大題03閱讀理解說(shuō)明文

》明考情-為方向反_______.

歷年考情

說(shuō)明文閱讀理解一般作為全國(guó)卷閱談理解中的CD篇，主要分為兩種類(lèi)型：實(shí)驗(yàn)研究和介紹說(shuō)明型。說(shuō)

明文是對(duì)事物的形狀，性質(zhì)，特征，成果或公用等進(jìn)行介紹，解釋或闡述的文章，把我所說(shuō)明事物的特征

和本質(zhì)是理解說(shuō)明文的關(guān)鍵，說(shuō)明事物特征的方法很多，主要有定義法，解釋法，比較法，比喻法，數(shù)字法,

圖標(biāo)法，引用法和距離法等。說(shuō)明文的特點(diǎn)是客觀、簡(jiǎn)潔、準(zhǔn)確、清晰，文章很少表達(dá)作者的情感傾向。

閱讀說(shuō)明文的重點(diǎn)在于讀懂它說(shuō)明的事物或事理，了解事物的性質(zhì)、結(jié)構(gòu)、形成原因、功能；了解事物的

意義和特征等。

命題規(guī)律

說(shuō)明文所選材料題材豐富多樣，涉及社會(huì)、科技、文化、生活、人物、教育、生態(tài)、安全等方面。在

高考英語(yǔ)閱讀理解中，說(shuō)明文所占比重尤為突出。它既要求考生能熟練運(yùn)用詞匯和語(yǔ)法知識(shí)、理解文章語(yǔ)句、

把握語(yǔ)篇整體結(jié)構(gòu)，還要求學(xué)生有大量的閱讀積淀和知識(shí)儲(chǔ)備，熟悉不同的話(huà)題和不同的題目考查方式。

即便是細(xì)節(jié)理解題，大多數(shù)情況下考生也無(wú)法從文章中直接找到與選項(xiàng)表述完全一致的信息，而是需要在

理解文章細(xì)節(jié)信息后作出歸納和判斷。通常一套卷中主旨大意、詞義猜測(cè)、寫(xiě)作意圖/觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度類(lèi)高難度試

題的考查數(shù)量為2道左右，說(shuō)明文考查此類(lèi)題目的頻率較高，且命題點(diǎn)呈多樣化。

考向預(yù)測(cè)

預(yù)測(cè)2025年高考說(shuō)明文閱讀理解試題難度會(huì)保持相對(duì)穩(wěn)定，主要考查題型仍然為細(xì)節(jié)理解題和推理判

斷題為主，主旨大意題和詞義猜測(cè)題為輔。

參研大題-梃能力》

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SWI?啊*)_血網(wǎng)：

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UlilBihtMMftthmakJ

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ffflU疑物期鼬宿都跳防I蹄施酈目缸

我附林s遨能義

(<<5tt?vir.)J—UtotstbtBMpqMMetftkctni?

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HUdtidtbniMiBiriMtkeiniMgt?

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1/39

球

[2024全國(guó)甲卷】Animalscanexpresstheirneedsusingalotofways.Forinstance,almostallanimalshave

distinctvocals（聲音）thattheyrelyontoeitheraskforhelp,scareawayanydangerousanimalsorlookfor

shelter.Butcatsarespecialcreatureswhopossessamazingvocalizationskills.Theyareabletohaveentire

conversationswithhumansusingmeowsandyou'reabletointerpretit.Ifapetcatishungry,itwillkeepmeowing

toattractattentionandfindfood.However,whenacatislookingforaffection,theytendtoproducestretchedand

softmeows.Meowingstartsassoonasababycatisbroughttolifeandusesittogetthemother'sattentionandbe

fed.

Catshavemanyheightenedsenses,buttheirsenseofsmellisquiteimpressive.Theyusetheirnosestoassess

theirenvironmentandlookoutforanysignsofdanger.Theywillsniffoutspecificareasbeforetheychooseaplace

torelax.However,anotherwaythecatsareabletodistinguishbetweensituationsisbylookingforfamiliarsmells.

Yourcatwilllikelysmellyourfaceandstorethesmellinitsmemoryanduseittorecognizeyouinthefuture.

