...wd......wd......wd...高中英語語法之小茂解析第一章主謂一致主謂一致(Subject-VerbAgreement)，指〞人稱〞和〞數方面的一致關系.如:Heisgoingabroad.Theyareplayingfootball.可分為:語法一致,內容一致,就近一致.(一)語法一致原則:即主語為單數,謂語用單數,主語為復數,謂語也用復數.以下為本卷須知:1.單數主語即使后面帶有with,alongwith,togetherwith,like(象),but(除了),except,besides,aswellas,nolessthan,ratherthan(而不是),including,inadditionto引導的短語,謂語動詞仍用單數.如:Airaswellaswaterismatter.空氣和水都是物質.Nooneexcepttwoservantswaslateforthedinner.除了兩個仆人外,沒有一個人遲來用餐。2.用and連接的并列主語,如果主語是同一個人,同一事,同一概念,謂語動詞用單數,否則用復數.如:Thepoetandwriterhascome.那位詩人兼作家來了.(一個人)Ahammerandasawareusefultools.錘子和鋸都是有用的工具.(兩樣物)用and連接的成對名詞習慣上被看成是一個整體,如:breadandbutter(黃油抹面包),knifeandfork(刀叉)等作主語時,謂語動詞用單數。3.不定式(短語),動名詞(短語),或從句作主語時,謂語動詞用單數.如:Servingthepeopleismygreathappiness.為人民服務是我最大的幸福.Whenwe’llgooutforanoutinghasbeendecided.我們什么時候出去郊游已決定了。4.用連接的并列主語被each,every或no修飾時,謂語動詞用單數.Everyboyandeverygirllikestogoswimming.每個男孩和每個女孩都喜歡去游泳.Noteacherandnostudentwasabsentfromthemeeting.沒有教師也沒有學生開會缺席.Eachmanand(each)womanisaskedtohelp.每個男人和每個女人都被請去幫助。5.eachof+復數代詞,謂語動詞用單數.復數代詞+each,謂語動詞用單數.如:Eachofushassomethingtosay.我們每個人都有話要說。6.假設主語中有morethanone或manya/an,盡管從意義上看是復數,但它的謂語動詞仍用單數。但more+復數名詞+thanone做主語時,謂語動詞仍用復數.如:Manyaboylikesplayingbasketball.許多男生都喜歡打籃球.Morethanonestudentwaslate.不只一個學生遲到Morepersonsthanonecometohelpus.不止一個人來幫助我們。7.none做主語時,謂語動詞可用單數,也可用復數;但在代表不可數的東西時總是看作單數,因而謂語動詞要用單數.如:Noneofusare(is)perfect.人無完人。Noneofthisworriesme.這事一點不使我著急。8.名詞如:trousers,scissors,clothes,goods,glasses等作主語時,謂語動詞必須用復數.如:Hisclothesaregood.但這些名詞前假設出現apairof,謂語一般用單數.如:Apairofglassesisonthedesk.桌上有一副眼鏡。9.形復意單名詞如:news;以ics結尾的學科名稱如:physics,mathematics,economics;國名如:theUnitedStates;報紙名如:theNewTimes;書名如:ArabianNight<天方夜談>;以及TheUnitedNations<聯合國>等作主語時,謂語動詞用單數。10.“a+名詞+andahalf“,“oneandahalf+名詞〞,“thenumberof+名詞〞等作主語時,謂語動詞要用單數.如:Onlyoneandahalfapplesisleftonthetable.注意:oneortwo+復數名詞作主語,謂語動詞用復數形式,如:Oneortwoplaceshavebeenvisited.參觀了一兩個地點。(二)內容一致原則:1.主語中有all,half,most,therest等,以及〞分數或百分數+名詞〞做主語時,謂語動詞單復數取決于連用的名詞.如:Therestofthebikesareonsaletoday.剩下的自行車，今天出售。60%oftheapplewaseatenbylittleboy.這個蘋果的60%都被這個小男孩吃了。Mostoftheappleswererotten.大局部的蘋果都是爛的。Mostoftheapplewaseatenbyarat.這個蘋果的大局部被老鼠吃了。2.不定數量的詞組,如:partof,alotof,lotsof,oneof,anumberof,plentyof等作主語時,謂語動詞的單復數取決于量詞后面名詞的數.如:Apartofthetextbookshavearrived.一小局部教科書已運到。Apartoftheapplehasbeeneatenupbythepig.這個蘋果的一局部被豬吃光了。3.加減乘除用單數.如:Fifteenminusfiveisten.15減去5等于10。4.表示時間,金人民幣,距離,度量等的名詞做主語時,盡管是復數形式,它們做為一個單一的概念時,其謂語動詞用單數.如:Tenmilesisagooddistance.十英里是一個相當的距離。5.(1)通常作復數的集體名詞.包括police,people,cattle等,這些集體名詞通常用作復數.如:TheBritishpolicehaveonlyverylimitedpowers.(2)通常作不可數名詞的集體名詞.包括equipment,furniture,clothing,luggage等.(3)可作單數也可作復數的集體名詞.包括audience,committee,government,family,enemy,group,party,team,public等.如:Thecommitteehas/havedecidedtodismisshim.