，用現(xiàn)在分詞。WhenIgotbackhomeIsawamessagepinnedtothedoorreading“sorrytomissyou;willcalllater.〞〔99全國(guó)〕現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)在意義上相當(dāng)于一個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)為進(jìn)展時(shí)或一般時(shí)的定語(yǔ)從句。reading“sorrytomissyou;willcalllater.〞=whichread“sorrytomissyou;willcalllater.〞2〕假設(shè)被修飾的名詞與作定語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞為被動(dòng)關(guān)系，動(dòng)詞采用以下三種形式：a〕動(dòng)作已發(fā)生或?yàn)榻?jīng)常性行為，用done。b〕假設(shè)動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)展用beingdone。c〕動(dòng)作未發(fā)生，用tobedone。例1：Manythingsimpossibleinthepastarecommontoday.A．consideringB．toconsiderC．consideredD．beingconsidered2：Peoplearetalkingabouttheplayintwodaysatthetheatre.A．toperformB．beingperformedC．performedD．tobeperformed例1答案為C。例2答案為D。非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞練習(xí)一、高考典型考題重現(xiàn)1.Youweresillynotyourcar.(04湖南卷)A.tolockB.tohavelockedC.lockingD.havinglocked2.Havingbeenillinbedfornearlyamonth,hehadahardtime________theexam.(04福建卷)A．pass B．topass C．passed D．passing3.I'veworkedwithchildrenbefore,soIknowwhat________inmynewjob.〔2000全國(guó)〕A．expectedB．toexpectC．tobeexpectingD．expects

4.Theoldman,_________abroadfortwentyyears,isonthewaybacktohismotherland.(04江蘇卷)A.toworkB.workingC.tohaveworkedD.havingworked5.______lateinthemorning,Bobturnedoffthealarm.(01北京春季) A．TosleepB．SleepingC．SleepD．Havingslept6.Thenewsreportershurriedtotheairport,only________thefilmstarshadleft.(04福建卷)A．totell B．tobetold C．telling D．told7.Theflowers____sweetinthebotanicgardenattractthevisitorstothebeautyofnature.〔04上海卷〕A.tosmellB.smellingC.smeltD.tobesmelt8.LindaworkedfortheMinnesotaManufacturingandMiningCompany,____as3M.(04浙江卷) A.knowing B.known C.beingknown D.tobeknown9.Don’tleavethewaterwhileyoubrushyourteeth.(04天津卷)A.runB.runningC.beingrunD.torun10.Ifyouareplanningtospendyourmoneyhavingfunthisweek,better______it—you’vegotsomebigbillscoming.(04廣東卷)A.forgetB.forgotC.forgettingD.toforget1-5BDBDA6-10BBBBA二、提高練習(xí).1．Didontimemakeourteacherangry?A．shenotcomeB．she