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植物的營養(yǎng)問題(NutritionofPlant)
土壤營養(yǎng):Water、Mineralelements
空氣營養(yǎng):Photosynthesis
(光合作用)收多收少在于肥!Chapter2MineralNutritionofPlants
2.1Theimportanceofessentialmineralsinplants
收多收少在于肥
2.2
Absorptionofmineralsbyindividualplantcell2.3
Absorptionofmineralsbywholeplant2.4
Assimilationofmineralnutrients2.5
Mineraltransportationinplantbody2.6
Physiologicalbasisoffertilizing2.1Theimportanceofessentialmineralsinplants2.1.1Elementsinplantbody(植物體內(nèi)的元素)PlantbodyWater(10-95%)Drysubstances(5-90%)burnC,H,O,NAshelementsP、K、Ca、Mg、S、Fe、Mn、B、Cu、Zn、Mo、Cl、Si、Al、Na、F、Br、Li、Ba、Co、I、Hgetc.(morethan60)NMineralelements2.1.2Essentialelementsofplants
SoilcultureSandcultureSolutionculture/Waterculture/HydroponicsWhatisanessentialelement?Howtodetermine?DeleteoraddOnethathasaclearanddirectphysiologicalrole,ifabsent,therewillbeuniquedeficienciesorplantdisordersOnewhoseabsencepreventsaplantfromcompletingitslifecycle
Macronutrients(10)
C、H、O、N、P、K、Ca、Mg、S、SiMicronutrients(9)Fe、Mn、B、Cu、Zn、Mo、Cl、Ni、NaEssentialelements:19Essentialmineralelements:15Future:more?Solutionculture:Hoaglandsolution2.1.3PhysiologicalfunctionsofessentialelementsMacronutrients:
C、H、O、N、P、K、Ca、Mg、S、Si
Nitrogen:inorganicN(NH4+;NO3-);organicN(Urea)
Aminoacids;Amides;Proteins(Enzymes,……) Nucleicacids;Nucleotides(ATP) Coenzymes[NAD(P)H] Phospholipids ChlorophyllVitamins(VB1、B2、B6、PP)Planthormones(IAA,KT)
DeficiencyinN: Plantgrowthinhibited
Chlorosis(缺綠):olderleaves Purplecoloration:formationofanthocyanin
(花青素)Olderparts(mobile)
Phospholipids Nucleicacids;Nucleotides(ATP,FMN,FAD) Sugarphosphates(Respiration,Photosynthesis)
Phyticacid(植酸,肌醇六磷酸) Coenzymes(NAD+=CoI,NADP+=CoII,CoA)
DeficiencyinP: Stunted(受妨礙的)growth:youngplants Darkgreencolorationoftheleaves(necroticspots) Purplecoloration:formationofanthocyanin(花青素) Maturation:delayedOlderparts(mobile)Phosphorus:PO43-
Cofactorformorethan40enzymesin Respiration Proteinsynthesis Nucleicacidsynthesis Synthesisandtransportationofsugars Tuber/Stemtuber Establishingcellturgor:osmotic;stomata;drought Maintainingcellelectro-neutrality(電中性)DeficiencyinK:Mottled(斑駁)ormarginal(邊緣)chlorosis;necrosisStem:slender(苗條)
andweakOlderparts(mobile)Potassium:K+
Middlelamellaofcellwalls(果膠鈣)DeficiencyinCa: Necrosisofyoungmeristematicregions tipsofroots/youngleavesYoungerparts(immobile)Calcium:Ca2+
Calciumbridgebetweenphospholipidsand proteinsinthemembranes Cofactorforsomeenzymes(膜ATPase) HydrolysisofATPandphospholipids Secondarymessengerinmetabolicregulation
CaM(Calmodulin鈣調(diào)蛋白) Ca2+-CaMcomplex Photosynthesis(oxygenevolvingcomplexcontainscalcium)
Cofactorformanyenzymes Phosphatetransfer (磷酸變位酶,磷酸激酶) DNAandRNAsynthesisDeficiencyinMg:
ChlorosisbetweentheleafveinsPrematureleafabscissionOlderparts(mobile)Magnesium:Mg2+ChlorophyllSulfur:Sulfur:Sulfur:Kawah
IjencraterSulfur:Sulfur:Sulfur:
Proteins:cysteine/cystine;methionine
CoA Synthesisofaminoacids,lipidsandsugars
Fe?Sprotein,GSSG/GSH(谷胱甘肽)
Redoxreactions(氧化還原反應(yīng))
reductionoxidation
DeficiencyinS:
ChlorosisPlantgrowthinhibitedFormationofanthocyaninSulfur:SO42-Simultaneouslyinallleaves(immobile)Depositedasamorphous(無定形)silica(SiO2.H2O)incellwallsCellwallmechanicalproperties:rigidityandelasticityDeficiencyinSi:Susceptibletolodging(fallingover)SusceptibletofungalinfectionNitrogen---NPhosphorus---PPotassium---KCalcium---CaMagnesium---MgSulfur---SSilicon---SiMacronutrientsSilicon:H4SiO4Micronutrients:
Fe、Mn、B、Cu、Zn、Mo、Cl
、Ni、Na
Redoxreactions
Cytochromes
Nonhemeironproteins(非血紅鐵蛋白)
Photosynthesis,N2fixationandrespiration Chloroplaststructure:chlorophyll-proteincomplexesDeficiencyinFe:
Chlorosis:intervenousYoungerleaves(immobile)Iron:Fe3+/Fe2+
Requiredforenzymesin
GlycolysisandTCA:respiration Nitratereduction:nitratereductase PhotosyntheticO2evolution:photosynthesis Chloroplaststructure:photosynthesisDeficiencyinMn:
Chlorosis:intervenous,smallnecroticspotsManganese:Normal
Sugartransportation:B-sugarcomplex Requiredforplantreproduction(生殖): highestinflower pollen(花粉)germination Inhibitformationoftoxicphenolic(酚)compounds Complexeswithconstituentsofcellwalls(mannan) Cellelongation NucleicacidmetabolismDeficiencyinB:Blacknecrosis:youngleavesandterminalbudsLossofapicaldominance:highlybranchedBoron:
Componentofsomeproteins(includingenzymes)
Plastocyanin(質(zhì)體藍(lán)素):photosynthesis
Cytochrome
oxidase:respiration Ascorbicacidoxidase(抗壞血酸氧化酶):respiration
CuZn-SOD
EthelenereceptorDeficiencyinCu:Darkgreenleaves:withnecroticspotsCopper:Componentofglutamic
dehydrogenase(谷氨酸脫氫酶) SynthesisofIAA(生長素,吲哚乙酸)RequiredforsynthesisofchlorophyllDeficiencyinZn:Reductionininternodalgrowth:rosette(蓮座)habitChlorosis:withwhitenecroticspotsZinc:
Componentofnitrogenase(固氮酶),nitratereductase NitrogenmetablismDeficiencyinMo:GeneralchlorosisbetweenveinsNecrosisofolderleaves Requiredforthe PhotosyntheticreactionsinvolvedinO2evolution Celldivision:rootandleafDeficiencyinCl:Leaf:wiltingofthetip,chlorosis,necrosis,bronzingRoot:stuntedandthickenednearthetipsMolybdenum:Chlorine:
Componentofurease(脲酶),hydrogenase(bacteria) NitrogenmetablismDeficiencyinNi:Leaftipnecrosis:accumulationofurea RegenerationofPEP:C4andCAMplants Photosynthesis SubstitutesforpotassiuminsomefunctionsDeficiencyinNa:
ChlorosisandnecrosisFailtoformflowersNickel:Sodium:
Iron---FeManganese---MnBoron---BCopper---CuZinc---ZnMolybdenum---MoChlorine---ClNickel---NiSodium---NaMicronutrients
Group1:partofcarboncompounds N;SGroup2:importantinenergystorageorstructuralintegrity P;Si;BGroup3:remaininionicform K;Ca;Mg;Cl;Mn;NaGroup4:involvedinredoxreactions Fe;Zn;Cu;Ni;MoSummaryoffunctionsofessentialmineralelementsToxicityofhighconcentrationofsomemineralelements?Chlorosis:Mobileorimmobile?N;Mg;S;Fe;Mn;Zn;Mo;Cl;Na-Si?-Ni?-Na?TomatoMaizeTobeaplantdoctor?Back2.2AbsorptionofmineralsbyindividualplantcellTransmembraneabsorptionActiveabsorption
Passiveabsorption
Pinocytosis(胞飲作用)2.2.1PassiveabsorptioninthedirectionofelectrochemicalpotentialgradientChemical