委員會決定辭退他。6.the+形容詞/過去分詞形式〞表示一類人或事物,作主語時,謂語動詞用復數.如:Theinjuredweresavedafterthefire.(三)就近原則1.由here,there,where等引導的倒裝句中,(有時主語不止一個時)謂語動詞與靠近它的主語在數上一致.如:Herecomesthebus公共汽車來了.Hereisapenandsomepiecesofpaperforyou.給你一支鋼筆和幾張紙。Whereisyourwifeandchildrentostaywhileyouareaway?你不在這兒的時候,你愛人和孩子在哪兒呆呢2.用連詞or,eitheror,neither….nor,notonly….butalso等連接的并列主語,謂語動詞與靠近它的主語在數上一致。如：Neitherthestudentsnortheteacherknowsanythingaboutit學生和教師都不知道這事.Heoryouhavetakenmypen.他或你拿了我的鋼筆。注意:oneof+復數名詞+who/that/which引導的定語從句中,定語從句的動詞為復數。如：Maryisoneofthosepeoplewhokeeppets.瑪麗是飼養寵物者之一。Theonlyoneof+復數名詞+who/that./which引導的定語從句中，定語從句的動詞應為單數。Maryistheonlyoneofthosepeoplewhokeepspets.瑪麗是唯一一個飼養寵物的人。主謂一致練習1.About60percentofthestudents_____fromthesouth,therestofthem_____fromthenorthandforeigncountries.A.are/isB.are/areC.is/areD.are2.Halfoftheworkershere_____under30_____.A.is/yearsB.are/yearoldC.is/yearsoldD.are/yearsofage3.NowTomwithhisclassmates_____footballontheplayground.A.playB.areplayingC.playsD.isplaying4.Thenumberofpagesinthisdictionary_____abouttwothousand.A.areB.hasC.haveD.is5.Thirtydollars_____tooexpensive.A.areB.isC.wereD.be6.Theaudience_____solargethatnoseatwasleftunoccupiedinthegreathall.A.isB.areC.wasD.has7.Thesecretaryandprincipal_____atthemeetingnow.A.arespeakingB.isspeakingC.weremakingaspeechD.haveaspeech8."Ifanybody_____,pleaseputdown_____name,"saidtheteachertothemonitor.A.wantstobuythebook/hisB.wanttobuythebook/theirC.willbuythebook/one'sD.wantstohavethebookbought/her9.Nothingbutonedeskandsixchairs_____intheroom.A.areB.isstayedC.isD.areleft10.Havingarrivedatthestation,_____.A.itwasfoundthatthetrainhadleft&nb,sp;B.th,etrai,nhadleftC.thetrainwasfoundleftD.hefoundthatthetrainhadleft11.Betweenthetworoads_____aTVtowercalled"SkyscraperTower".A.standsB.standingC.whichstandsD.stand12.Eitherofyou_____goingtheretonight.A.willB.wasC.isD.are13.Youaswell_____right.A.IareB.IamC.asIamD.asIare14.AllbutDick_____inClassThreethisterm.A.areB.isC.wereD.was15.--ShallIwaithereforthreehours?--Yes.Threehours___,__t,,,,,owaitforsuchadoctor.A.arenotverylongforyouB.isnotlongenoughfo,,,,,ryouC.wasnotlongenoughforyouD.willbetoolongforyou16.Wheretogetthematerialsandhowtogetthem_____atthemeeting.A.havenotdiscussedB.havenotbeendiscussedC.hasnotdiscussedD.hasnotbeendiscussed17.ItookmathematicsandphysicsbecauseIthinkthat_____veryimportantformetomakefurtherresearchinthisfield.A.whatisB.theyareC.thisD.whichare18.Everystudentandeveryteacher_____.A.aregoingtoattendthemeetingB.haveattendedthemeetingC.hasattendedthemeetingD.isattendedthemeeting19.Threefourthsofthebread_____byBob,andtherestofthebread_____leftonthetable.A.waseaten/wereB.wereeaten/wasC.wereeaten/wereD.waseaten/was20.Thispairofshoes_____.A.isherB.ishersC.arehersD.areher21.There______nolifeonthemoon.A.issaidtohaveB.aresaidtohaveC.issaidtobeD.aresaidtobe22.Agroupof______areeating______and______atthefootofthehillA.sheep;grass;leavesB.sheepsgrassesleavesC.sheep;grassleafD.sheepsgrassleafs23.Myfamilyraisealotof_______,includingtwo______.A.cattlescowsB.cowscattleC.cattlecowsD.cow,cattles24.Whathesaysandwhathedoes_______.A.doesnotagreeB.donotagreeC.doesnotagreewithD.notagree25.Theboyandthegirleach______toys.A.havetheirownB.hastheirownC.haveherownD.hasherown26.Sheistheonlyoneamongthe______writerswho______storiesforchildren.A.woman,writesB.womenwriteC.womenwritesD.womanwrite27.Therailwaystationis______fromourschool.A.twohour`sdriveB.twohours`driveC.twohourdriveD.twohoursdrive28.MikeandJohn`s______.A.fatherisateacherB.fathersareteachersC.fatherareteachersD.fathersareteacher29.Agreatdealoftalkingandlisteningthat______undercasualcircumstancemayseemtobeaimless.A.isoccurredB.areoccurredC.occursD.occur30._______theclassroomneedstobecleaned.A.EithertheofficesorB.TheofficesandC.BoththeofficeandD.Theofficeand31.Three-fourthsofthehomework______today.A.hasfinishedB.hasbeenfinishedC.havefinishedD.havebeenfinished32.Morethan60percentoftheworld’sradioprogrammes______inEngland.A.isB.wasC.areD.be33.______workhasbeendonetoimprovethepeople`slivingstandardA.AgreatdealofB.AgreatmanyC.AlargenumberofD.Many34.Therestofthemagazines______withinhalfanhour.A.issoldoutB.aresoldoutC.wassoldoutD.weresoldout35.There______alotofsugarinthejar.A.hasB.haveC.isD.are36.“All______presentandall______goingonwell〞,ourmonitorsaid.A.isisB.are,areC.areisD.isare37.YesterdaytheLeaguesecretaryandmonitor______askedtomakeaspeechatthemeeting.A.isB.wasC.areD.were.38.Maryaswellashersisters______ChineseinChina.A.arestudyingB.havestudiedC.studiesD.study39.Therich______notalwayshappy.A.areB.isC.willD.may40.______canbedone______done.A.All,havebeenB.Allthat,havebeenC.AllhasD.Allthat,hasbeen41.Eitheroftheplans______equallydangerous.A.areB.isC.hasD.have42.Thepolice______themurderereverywherewhenhesuddenlyappearedinatheatre.A.issearchingB.weresearchingforC.aresearchingD.wassearchingfor43.Yourtrousers______dirty,youmusthave______washed.A.isitB.areitC.arethemD.isthem44.TheOlympicgames______heldeveryfour______.A.isyearsB.areyearsC.isyearD.areyear45.Heistheolyoneofthestudentswho______elected.A.areB.haveC.hasD.is46.