That*swhymostpetcatsareabletotellimmediatelyiftheirownerswerearoundanyothercats,whichtheydon't

usuallylike.

Dogsareknownfortheirimpressivefetchinghabit,butcatstakethisbehaviorupanotch.Manycatswillfind

randomobjectsoutsideandbringthemtotheirowners.Thisisaveryoldhabitthat'sbeenpresentinallkindsof

predators（食肉動(dòng)物）.Catsbringgiftsfortheirownerstoshowtheyloveyou.Theseadorablelittlehuntersarejust

doingsomethingthatit'sbeenintheirnaturesincethebeginningoftime.Sojustgoalongwithit!

4.Whatcanbelearnedaboutcats*meowingfromthefirstparagraph?

A.It'sasurvivalskill.B.It'staughtbymothercats.

C.It'shardtointerpret.D.It*sgettinglouderwithage.

5.Howdoesapetcatassessdifferentsituations?

A.Bylisteningforsounds.B.Bytouchingfamiliarobjects.

C.Bycheckingonsmells.D.Bycommunicatingwithothercats.

6.Whichbestexplainsthephrase"take...upnotch"inparagraph3?

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A.Performappropriately.B.Movefaster.C.Actstrangely.D.Dobetter.

7.Whatisasuitabletitleforthetext?

A.TipsonFindingaSmartCatB.UnderstandingYourCat*sBehavior

C.HaveFunw汕YourCatD.HowtoKeepYourCatHealthy

【答案】4.A5,C6.D7,B

【解析】

【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文。文章主要介紹了貓通過(guò)叫聲、嗅覺(jué)和帶回禮物來(lái)表達(dá)需求、評(píng)估環(huán)境和展示

愛(ài)意。

【4題詳解】

細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第~■段“Animalscanexpresstheirneedsusingalotofways.Forinstance,almostallanimals

havedistinctvocals（聲音）thattheyrelyontoeitheraskforhelp,scareawayanydangerousanimalsorlookfor

shelter.（動(dòng)物可以用很多方式來(lái)表達(dá)他們的需求。例如，幾乎所有的動(dòng)物都有獨(dú)特的聲音，它們依靠這些聲

音來(lái)尋求幫助，嚇跑危險(xiǎn)的動(dòng)物或?qū)ふ冶幼o(hù)。）"和"Meowingstartsassoonasababycatisbroughttolifeand

usesittogetthemother'sattentionandbefed.（貓寶寶一出生就開(kāi)始口苗嘀叫，口苗口苗叫是為了引起媽媽的注意和

被喂食。廠(chǎng)可知，貓叫聲是一種生存技能。故選A。

【5題詳解】

細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段“Catshavemanyheightenedsenses,buttheirsenseofsmellisquiteimpressive.Theyuse

theirnosestoassesstheirenvironmentandlookoutforanysignsofdanger.（貓有許多敏銳的感官，但它們的嗅

覺(jué)令人印象深刻。它們用鼻子來(lái)評(píng)估周?chē)沫h(huán)境，尋找任何危險(xiǎn)的跡象。）”可知，寵物貓通過(guò)檢查氣味來(lái)評(píng)

估不同情況。故選C。

【6題詳解】

詞句猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)第三段劃線(xiàn)詞前半句"Dogsareknownfortheirimpressivefetchinghabit,（狗以其令人印象

深亥!I的抓取習(xí)慣而聞名）”和后句"Manycatswillfindrandomobjectsoutsideandbringthemtotheirowners.（許

多貓會(huì)在外面隨意找到一些東西，并把它們帶給主人。廣可知，狗以取回東西而聞名，但貓可以從外邊找到

東西帶回來(lái)，因此在這一行為上更上一層樓。短語(yǔ)take...upanotch是用來(lái)形容貓?jiān)趲Щ貣|西這一行為上做

得更好或更出色。故選D。

【7題詳解】

主旨大意題。根據(jù)第一段“Animalscanexpresstheirneedsusingalotofways.（動(dòng)物可以用很多方式來(lái)表達(dá)他

