植物生理學(xué) 英文課件 Chapter 2 Mineral nutrition of plants學(xué)習(xí)資料_第1頁
植物生理學(xué) 英文課件 Chapter 2 Mineral nutrition of plants學(xué)習(xí)資料_第2頁
植物生理學(xué) 英文課件 Chapter 2 Mineral nutrition of plants學(xué)習(xí)資料_第3頁
植物生理學(xué) 英文課件 Chapter 2 Mineral nutrition of plants學(xué)習(xí)資料_第4頁
植物生理學(xué) 英文課件 Chapter 2 Mineral nutrition of plants學(xué)習(xí)資料_第5頁
已閱讀5頁,還剩68頁未讀 繼續(xù)免費(fèi)閱讀

下載本文檔

版權(quán)說明:本文檔由用戶提供并上傳,收益歸屬內(nèi)容提供方,若內(nèi)容存在侵權(quán),請進(jìn)行舉報或認(rèn)領(lǐng)

文檔簡介

植物的營養(yǎng)問題(NutritionofPlant)

土壤營養(yǎng):Water、Mineralelements

空氣營養(yǎng):Photosynthesis

(光合作用)收多收少在于肥!Chapter2MineralNutritionofPlants

2.1Theimportanceofessentialmineralsinplants

收多收少在于肥

2.2

Absorptionofmineralsbyindividualplantcell2.3

Absorptionofmineralsbywholeplant2.4

Assimilationofmineralnutrients2.5

Mineraltransportationinplantbody2.6

Physiologicalbasisoffertilizing2.1Theimportanceofessentialmineralsinplants2.1.1Elementsinplantbody(植物體內(nèi)的元素)PlantbodyWater(10-95%)Drysubstances(5-90%)burnC,H,O,NAshelementsP、K、Ca、Mg、S、Fe、Mn、B、Cu、Zn、Mo、Cl、Si、Al、Na、F、Br、Li、Ba、Co、I、Hgetc.(morethan60)NMineralelements2.1.2Essentialelementsofplants

SoilcultureSandcultureSolutionculture/Waterculture/HydroponicsWhatisanessentialelement?Howtodetermine?DeleteoraddOnethathasaclearanddirectphysiologicalrole,ifabsent,therewillbeuniquedeficienciesorplantdisordersOnewhoseabsencepreventsaplantfromcompletingitslifecycle

Macronutrients(10)

C、H、O、N、P、K、Ca、Mg、S、SiMicronutrients(9)Fe、Mn、B、Cu、Zn、Mo、Cl、Ni、NaEssentialelements:19Essentialmineralelements:15Future:more?Solutionculture:Hoaglandsolution2.1.3PhysiologicalfunctionsofessentialelementsMacronutrients:

C、H、O、N、P、K、Ca、Mg、S、Si

Nitrogen:inorganicN(NH4+;NO3-);organicN(Urea)

Aminoacids;Amides;Proteins(Enzymes,……) Nucleicacids;Nucleotides(ATP) Coenzymes[NAD(P)H] Phospholipids ChlorophyllVitamins(VB1、B2、B6、PP)Planthormones(IAA,KT)

DeficiencyinN: Plantgrowthinhibited

Chlorosis(缺綠):olderleaves Purplecoloration:formationofanthocyanin

(花青素)Olderparts(mobile)

Phospholipids Nucleicacids;Nucleotides(ATP,FMN,FAD) Sugarphosphates(Respiration,Photosynthesis)

Phyticacid(植酸,肌醇六磷酸) Coenzymes(NAD+=CoI,NADP+=CoII,CoA)

DeficiencyinP: Stunted(受妨礙的)growth:youngplants Darkgreencolorationoftheleaves(necroticspots) Purplecoloration:formationofanthocyanin(花青素) Maturation:delayedOlderparts(mobile)Phosphorus:PO43-