______agoodenoughpriceforthisbookA.TwoyuansareB.TwoyuanareC.TwoyuansisD.Twoyuanis47.Nobirdandnobeast______inthelonelyislandA.areseenB.isseenC.seeD.sees48.Everymeans______preventthewaterfrom______A.areusedtopollutingB.getusedtopollutingC.isusedto,pollutedD.isusedto,beingpolluted49.Eachofthe______intheship.A.passengerhashisownroomB.passengershavetheirownroomC.passengerhavetheirownroomD.sengershashisownroom50.Whatweneed______goodtextbooks.A.isB.areC.haveD.has51.Whatyousaidjustnow______todowiththematterwearediscussing.A.havesomethingB.hassomethingC.hadsomethingD.wassomething52.Eitheryourparentsoryourelderbrother______toattendthemeetingtomorrow.A.isB.areC.aregoingD.have53.Neitherofthenovelswhich______popularwithus______beentranslatedintoChinese.A.arehasB.arehaveC.ishaveD.ishas54.Everyboyandeverygirl______toattendtheeveningparty.A.wishB.wishesC.hopeD.arehoping55._______hasbeendone.A.nety—ninepercentsoftheworkB.HalfofwhathepromisedC.Two-fifthsofthearticlesD.Threequarterofthebusiness答案：1-5BDDDB6-10ABACD11-15ACDAB16-20DBCDB21-25CACBA26-30CBACA31-35CCADC36-40CBCAD41-45BBCBD46-50DBDDB51-55BAABB第三章：非謂語動詞不定式〔infinitive〕、分詞〔participle〕、動名詞〔gerund〕是非謂語動詞，在句子中不能作謂語。以下表格列出了他們各自在句中的作用。〔√表示可以在句中擔任的語法成分，×則表示不可以。〕作用種類主語賓語賓語補足語表語定語狀語不定式√√√√√√動名詞√√×√√×分詞××√√√√非謂語動詞在句中的特點、性質、用法、區別及使用本卷須知分述如下：第一節、非謂語動詞作主語可作主語的非謂語形式為：不定式和動名詞。其表達形式為：不定式：主動態todo;被動態tobedone;動名詞：主動態doing;被動態beingdone。例1：Toactlikethatisfoolish.例2：Itisimpossibleformetobuythecarwithcash.要我用現金買那輛車是不可能的。例3：Walkingisagoodformofexerciseforbothyoungandold.例4：——Whatmadeyousolateforworktoday?——Drivingtotheofficewasveryslowthismorningbecauseofheavytraffic.因為交通擁擠，今早開車上班非常慢。一般說來，動名詞和不定式作主語，可以互換，其意義沒有多大差異，但須注意以下兩點：1．表示具體的，尤其是未發生的動作，傾向用不定式〔如例2〕。表示無時限的泛指動作〔如例3〕或描述當時的情況〔如例4〕，傾向用動名詞。2．在以下句型用動名詞作主語Itisnogooddoing.〔……沒有用〕Thereisnodoing.〔……不可能〕Itisnogoodarguingwithhim.和他爭論沒有用。Thereisnoknowingwhatmayhappen.=Itisimpossibletoknowwhatmayhappen.練習：1．〔改錯〕Asisknown,learnaforeignlanguagewellrequiresgreatefforts.2．〔改錯〕Thoughflyingballoonsareeasy,balloonistsmustwatchtheweathercarefully.3．〔選擇〕_______tosunlightfortoomuchwilldoharmtoone’sskin.A.ExposedtoB.ExposingC.HavingexposedD.Beingexposed答案：1．learn→learning原形動詞不能作主語。2．are→is單個動名詞作主語，謂語用單數。3.答案D。句義：遭太陽暴曬對皮膚有害。此題考察動名詞作主語。分析句子構造可知，待選項在句中作主語，又因為人與expose為被動關系，所以選D。第二節、非謂語動詞作表語可作表語的非謂語動詞為：不定式，動名詞。1．YourtaskthismorningistodeliverthemailtoProfessorSmith.你今天上午的任務是把這個郵件送給史密斯教授。〔不定式解釋主語內容〕2．Myhobbyiscollectingstamps.〔動名詞解釋主語內容〕1.Thepurposeofnewtechnologiesistomakelifeeasier,____itmoredifficult.〔99全國〕A.notmakeB.nottomakeC.notmakingD.donotmake2.分析句子是否正確:Whatwedoisprepareourstudentstofacefiercecompetitionswhentheyentersociety.1、答案B。is后有兩個表語，兩者必須在構造上對稱。第一個表語為不定式tomakelifeeasier，則第二個表語也應該為不定式，所以選B。2、正確。當主語局部有實義動詞do時，作表語的不定式可以省略to;假設沒有實義動詞do,表語中to不能省略。第三節、非謂語動詞作賓語可作賓語的非謂語動詞為：不定式和動名詞。1．不定式作賓語例1．Hedemandedtoknowthetruth.例2．Thecarfailedtostopattheredlight.那輛轎車看到紅燈沒有停。英語中有相當數量的動詞，只能以不定式作賓語。如：agree〔同意〕，decide,refuse,pretend〔假裝〕，manage〔設法〕，promise,seem,happen,hope,wish,offertodo〔表示愿望〕affordtodo〔買得起，承擔得起〕，bothertodo〔特意〕，choosetodo〔愿意或決定〕attempt/seektodo〔試圖〕learntodo〔學習或學會〕短語wouldlike〔love〕todo，wouldprefertodo〔更愿意〕，beabouttodo〔即將〕,介詞but/excepttodo例1〕Ihavenochoicebuttogiveuptheplan.2〕Therewasnothingwecoulddoexceptwait.