們的需求。）”及全文可知，文章都在介紹和解釋貓的各種行為方式，包括叫聲、嗅覺(jué)和帶回禮物的習(xí)慣，以

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及這些行為背后的原因和意義。所以“UnderstandingYourCafsBehavior（T解你的貓的行為）”作文文章標(biāo)題最

為合適。故選B。

說(shuō)明文閱讀量大，生僻詞匯多，句式結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜，這就需要考生有方法有技巧地去閱讀。一般我們采用

?的方法有三個(gè)：細(xì)讀、略讀和跳讀。

I（1）細(xì)讀重點(diǎn)。重點(diǎn)，就原文而言，就是文章的基本結(jié)構(gòu)、內(nèi)容和態(tài)度；就答題而言，就

?是問(wèn)題所對(duì)應(yīng)的題源句。以這個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來(lái)衡量，需要重點(diǎn)閱讀的原文詞句就不會(huì)很多。

'宏觀方面：文章結(jié)構(gòu)；文章主題句；各段首末句；體現(xiàn)作者觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度的詞句。

?微觀方面：有轉(zhuǎn)折處；重要標(biāo)點(diǎn)；句子主干。

（2）有選擇地略讀或跳讀。在快速瀏覽了題干，初步把握了文章大意及結(jié)構(gòu)的基礎(chǔ)上，可大膽進(jìn)行略讀

|或跳讀，這樣不但可以加快閱讀速度，還更容易總體把握全文。在閱讀中可略讀或跳讀的內(nèi)容包括：

j①繁瑣的例證。為了說(shuō)明問(wèn)題，作者可能會(huì)借用形象的例子，有時(shí)候會(huì)比較繁瑣，雖能說(shuō)明問(wèn)題，但需

?要讀者花很多時(shí)間去閱讀。如果例子所說(shuō)明的問(wèn)題不明了，可通過(guò)略讀來(lái)理解；若例子所說(shuō)明的問(wèn)題比較

[明了，則例子部分可一帶而過(guò)。

[②并列多項(xiàng)列舉。有時(shí)許多功能相同的項(xiàng)目并列列舉，那么只讀其中一兩項(xiàng)即可，無(wú)需

|全讀。

!③無(wú)關(guān)大局的生僻詞匯。閱讀中經(jīng)常會(huì)遇到一些生詞，如果這些生詞對(duì)理解全文沒(méi)有影響或影響不大就

1可略過(guò)。

I?較長(zhǎng)的人名、地名。有許多較長(zhǎng)的表示人名、地名等的專(zhuān)有名詞，閱讀時(shí)可一掃而過(guò)或干脆用其首字

I母代替，不必試圖把整個(gè)專(zhuān)有名詞讀出來(lái)。

在略讀過(guò)程中，要特別注意對(duì)解題有重要意義的詞、句、段等，并將其儲(chǔ)存在大腦里，以免回頭再查

聲費(fèi)時(shí)費(fèi)力。

【2025屆河北省石家莊市第一中學(xué)高三下學(xué)期一模】Envisionafuturisticrooftopgardensoastutethatit

iscapableofdiscerningtheoptimalmomentstohoardwaterinanticipationofaridconditions,andwhentoexpel

watertoavertinundation.Now,suchintelligentroofsaretransitioningfromtherealmoffantasytorealityinthe

Netherlands.

Withasubstantialportionofthenationsituatedbelowsealevel,theNetherlandshaslongbeenacquainted

withtheperilsofflooding.Theadventofclimatechangehasusheredinaneraofmoreextrememeteorological

phenomena,includingtorrentialdownpoursandperiodsofdrought,compellingthecityofAmsterdamto

contemplatenovelstrategiesforself-preservation,anditiswithinthiscontextthatResilioemergesasapivotal

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player.

Aspertheassertionsontheirofficialwebsite,Resilioisengagedintheconstructionofblue-greenroofs

acrosstheexpanseofAmsterdam.Inconjunctionwiththelocalgovernmentalauthorities,fromtheyears2018

throughto2022,theyhaveinstalledspecializedroofingsystemsintheneighborhoodsofAmsterdamthataremost

vulnerabletotheravagesofflooddamage.