Cofactorformorethan40enzymesin Respiration Proteinsynthesis Nucleicacidsynthesis Synthesisandtransportationofsugars Tuber/Stemtuber Establishingcellturgor:osmotic;stomata;drought Maintainingcellelectro-neutrality(電中性)DeficiencyinK:Mottled(斑駁)ormarginal(邊緣)chlorosis;necrosisStem:slender(苗條)

andweakOlderparts(mobile)Potassium:K+

Middlelamellaofcellwalls(果膠鈣)DeficiencyinCa: Necrosisofyoungmeristematicregions tipsofroots/youngleavesYoungerparts(immobile)Calcium:Ca2+

Calciumbridgebetweenphospholipidsand proteinsinthemembranes Cofactorforsomeenzymes(膜ATPase) HydrolysisofATPandphospholipids Secondarymessengerinmetabolicregulation

CaM(Calmodulin鈣調(diào)蛋白) Ca2+-CaMcomplex Photosynthesis(oxygenevolvingcomplexcontainscalcium)

Cofactorformanyenzymes Phosphatetransfer (磷酸變位酶,磷酸激酶) DNAandRNAsynthesisDeficiencyinMg:

ChlorosisbetweentheleafveinsPrematureleafabscissionOlderparts(mobile)Magnesium:Mg2+ChlorophyllSulfur:Sulfur:Sulfur:Kawah

IjencraterSulfur:Sulfur:Sulfur:

Proteins:cysteine/cystine;methionine

CoA Synthesisofaminoacids,lipidsandsugars

Fe?Sprotein,GSSG/GSH(谷胱甘肽)

Redoxreactions(氧化還原反應(yīng))

reductionoxidation

DeficiencyinS:

ChlorosisPlantgrowthinhibitedFormationofanthocyaninSulfur:SO42-Simultaneouslyinallleaves(immobile)Depositedasamorphous(無定形)silica(SiO2.H2O)incellwallsCellwallmechanicalproperties:rigidityandelasticityDeficiencyinSi:Susceptibletolodging(fallingover)SusceptibletofungalinfectionNitrogen---NPhosphorus---PPotassium---KCalcium---CaMagnesium---MgSulfur---SSilicon---SiMacronutrientsSilicon:H4SiO4Micronutrients:

Fe、Mn、B、Cu、Zn、Mo、Cl

、Ni、Na

Redoxreactions

Cytochromes

Nonhemeironproteins(非血紅鐵蛋白)

Photosynthesis,N2fixationandrespiration Chloroplaststructure:chlorophyll-proteincomplexesDeficiencyinFe:

Chlorosis:intervenousYoungerleaves(immobile)Iron:Fe3+/Fe2+

Requiredforenzymesin

GlycolysisandTCA:respiration Nitratereduction:nitratereductase PhotosyntheticO2evolution:photosynthesis Chloroplaststructure:photosynthesisDeficiencyinMn:

Chlorosis:intervenous,smallnecroticspotsManganese:Normal

Sugartransportation:B-sugarcomplex Requiredforplantreproduction(生殖): highestinflower pollen(花粉)germination Inhibitformationoftoxicphenolic(酚)compounds Complexeswithconstituentsofcellwalls(mannan) Cellelongation NucleicacidmetabolismDeficiencyinB:Blacknecrosis:youngleavesandterminalbudsLossofapicaldominance:highlybranchedBoron:

Componentofsomeproteins(includingenzymes)

Plastocyanin(質(zhì)體藍(lán)素):photosynthesis

Cytochrome

oxidase:respiration Ascorbicacidoxidase(抗壞血酸氧化酶):respiration

CuZn-SOD

EthelenereceptorDeficiencyinCu:Darkgreenleaves:withnecroticspotsCopper:Componentofglutamic

dehydrogenase(谷氨酸脫氫酶) SynthesisofIAA(生長素,吲哚乙酸)RequiredforsynthesisofchlorophyllDeficiencyinZn:Reductionininternodalgrowth:rosette(蓮座)habitChlorosis:withwhitenecroticspotsZinc:

Componentofnitrogenase(固氮酶),nitratereductase NitrogenmetablismDeficiencyinMo:GeneralchlorosisbetweenveinsNecrosisofolderleaves Requiredforthe PhotosyntheticreactionsinvolvedinO2evolution Celldivision:rootandleafDeficiencyinCl:Leaf:wiltingofthetip,chlorosis,necrosis,bronzingRoot:stuntedandthickenednearthetipsMolybdenum:Chlorine:

Componentofurease(脲酶),hydrogenase(bacteria) NitrogenmetablismDeficiencyinNi:Leaftipnecrosis:accumulationofurea RegenerationofPEP:C4andCAMplants Photosynthesis SubstitutesforpotassiuminsomefunctionsDeficiencyinNa:

ChlorosisandnecrosisFailtoformflowersNickel:Sodium:

Iron---FeManganese---MnBoron---BCopper---CuZinc---ZnMolybdenum---MoChlorine---ClNickel---NiSodium---NaMicronutrients

Group1:partofcarboncompounds N;SGroup2:importantinenergystorageorstructuralintegrity P;Si;BGroup3:remaininionicform K;Ca;Mg;Cl;Mn;NaGroup4:involvedinredoxreactions Fe;Zn;Cu;Ni;MoSummaryoffunctionsofessentialmineralelementsToxicityofhighconcentrationofsomemineralelements?Chlorosis:Mobileorimmobile?N;Mg;S;Fe;Mn;Zn;Mo;Cl;Na-Si?-Ni?-Na?TomatoMaizeTobeaplantdoctor?Back2.2AbsorptionofmineralsbyindividualplantcellTransmembraneabsorptionActiveabsorption

Passiveabsorption

Pinocytosis(胞飲作用)2.2.1PassiveabsorptioninthedirectionofelectrochemicalpotentialgradientChemical

potentialConcentrationgradientElectricalgradientK+K+K+inthedirectionofelectrochemicalpotentialgradientnoextraenergyisrequired2.2.1.1SimplediffusionSimplediffusion2.2.1.2Facilitateddiffusion(協(xié)助擴(kuò)散/易化擴(kuò)散)Channelproteinandcarrierfacilitatedbywhat?FacilitateddiffusionInnersurfacechargedWaterConformationalchangeChannelprotein,ionchannelChannelPassiveNoporesBindingsite:highlyselective,saturationeffectConformationalchangeintheproteinRate:slowerthanachannelPassiveoractive(moreoften)outsideofcellcytoplasmCarriertransporter,porter,permease,penetrase,transportenzymeHypotheticalstepsofprimaryactivetransporter(pump)H+,Ca2+,……2.2.2Activeabsorptionagainstgradient,extraenergyrequired,carrierrequiredH+-ATPase:ProtonpumpplasmamembranetonoplastH+:chemicalpotentialgradientH+:electricalgradientProtonmotiveforce:pmf質(zhì)子動力勢Ca2+-ATPase:CalciumpumpPumpsareprimaryactivetransporterH+:chemicalpotentialgradientH+:electricalgradientProtonmotiveforce:pmfGobacktendencyCotransport:sometransportcancouplewithprimaryactivetransportH+H+H+H+H+H+H+H+H+H+H+反向轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn):differentdirectionasprotonback同向轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn):samedirectionasprotonbackPMFAAAAAABBBBBBAABBThreetypesofcarrierUniportcarrier(單向運(yùn)輸載體):passiveoractiveSymportcarrier(同向運(yùn)輸載體):activeAntiportcarrier(反向運(yùn)輸載體):active保衛(wèi)細(xì)胞的質(zhì)膜上具有光活化H+泵ATP酶(light-activatedH+-pumpingATPase)Day:光合磷酸化產(chǎn)生ATP,在分泌H+到細(xì)胞壁的同時,把外邊的K+吸收到細(xì)胞中來,同時伴隨Cl-的進(jìn)入,水勢降低,水分進(jìn)入保衛(wèi)細(xì)胞,氣孔張開;InorganicionuptaketheorySmyportorantiport?2.2.3Pinocytosis(胞飲作用)Drink/swallow;noselectivityNa+,K+…Na+,K+…SummarysimplediffusionfacilitateddiffusionBack2.3Absorptionofmineralsbywholeplant2.3.1SiteRoothairzoneFoliaapplication葉面施肥2.3.2ProcessesbyrootCation(陽離子)exchangeonthesurfaceofsoilparticles(fromparticlestosoilsolution)Soilsolution