注：but/except前有實義動詞do,其后to必須省去請注意以下幾點：1〕疑問代詞如what，which；疑問副詞如when,whether〔why除外〕引導的不定式可作know,decide等的賓語，在意義上相當與一個未曾發生的賓語從句。例1．Wehaven’tdecidedwhatstepstotakenext.→Wehaven’tdecidedwhatstepsweshouldtakenext.2．Ireallydon’tknowwhethertowritetoherorgiveheraphonecall.→Ireallydon’tknowwhetherIshouldwritetoherorgiveheraphonecall.這種構造也可以作主語和表語例1．Whattodonextremainstobediscussed.下一步該若何辦有待于討論。例2．Ourdifficultyiswheretogetenoughmoney.2〕為了防止重復，不定式可省去與前邊重復的動詞原形，而保存“to〞。例：——Wouldyouliketogoforapicnicwithme?——I’dloveto,butIcan’tspareanytimeatpresent.〔to后省略了goforapicnicwithyou〕3〕不定式的時態與語態：主動語態被動語態形式時間概念形式時間概念todo(一般時)1〕未發生2〕和謂語動作同時tobedone同左tobedoing(進展時)謂語動作發生時，正在進展tohavedone(完成時)發生在謂語動作之前tohavebeendone同左不定式的進展時和完成時常用在以下句型中：seem/appear〔似乎〕to1〕S〔人，物〕happen〔碰巧〕topretendtobesaid〔據說〕tobethought/supposed/considered/believed〔據認為〕to2〕S〔人，物〕bereported〔據報導〕tobeknown〔知道〕to請注意：考察不定式的時態和語態，主要集中在以上句型中，是高考的重點和熱點。Ihappenedtobestandingnexttohimwhenhefelldown.Thebankisreportedinthelocalnewspapertohavebeenrobbedinbroaddaylightyesterday.據當地報紙指導，這家銀行昨天在光天化日之下遭到搶劫。Heisknowntohavebeenarrestedbythepolice.人們都知道他曾被警察逮捕過。4〕was/weretohavedone；wouldliketohavedonewished〔hoped/wanted/intended/meant〕tohavedone表示當時想做，而實際不能做到Iwastohavepickedyouupattheairport,butIforgotaboutit.IintendedtohavehelpedyououtbutIhadnomoneythen.我當時真想幫助你擺脫困境，可是我那時身無分文。2．動名詞作動詞或介詞的賓語Ican’timaginemarryingagirlofthatsort.我很難想象與那種女子結婚后的情形。Inarrowlymissedbeingkilledinthecaraccident.在那次車禍中我死里逃生。Headmittedhavingstolenmybicycle.他成認偷了我的自行車。Thereisnopointinarguinganyfurther.再爭議下去毫無意義。1〕以下動詞必須帶動名詞構造作賓語：understand〔理解〕，admit〔成認〕，keep〔on〕〔繼續〕，practise〔練習〕，finish〔完成〕，imagine〔想象〕，miss〔錯過，防止〕，avoid〔防止〕，escape〔逃避〕，suggest〔建議〕，dislike〔討厭〕，enjoy〔喜歡〕，delay〔推遲〕，excuse〔原諒〕，mind〔介意〕，appreciate〔感謝〕，oppose〔反對〕。另外，有的詞既可帶動名詞做賓語，亦可帶不定式做賓語補足語，請區別清楚。如：allowdoing〔比較：allowsb.todo〕advisedoing〔比較：advisesb.todo〕2〕以下短語必須帶動名詞構造作賓語：beworth〔值得〕，payattentionto〔注意〕，objectto〔反對〕，can’thelp〔情不自禁〕，devoteoneselfto〔致力于〕，putoff〔推遲〕，be/getusedto〔習慣于〕，feellike〔想要〕，lookforwardto〔盼望〕，getdownto〔開場做，認真做某事〕，how/whatabout〔……若何樣〕，Thereisnopoint(in)doingsth(做某事毫無意義)3〕以下動詞可以用不定式作賓語，也可以用動名詞作賓語，但有明顯的語義差異。rememberdoing回憶起過去做過的事remembertodo記住要做的事forgetdoing忘記了曾做過的事forgettodo忘記該做的事regretdoing對已發生的事表示懊悔regrettodo對現在要發生的事表示抱歉meandoing意味著，意思是meantodo打算，想要trydoing試一試某種方法trytodo設法去做一件事比較1．Idon’tmeantogiveuptheplan.我不打算放棄這個方案。Abreakdownonourwaywouldmeanourwalkingforhours.汽車半路拋錨意味著我們要步行幾個小時。比較2．Ihavealwaysdeeplyregrettedselling〔havingsold〕thefarm.我一直為賣掉這個農場而懊悔不已。Weregrettotellyouthatyouowethebank&100.我們很遺憾地告訴你，你欠銀行100英鎊。第四節、非謂語動詞作狀語作狀語的非謂語動詞為：分詞和不定式1．