Theseroofsarecomposedofamultitudeofstrata.Paramountamongtheselayersisthewaterretentionlayer.

Duringepisodesofcopiousrainfall,thislayerservestoaccumulatetherainwaterthatwouldotherwiseinundatethe

streets,andintimesofdrought,itchannelsitsstoredwatertonourishthegardensituatedontheuppermostlayer.It

isthisparticularlayerthatdistinguishestheblue-greenroofsfromtheirconventionalgreencounterparts.Research

indicatesthatblue-greenroofspossessthecapacitytocaptureasmuchas97%ofextremerainfall,instarkcontrast

tothemere12%thatregulargreenroofscanretain.

However,whattrulysetsResilioroofsapartistheirsophisticatedsystems.Anarrayofblue-greenroofsare

interconnectedviaadigitalcommunicationnetwork,therebyenablingeachrooftobemanipulatedindependently,

respondingtothevolumeofwateramassedonthatspecificroofasthesituationdemands.Eachroofisalso

equippedwithavalvethatislinkedtoacomputerizedsystemknownastheDecisionSupportSystem(DSS).The

DSSinterfaceswithlocalweatherprognosticationstodeterminewhetherthevalveonaparticularroofshouldbe

opened,allowingwatertobedischargedinacontrolledandgradualmannerintotheseweragesystem,orwhetherit

shouldremainsealedtocollecttheimpendingrain.

TheseinnovationsarethehallmarksthatrenderResiliotrulyrevolutionary.Blue-greenroofsexemplifythat

theremediestothehazardsposedbyclimatechangenecessitateablendofcreativityandamultifacetedapproach,

operatingonvariouslevelstomitigatetheadverseeffectsofourchangingenvironment.

8.WhatmaydirectlyleadtothebuildingofResilioroofsinAmsterdam?

A.Theincreasingdisasters.B.Thecity5sfinancialsuffering.

C.Theever-risingsealevel.D.Thecity'sgeographicadvantage.

9.WhatdoweknowaboutthewaterretentionlayerofResilioroofs?

A.Theyareslowtodrought.B.Theyareabsolutelyperfect.

C.Theyserveadoublepurpose.D.Theycantrapsolarenergy.

10.WhatisthemainfunctionoftheDSSaccordingtothetext?

A.Tocollectweatherinformation.B.Tocontroltheuseofthevalve.

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C.Tohelpthesewersystemwork.D.Toconnectthedigitalnetwork.

11.Whatmightbethebesttitleofthispassage?

A.SmartroofsystemsbecomingarealityinAuckland

B.Resilioblue-greenroofsystemspreventingdisasters

C.Theworkingprincipleoftheblue-greenroofsystems

D.ThedifferencesbetweenResilioroofsandregulargreenroofs

【答案】8.A9.C10.B11.B

【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】這是一篇說(shuō)明文。文章主要介紹了荷蘭阿姆斯特丹的Resilio公司如何通過(guò)建設(shè)藍(lán)綠屋頂系統(tǒng)來(lái)應(yīng)

對(duì)氣候變化帶來(lái)的洪水和干旱問(wèn)題。

8.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中“Theadventofclimatechangehasusheredinaneraofmoreextreme

meteorologicalphenomena,includingtorrentialdownpoursandperiodsofdrought,compellingthecityof

Amsterdamtocontemplatenovelstrategiesforself-preservation,anditiswithinthiscontextthatResilioemerges

asapivotalplayer.（氣候變化的到來(lái)開(kāi)啟了一個(gè)更極端氣象現(xiàn)象的時(shí)代，包括暴雨和干旱期，迫使阿姆斯特丹

市考慮新的自我保護(hù)策略，Resilio在這一背景下成為關(guān)鍵角色）”可知，建造Resilio屋頂?shù)闹苯釉蚴侨找?/p>

增加的災(zāi)害。故選A項(xiàng)。

9.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段中"Duringepisodesofcopiousrainfall,thislayerservestoaccumulatetherainwater

thatwouldotherwiseinundatethestreets,andintimesofdrought,itchannelsitsstoredwatertonourishthegarden

situatedontheuppermostlayer.（在大量降雨期間，這一層會(huì)積聚本會(huì)淹沒(méi)街道的雨水，在干旱時(shí)期，它將儲(chǔ)