2.Ionsareadsorbedonthesurfaceofroots(fromsoilsolutiontorootsurface) CO2+H2OH2CO3H++HCO3-Exchangeadsorption3.Fromrootsurfacetotheparenchyma(薄壁細(xì)胞)ofxylem:aswaterabsorption(symplastandapoplast)Mechanismofrootpressure?solutesΨwselectivelypermeableendodermis+activeabsorptionofsolutes4.Fromparenchymatoconductingcellsofxylem(xylemloading木質(zhì)部裝載)passivediffusion,butmostlyactiveprocesses2.3.3Processesbyleaf(folianutrition) Stomata?Cuticularlayer:gaps“植保素”;“葉面寶”;“噴施寶”等2.3.4Characteristicsofmineralabsorptionbyroots(Rate)differentfromwaterabsorptionSelectiveabsorption differentionsinonesolution

cation(陽離子)andanion(陰離子)ofasaltPhysiologicallyacidsalt: (NH4)2SO4:NH4+>SO4–Physiologicallyalkalinesalt: NaNO3:NO3->Na

+Physiologicallyneutralsalt: NH4NO3:NH4+=NO3-

Toxicityofsinglesalt(單鹽毒害) Ionantagonism(離子拮抗)

Balancedsolution(平衡溶液):Hoagland

TemperatureAirconditionsConcentrationofsolutions:amountofcarrierspHofsoilsolutionsProteinsinthecell:+or–Solubilityofions:acid↑(P,K,Ca,Mg;Al,Fe,Mn)

alkalic↓(Fe,P,Ca,Mg,Cu,Zn)ActivitiesofmicroorganismpH6-7Back2.3.4Factorsinfluencingmineralabsorptionbyrootslosttoxic2.4Assimilation(同化)ofmineralnutrients2.4.1Nitrate(硝酸鹽)assimilation(Absorbed)NO3------NO2---------

NH3(+5)(-3)MetabolicreductionNitratereductase:FAD,Cytb557,MoCo Induced/adaptiveenzymeNAD(P)HFADCytb557

MoCo

NO3-(+3)

NO3-

NO2-(Nitrite,亞硝酸鹽)NO2-

NH3Nitritereductase:chloroplastsinleaves西羅血紅素2.4.2AmmoniumassimilationAbsorbedNH4+NO3-NH3Aminoacids

Reducedamination(還原氨基化)

NH3+酮酸=氨基酸

Transamination(氨基交換作用)

氨基酸1+酮酸2=氨基酸2+酮酸1

FormationofasparagineandglutamineNH3+aspartate/glutamate=asparagine/glutamine2.4.3BiologicalnitrogenfixationIndustrial:Natural:lightning biological(nitrogenfixationmicroorganism

溫馨提示

  • 1. 本站所有資源如無特殊說明,都需要本地電腦安裝OFFICE2007和PDF閱讀器。圖紙軟件為CAD,CAXA,PROE,UG,SolidWorks等.壓縮文件請下載最新的WinRAR軟件解壓。
  • 2. 本站的文檔不包含任何第三方提供的附件圖紙等,如果需要附件,請聯(lián)系上傳者。文件的所有權(quán)益歸上傳用戶所有。
  • 3. 本站RAR壓縮包中若帶圖紙,網(wǎng)頁內(nèi)容里面會有圖紙預(yù)覽,若沒有圖紙預(yù)覽就沒有圖紙。
  • 4. 未經(jīng)權(quán)益所有人同意不得將文件中的內(nèi)容挪作商業(yè)或盈利用途。
  • 5. 人人文庫網(wǎng)僅提供信息存儲空間,僅對用戶上傳內(nèi)容的表現(xiàn)方式做保護(hù)處理,對用戶上傳分享的文檔內(nèi)容本身不做任何修改或編輯,并不能對任何下載內(nèi)容負(fù)責(zé)。
  • 6. 下載文件中如有侵權(quán)或不適當(dāng)內(nèi)容,請與我們聯(lián)系,我們立即糾正。
  • 7. 本站不保證下載資源的準(zhǔn)確性、安全性和完整性, 同時也不承擔(dān)用戶因使用這些下載資源對自己和他人造成任何形式的傷害或損失。

評論

0/150

提交評論