現在分詞和過去分詞的區別1〕現在分詞表示主動，譯為“令人……〞；過去分詞表示被動，譯為“感到…〞，這是兩者最重要的區別Theweatherofthissummerisdisappointing.MyparentswillbedisappointedwithmeifIfailtheexam.描述事物或事情的性質一般用現在分詞。描述人的情感一般用過去分詞。Idon’tthinkitsurprisingforsuchabadmantohavebeenpunished.〔it指“象這樣的壞人受到懲罰〞這件事〕Therewasasurprisedexpressioninhereyes.她的眼里流露出驚訝的神情。〔人的表情是情感的具體表現，故應用過去分詞來修飾expression〕2〕現在分詞通常表示動作正在進展；過去分詞通常表示動作已完成。Powerstationsemployfallingwatertoproduceelectricity.Thegroundiscoveredwithfallenleaves.2．現在分詞的時態與語態主動語態被動語態形式時間概念形式時間概念doing1〕正在進展2〕與謂語動作同時beingdone動作正在進展havingdonehavingbeendone同左3．分詞表示時間、原因、條件、讓步、伴隨或補充說明等a〕分詞做時間、原因、條件、讓步狀語的表達形式如下：doingdonehavingdoneS〔主語〕+VhavingbeendoneS〔主語〕+V〔主動關系〕〔被動關系〕Notunderstandingitsmeaning,heaskedtheteachertoexplaintheword.〔表原因：understanding與句子主語he之間是主動關系，同謂語動詞asked同時發生〕Havingmadeadecision,theyimmediatelysetouttowork.〔表時間：makeadecision與句子主語之間是主動關系且發生于謂語動詞setout之前〕Havingbeenexperimentedmanytimes,thisnewproductwillbeputintomassproduction.由于這一新產品已實驗過屢次，不久將投入批量生產。〔表原因：experimented與主語product為被動關系，且先于謂語動詞put之前發生〕詞作上述狀語時，它的位置可置于主句之前，也可置于主語之后。例：They,havingmadeadecision,setouttowork.選擇：Theresearchissodesignedthatonce_____nothingcanbedonetochangeit.〔02全國〕A.beginsB.havingbegun C.beginning D.begun此題考察狀語從句的省略，難度較大。假設時間、原因、條件和讓步狀語從句的主語與主句主語一樣，且從句局部有be時，可省略從句主語及be。省略后的形式如下：(1)when〔while,until,once,as,if,though等〕+doing從句謂語動詞與主語為主動關系(2)when〔while,until,once,as,if,though等〕+done從句謂語動詞與主語為被動關系表示“某一事件的開場〞，begin既可用主動態，也可以用被動態。狀語從句表達形式：〔1〕Onceitbeings。這種形式，不具備省略條件。〔2〕Onceitisbegun。具備省略條件〔有be〕。省略后的形式為：Oncebegun。所以此題選D。b〕分詞作伴隨狀語時,其形式為：〔1〕doing〔2〕done。終究用現在分詞還是過去分詞，取決于該動作與句子主語是主動還是被動關系“Wecan’tgoingoutinthisweather,〞saidBob,lookingoutofthewindow.〔04重慶〕Theboysatinthedarkroom,frightenedandtrembling.男孩一個人做在黑洞洞的房間里，嚇得渾身發抖。注意：作伴隨狀語的分詞，與謂語動作同時。這是判斷一個動詞是否作伴隨狀語的主要尺度。請注意以下固定短語在作狀語時的表達形式：Generallyspeaking一般地說Strictlyspeaking從嚴格意義上說Judgingfrom/by…根據…判斷Given/Allowingfor考慮到Giventheirinexperience,theyhavedoneagoodjob.在缺少經歷的情況下，他們的工作算是做得不錯。4．不定式用作表目的，結果，方式和形容詞原因狀語1〕目的Towinovertheundecidedvoters,theyareworkingtwiceashard.為了把尚未拿定主意的選民爭取過來，他們正在加倍努力工作。Hegotupearlynottomissthefirstbus.〔notto也可用soasnotto或inordernotto這一強調形式〕2〕結果不定式作結果狀語，常見構造有：tooadj/advtodo;tooadj+a+ntodosoadj/advastodo;such+nastodoTheboyistooyoungtodresshimself.Hewastooshrewd〔精明的〕abusinessmantoacceptouroffer.他是個非常精明的商人，不會承受我們的開價。Willyoubesokindastoturndowntheradio?請把收音機開小一點。Hecan’thavedonesuchaterriblethingastokeepyouwaitingsolong.他不可能做出這樣糟糕的事，讓你等這么長的時間。注意：表示一種事先沒有預料的結果，用不定式。不定式前可用only來加強意想不到的語氣。如：(04福建卷)Thenewsreportershurriedtotheairport,onlytobetoldthefilmstarshadleft.然而，要表示在事情開展過程中必然會產生的結果，就要用分詞來表達。分詞前可加thus,加強必然的語氣。Thenewmachinewillworktwiceasfast,thusgreatlyreducingcosts.新機器的運轉速度提高一倍，因而大大降低了成本。