存的水引導(dǎo)到最上層的花園中）“可知，蓄水層具有雙重功能。故選C項(xiàng)。

10.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第五段中"TheDSSinterfaceswithlocalweatherprognosticationstodeterminewhetherthe

valveonaparticularroofshouldbeopened,allowingwatertobedischargedinacontrolledandgradualmanner

intotheseweragesystem,orwhetheritshouldremainsealedtocollecttheimpendingrain.（DSS與當(dāng)?shù)靥鞖忸A(yù)測(cè)

接口，以確定特定屋頂上的閥門(mén)是否應(yīng)該打開(kāi)，允許水以受控和漸進(jìn)的方式排放到下水道系統(tǒng)，或者是否

應(yīng)該保持密封以收集即將到來(lái)的雨水）”可知，DSS的主要功能是控制閥門(mén)的使用。故選B項(xiàng)。

11.主旨大意題。根據(jù)文章大意以及第一段“Envisionafuturisticrooftopgardensoastutethatitiscapableof

discerningtheoptimalmomentstohoardwaterinanticipationofaridconditions,andwhentoexpelwatertoavert

inundation.Now,suchintelligentroofsaretransitioningfromtherealmoffantasytorealityintheNetherlands.（設(shè)

想一個(gè)未來(lái)的屋頂花園，它是如此精明，能夠辨別出在干旱條件下儲(chǔ)存水的最佳時(shí)機(jī)，以及何時(shí)排水以避

免洪水泛濫。現(xiàn)在，在荷蘭，這種智能屋頂正從幻想變?yōu)楝F(xiàn)實(shí)）”可知，整篇文章都在介紹Resilio的藍(lán)綠屋

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頂系統(tǒng)如何防止災(zāi)害。文章詳細(xì)討論了這些屋頂?shù)慕Y(jié)構(gòu)、功能和創(chuàng)新之處。由此可知，B選項(xiàng)Resilioblue-green

roofsystemspreventingdisasters（防止災(zāi)害的彈性藍(lán)綠屋頂系統(tǒng)）適合作本文最佳標(biāo)題。故選B項(xiàng)。

Passage(1)

[2025屆河南省鄭州市中原區(qū)鄭州中學(xué)高三上學(xué)期12月模擬預(yù)測(cè)】Sadfishing,whichresearchers

definedintheJournalofAmericanCollegeHealthin2021,referstothetrendofexaggeratingpersonalstruggles

onlinetogeneratesympathy.Itcouldbeintheformofasadphoto,anominousquote,orapostwithafoggy

meaning.

Weallmaybeguiltyofpostingsomethingweakandemotionalonsocialmediafromtimetotime,whichisn'

tabadthing.Butpostingrepeatedlycouldbeasignofalargermentalhealthissueinteensoracryforhelp.

JournalistRebeccaReidcoinedthetermin2019afteraquestionableInstagrampostbyKendallJenner.In

thepost,Jennerdescribeda"painfulstruggle^^withacneandreceivedalargeamountofsympatheticresponses

fromherfollowers.However,itwaslaterrevealedthatherpostwasjustacomplicatedmarketingplotforher

skincarepartnershipwithProactiv,andReidlabeledherbehaviorassadfishing.

Expertssaysadfishingislikelyduetothefactthatachildorteenisstrugglingwithsomethingandwantsto

letothersknow.Inthesecases,theyoftendon'tfeeltheyhaveapersontheyfeelcomfortablewithtosharetheir

struggleswithsotheyturntothesocialmediaworld.A2023studyfoundthatteenswhoparticipatedinsadfishing

exhibitedsignsofanxietyanddepression,whilelowsocialsupportwasalargecontributingfactor.Researchers

alsofoundthatboysreported“highersadfishingtendencies^^thangirlsatage12,butthetrenddecreasedastheygot

older.Forgirls,thetrendincreasedwithage.