potentialConcentrationgradientElectricalgradientK+K+K+inthedirectionofelectrochemicalpotentialgradientnoextraenergyisrequired2.2.1.1SimplediffusionSimplediffusion2.2.1.2Facilitateddiffusion(協(xié)助擴(kuò)散/易化擴(kuò)散)Channelproteinandcarrierfacilitatedbywhat?FacilitateddiffusionInnersurfacechargedWaterConformationalchangeChannelprotein,ionchannelChannelPassiveNoporesBindingsite:highlyselective,saturationeffectConformationalchangeintheproteinRate:slowerthanachannelPassiveoractive(moreoften)outsideofcellcytoplasmCarriertransporter,porter,permease,penetrase,transportenzymeHypotheticalstepsofprimaryactivetransporter(pump)H+,Ca2+,……2.2.2Activeabsorptionagainstgradient,extraenergyrequired,carrierrequiredH+-ATPase:ProtonpumpplasmamembranetonoplastH+:chemicalpotentialgradientH+:electricalgradientProtonmotiveforce:pmf質(zhì)子動力勢Ca2+-ATPase:CalciumpumpPumpsareprimaryactivetransporterH+:chemicalpotentialgradientH+:electricalgradientProtonmotiveforce:pmfGobacktendencyCotransport:sometransportcancouplewithprimaryactivetransportH+H+H+H+H+H+H+H+H+H+H+反向轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn):differentdirectionasprotonback同向轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn):samedirectionasprotonbackPMFAAAAAABBBBBBAABBThreetypesofcarrierUniportcarrier(單向運(yùn)輸載體):passiveoractiveSymportcarrier(同向運(yùn)輸載體):activeAntiportcarrier(反向運(yùn)輸載體):active保衛(wèi)細(xì)胞的質(zhì)膜上具有光活化H+泵ATP酶(light-activatedH+-pumpingATPase)Day:光合磷酸化產(chǎn)生ATP,在分泌H+到細(xì)胞壁的同時,把外邊的K+吸收到細(xì)胞中來,同時伴隨Cl-的進(jìn)入,水勢降低,水分進(jìn)入保衛(wèi)細(xì)胞,氣孔張開;InorganicionuptaketheorySmyportorantiport?2.2.3Pinocytosis(胞飲作用)Drink/swallow;noselectivityNa+,K+…Na+,K+…SummarysimplediffusionfacilitateddiffusionBack2.3Absorptionofmineralsbywholeplant2.3.1SiteRoothairzoneFoliaapplication葉面施肥2.3.2ProcessesbyrootCation(陽離子)exchangeonthesurfaceofsoilparticles(fromparticlestosoilsolution)Soilsolution
2.Ionsareadsorbedonthesurfaceofroots(fromsoilsolutiontorootsurface) CO2+H2OH2CO3H++HCO3-Exchangeadsorption3.Fromrootsurfacetotheparenchyma(薄壁細(xì)胞)ofxylem:aswaterabsorption(symplastandapoplast)Mechanismofrootpressure?solutesΨwselectivelypermeableendodermis+activeabsorptionofsolutes4.Fromparenchymatoconductingcellsofxylem(xylemloading木質(zhì)部裝載)passivediffusion,butmostlyactiveprocesses2.3.3Processesbyleaf(folianutrition) Stomata?Cuticularlayer:gaps“植保素”;“葉面寶”;“噴施寶”等2.3.4Characteristicsofmineralabsorptionbyroots(Rate)differentfromwaterabsorptionSelectiveabsorption differentionsinonesolution
cation(陽離子)andanion(陰離子)ofasaltPhysiologicallyacidsalt: (NH4)2SO4:NH4+>SO4–Physiologicallyalkalinesalt: NaNO3:NO3->Na
+Physiologicallyneutralsalt: NH4NO3:NH4+=NO3-
Toxicityofsinglesalt(單鹽毒害) Ionantagonism(離子拮抗)
Balancedsolution(平衡溶液):Hoagland
TemperatureAirconditionsConcentrationofsolutions:amountofcarrierspHofsoilsolutionsProteinsinthecell:+or–Solubilityofions:acid↑(P,K,Ca,Mg;Al,Fe,Mn)
alkalic↓(Fe,P,Ca,Mg,Cu,Zn)ActivitiesofmicroorganismpH6-7Back2.3.4Factorsinfluencingmineralabsorptionbyrootslosttoxic2.4Assimilation(同化)ofmineralnutrients2.4.1Nitrate(硝酸鹽)assimilation(Absorbed)NO3------NO2---------
NH3(+5)(-3)MetabolicreductionNitratereductase:FAD,Cytb557,MoCo Induced/adaptiveenzymeNAD(P)HFADCytb557
MoCo
NO3-(+3)
NO3-
NO2-(Nitrite,亞硝酸鹽)NO2-
NH3Nitritereductase:chloroplastsinleaves西羅血紅素2.4.2AmmoniumassimilationAbsorbedNH4+NO3-NH3Aminoacids
Reducedamination(還原氨基化)
NH3+酮酸=氨基酸
Transamination(氨基交換作用)
氨基酸1+酮酸2=氨基酸2+酮酸1
FormationofasparagineandglutamineNH3+aspartate/glutamate=asparagine/glutamine2.4.3BiologicalnitrogenfixationIndustrial:Natural:lightning biological(nitrogenfixationmicroorganism
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