3〕方式狀語構造：S〔人，物〕be+adjtodo特點〔1〕句子的主語在邏輯關系上為不定式動作的賓語〔2〕形容詞為：easy,hard,difficult,comfortable,dangerous等。1.Somebooksareinterestingtoread,butboringtolearn.有些書讀起來很有趣，但學起來很討厭。2.Thetelephonenumberiseasytoremember.他的號碼很難記。3.Thatmanisdifficulttodealwith.那個人很難對付。4.Theriverisdangeroustoswimin.注意：以上句子，盡管句子的主語和不定式動作為被動關系，但只能用主動形式；假設不定式動詞為不及物，應加上適當介詞，如例4。4〕形容詞原因狀語。這類形容詞通常是表示情感或評價行為表現的形容詞。Iamshockedtohearthenewsofhissuddendeath.Youweresillynottohavelockedyourcar.(04湖南)第五節、非謂語動詞作賓語補足語作賓語補足語的非謂語動詞是不定式和分詞。英語中有相當一批動詞必須以不定式作賓語補充語。Myparentsdon’tallowmetostayoutlate.Shewaitedimpatientlyforhimtomakeuphismind.這些動詞和短語為：wish,want,ask,require/request〔要求〕；order,warn〔警告〕allow/permit,forbid〔制止〕,expect,remind〔提醒〕，encourage,inspire〔鼓勵〕callon〔號召，要求〕，dependon,longforsb.todo〔渴望〕請特別記住以下動詞的賓補形式，表達的意義及判斷的依據。do賓語與賓補動作為主動關系。1．make〔使〕+O+Cdone賓語與賓補動作為被動關系。todo主語與不定式動作為主動關系。S+bemadedone主語與分詞動作為被動關系。注：句型“O〞代表賓語，為名詞或代詞；“C〞代表賓補。例：Thosewhowon’tworkshouldbemadetowork.那些不愿工作的人應強制他們去工作。Hecouldn’tmakehimselfheard.他無法讓別人聽到他說的話。2．Keep〔leave〕+O+Cdoing賓語與賓補動作為主動關系。〔使……處于某種狀態〕done賓語與賓補動作為被動關系。doing主語與分詞動作為主動關系。S+be+kept〔left〕done主語與分詞動作為被動關系。例：Nowstudentsarekeptburyingthemselvesinbooksallday.現在的學生被迫整天埋頭讀書。Hisworkwasleftundone.他丟下工作不去干。3．doing賓語與賓補動作為主動關系。find〔發現〕+O+Cdone賓語與賓補動作為被動關系。doing主語與分詞動作為主動關系。S+be+founddone主語與分詞動作為被動關系。例：〔03全國〕Acookwillbeimmediatelyfiredifheisfoundsmokinginthekitchen.4．doing賓語與賓補動作為主動關系with+O+Cdone賓語與賓補動作為被動關系todo〔動作未發生〕例：1.Helayonthegrasslandwithhisjacketcoveringhisstomach.他躺在草地上，把上衣蓋在肚子上。2.Withalotofdifficultproblemstosettle,thenewly-electedpresidentishavingahardtime.〔02上海春季〕由于很多棘手的問題要解決，那為新中選的總統處境困難。5．catchsb.doing;becaughtdoing該句型表示〔偶然或突然〕撞見、發現。例：Helookedaroundandcaughtamanputtinghishandintothepocketofapassenger.〔04北京春季〕他向四周看，突然發現一個人把手伸進一個旅客的口袋6．do賓語與賓補動作為主動關系。讓某人做某事。have〔使〕+O+Cdoing賓語與賓補動作為主動關系。讓某一動作一直在進展。done賓語與賓補動作為被動關系。(表示：1)讓某事由別人做。2)表達主語的遭遇。〕例:1.Whomwouldyouliketohavehandlethecomplicationproblem?2.Paulhadhishandburnedseriouslywhilecookingdinner.保羅在做飯時，手被嚴重燙傷。7．todo賓語與賓補動作為主動關系。Getsbtodo=havesb.do。get〔使〕+O+Cdone賓語與賓補動作為被動關系。getsthdone=havesth.done。例：You’llnevergethertoagree.Whenaregoingtogetyourhaircut?8．感官動詞hear,listento,see,lookat,notice,watch,observe,feel等。do賓語與賓補動作是主動關系。該動作全過程已完畢，或經常性發生。hear+O+Cdoing賓語與賓補動作是主動關系。該動作正在進展。done賓語與賓補動作是被動關系。todo主語與不定式動作為主動關系。該動作全過程已完畢或經常發生S+be+hearddoing主語與分詞動作為主動關系。該動作正在進展。done主語與分詞動作為被動關系。例：Hehasneverheardhersingsowellbefore.Ididn’tnoticeyoucarryingapackwhenyoucamein.Neverbeforehadhefelthimselfsopowerfullyattractedtothescientificidea.改錯：1〕NowmoretalentedyoungpeoplearehopedtogotoworkinWesternChina.ABCD2〕Idemandyoualltotakeyourworkquiteseriously.ABCD3〕Hisappearanceimmediatelymadeallthechildrenbecomingexcited.ABCD4〕Thissonghasneverbeenheardtobesungsowell.ABCD5〕Withmuchworkremainedtobedone,wehavetoputoffthetripuntilnextweek.ABCD答案：1〕B錯arehoped→arewishedhopesb.todo典型病句2〕B錯totake→〔should〕takedemand句型：1〕demandtodo2〕demandthat(should)do3〕C錯becoming→become現在分詞doing不能做make的賓補。