Researchersfoundthat,inmostcases,responsestosadfishingpostswerepositiveandhelpful.Butinsome

cases,therewerenegativeresponseswhichcouldleadtoincreasedstressoranxiety.t4Whenasocialmediapostis

unsuccessfulinseekingsympatheticresponses,itcanalsocausethepersonpostingittobemocked,"Dr.

Nissim-Matheiswarns."Especiallyifthepostisauthentic.^^Andwhileanyresponseissupportiveforachild/teen

whofeelsunseenandunheard,itmayopenthemuptoprivacyviolationsandviolentbehavior.

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28.Whafstheintentionofasocialmediauser'ssadfishing?

A.Toshareanopinion.B.Todemonstrateonlineskills.

C.Tomakeacomplaint.D.Tosatisfyanemotionalneed.

29.WhatcanweinferaboutJenner5sInstagramfollowers?

A.Theyhadlittleknowledgeofacne.

B.TheyhadtrustinProactiveproducts.

C.TheywereprobablymisledbyJenner9sstory.

D.Theywereencouragedbyonlineinformation.

30.Whatdoweknowaboutteenagers9sadfishingtrends?

A.Theypeakatage12forboys.B.Theydeclineafterage12forgirls.

C.Theygenerallydecreaseasoneages.D.Theydisappearbeforeone'sadulthood.

31.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“mocked“inthelastparagraphmean?

A.Calledon.B.Laughedat.C.Promoted.D.Supported.

【答案】28.D29.C30.A31.B

【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文。針對(duì)青少年在社交平臺(tái)上較為普遍的sadfishing這一現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行了分析探討。

28.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段"Sadfishing,whichresearchersdefinedintheJournalofAmericanCollegeHealth

in2021,referstothetrendofexaggeratingpersonalstrugglesonlinetogeneratesympathy.Itcouldbeintheform

ofasadphoto,anominousquote,orapostwithafoggymeaning.（研究人員在2021年的《美國(guó)大學(xué)健康雜志》

上定義了“Sadfishing"，指的是在網(wǎng)上夸大個(gè)人掙扎以獲得同情的趨勢(shì)。它可以是一張悲傷的照片，一句不

祥的名言，或者一篇意義模糊的帖子。）”可知，對(duì)于在社交平臺(tái)上發(fā)布sadfishing帖子的人來(lái)說(shuō)，他們的主

要目的就是激起其他網(wǎng)民對(duì)自己的同情，滿(mǎn)足自己情緒上的需求。故選D項(xiàng)。

29.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段“Inthepost,Jennerdescribeda""painfulstruggle^^withacneandreceivedalarge

amountofsympatheticresponsesfromherfollowers.However,itwaslaterrevealedthatherpostwasjusta

complicatedmarketingplotforherskincarepartnershipwithProactiv,andReidlabeledherbehaviorassadfishing.（

在帖子中，Jenner描述了與座瘡的“痛苦斗爭(zhēng)”，并得到了她的粉絲的大量同情回應(yīng)。然而，后來(lái)被揭露，她

的帖子只是一個(gè)復(fù)雜的營(yíng)銷(xiāo)陰謀，是她與Proactiv的護(hù)膚合作，里德稱(chēng)她的行為是sadfishing。）”可知，Jenner

發(fā)布的有關(guān)自己治療座瘡的虛假內(nèi)容收到了很多粉絲們的同情回復(fù)。由此可推斷，她的這些粉絲們很可能

被Jenner的故事誤導(dǎo)。故選C項(xiàng)。

30.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段“Researchersalsofoundthatboysreported'highersadfishingtendencies9thangirls

8/39

atage12,butthetrenddecreasedastheygotolder.（研究人員還發(fā)現(xiàn)，在12歲時(shí)，男孩比女孩有“更高的

sadfishing傾向”，但隨著年齡的增長(zhǎng)，這種趨勢(shì)會(huì)減弱。）”可知，根據(jù)調(diào)查，男孩在12歲時(shí)具有最高的sadfishing