4〕C錯tobesung→sung5〕B錯remained→remaining。remain“剩下〞是不及物動詞，只有主動形式。注意：以上動詞的賓補形式的考察是高考的重點和難點。第六節、非謂語動詞作定語1．不定式作定語在三種情況下需用不定式作定語：1〕動作未發生，被修飾的名詞在邏輯關系上是不定式動作的賓語。不定式用主動形式還是被動形式，由句子的主語與不定式的邏輯關系決定。ItseemstomethatIhavenothingtotakehometomychildren.在我看來今天我們沒有東西可以帶給孩子了Shewilltelluswhyshefeelssostronglythateachofushasaroletoplayinmakingtheearthabetterplacetolive．〔03上海春季〕她會告訴我們為什么她強烈地認為在使地球成為更好住處這一點上，我們每個人都有可以發揮的作用。假設作定語的不定式動詞為不及物動詞，需加適合介詞。如：NowIfeelverylonelybecauseIcan’tfindanyonetotalkwith.2〕被修飾的詞為抽象名詞，如need,way,reason,right等，不定式解釋其內容。Thereisnoneedtoquarrelwithhim.Pleasegiveyourreasontorefusehim.3〕被修飾的詞，其前有序數詞first,second,last,only作定語。Heisalwaysthefirst〔one〕togettoschooleveryday.Shewastheonlyonetosurviveintheaircrash.她是這次空難中唯一的幸存者。2．分詞作定語以下情況常用分詞作定語：1〕被修飾名詞與作定語的動詞為主動關系，該動作正在進展，或與謂語動作同時進展，或是經常性行為時，用現在分詞。WhenIgotbackhomeIsawamessagepinnedtothedoorreading“sorrytomissyou;willcalllater.〞〔99全國〕現在分詞作定語在意義上相當于一個時態為進展時或一般時的定語從句。reading“sorrytomissyou;willcalllater.〞=whichread“sorrytomissyou;willcalllater.〞2〕假設被修飾的名詞與作定語的動詞為被動關系，動詞采用以下三種形式：a〕動作已發生或為經常性行為，用done。b〕假設動作正在進展用beingdone。c〕動作未發生，用tobedone。例1：Manythingsimpossibleinthepastarecommontoday.A．consideringB．toconsiderC．consideredD．beingconsidered2：Peoplearetalkingabouttheplayintwodaysatthetheatre.A．toperformB．beingperformedC．performedD．tobeperformed例1答案為C。例2答案為D。非謂語動詞練習一、高考典型考題重現1.Youweresillynotyourcar.(04湖南卷)A.tolockB.tohavelockedC.lockingD.havinglocked2.Havingbeenillinbedfornearlyamonth,hehadahardtime________theexam.(04福建卷)A．pass B．topass C．passed D．passing3.I'veworkedwithchildrenbefore,soIknowwhat________inmynewjob.〔2000全國〕A．expectedB．toexpectC．tobeexpectingD．expects

4.Theoldman,_________abroadfortwentyyears,isonthewaybacktohismotherland.(04江蘇卷)A.toworkB.workingC.tohaveworkedD.havingworked5.______lateinthemorning,Bobturnedoffthealarm.(01北京春季) A．TosleepB．SleepingC．SleepD．Havingslept6.Thenewsreportershurriedtotheairport,only________thefilmstarshadleft.(04福建卷)A．totell B．tobetold C．telling D．told7.Theflowers____sweetinthebotanicgardenattractthevisitorstothebeautyofnature.〔04上海卷〕A.tosmellB.smellingC.smeltD.tobesmelt8.LindaworkedfortheMinnesotaManufacturingandMiningCompany,____as3M.(04浙江卷) A.knowing B.known C.beingknown D.tobeknown9.Don’tleavethewaterwhileyoubrushyourteeth.(04天津卷)A.runB.runningC.beingrunD.torun10.Ifyouareplanningtospendyourmoneyhavingfunthisweek,better______it—you’vegotsomebigbillscoming.(04廣東卷)A.forgetB.forgotC.forgettingD.toforget1-5BDBDA6-10BBBBA二、提高練習.1．Didontimemakeourteacherangry?A．shenotcomeB．she