傾向，然后此傾向會(huì)隨著年齡增長(zhǎng)逐漸減少。故選A項(xiàng)。

31.詞句猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)最后一段“Researchersfoundthat,inmostcases,responsestosadfishingpostswere

positiveandhelpful.Butinsomecases,therewerenegativeresponseswhichcouldleadtoincreasedstressor

anxiety."'Whenasocialmediapostisunsuccessfulinseekingsympatheticresponses,itcanalsocausetheperson

postingittobemocked,Dr.Nissim-Matheiswarns.（研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)，在大多數(shù)情況下，對(duì)sadfishing帖子的回

應(yīng)是積極和有益的。但在某些情況下，負(fù)面反應(yīng)可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致壓力或焦慮增加。尼西姆-馬蒂斯博士警告說(shuō)：“當(dāng)

一篇社交媒體帖子未能獲得同情回應(yīng)時(shí)，它也可能導(dǎo)致發(fā)帖者被mocked。可知，在大多數(shù)情況下，對(duì)

sadfishing帖子的回應(yīng)是積極和有益的，但當(dāng)一個(gè)帖子在社交平臺(tái)上不能帶來(lái)同情的回復(fù)時(shí)，會(huì)引起消極的

反應(yīng)，故推知，它的發(fā)布者可能會(huì)被嘲笑。由此可推斷，畫(huà)線(xiàn)詞與Laughedat意思一致。故選B項(xiàng)。

Passage（2）

【2025屆黑龍江省“六校聯(lián)盟”高三上學(xué)期聯(lián)合適應(yīng)性考試】EngineersatPrincetonUniversityhave

measuredthecoolingbenefitsofasimplesolutionforbeatingurbanheat:reflectingsunlightbackfromwhereit

camebyequippingbuildingwallsandroadwaysinurbancenterswithretroreflective（反光的）materials.

“Withclimatechangeandtheincreasingfrequencyandpersistenceofextremeheatevents,morepeoplein

theU.S.diefromextremeheatthanfromanyotherweather-relateddisaster-heatkillsmorethantornadoes,

tsunamis,andhurricanescombined,9,saidElieBou-Zeid,professorofcivilandenvironmentalengineering.

Severaltechnologieshavebeenraisedtofightagainsttheissueofurbanoverheating,includingcool

pavementsandroofcoatings.However,whensunlighthitsthesecoolingtechnologies,itcanbekickedbackinany

numberofdirectionsinsteadofinonefocuseddirection,whichmeansthathighlyreflectivematerialscouldhavean

oppositeresultifappliedbecausesunlightcouldbereflectedontotheground,walls,andeventhepassers-by.

""Actually,retroreflectivematerialsarealreadyusedintransportation,wheretheyarecommonlyfoundin

roadsignsandpainttoimprovenighttimevisibility,butanimportantquestionishowefficientwecanmakethem

andwhetherwecanengineerthemtohavetheperformanceswewant,^^saidJyotirmoyMandal,assistantprofessor

ofcivilandenvironmentalengineering.

Unlikecommonhighlyreflectivematerials,retroreflectorscanreflectincomingsunlightwithlimited

scattering（散射）.Consequently,mostsunlighthittingaretroreflectoronabuildingwallorcitystreetwouldbe

directedbackinthesamedirectionitcamefrom-andoutoftheurbancanyon.Inthisway,theretroreflectorscan

9/39

releasethesunlightthatwouldotherwisebestuckintheurbancanyonandexacerbatetheurbanoverheating

problem.

Ultimately,theywanttocreateasetofguidelinesforpolicymakers,planners,andmaterialsengineers.Ifyou'

reanurbanplanner,forexample,andyouknowthelatitudeofyourcity,thewidth-heightratioandthedirectionof

yourstreets,youcaneasilyusetheirresultstopickthesuitablesurfacesforapplyingtheseretroreflectivematerials

andestimatethecoolingbenefitsyoumightreceiveindoingso.

8.WhatmayElieBou-Zeidwarnpeopleofinparagraph2?

A.Thefrequencyofnaturaldisasters.B.Thieurgencyofkeepingpeoplecool.

C.Theunpredictabilityofclimatechange.D.Thenecessityoftemperaturemonitoring.

9.Whatisthelimitationofcurrentcoolingtechnologies?

A.Influenceuponthecity'sappearance.B.Disturbanceoftheviewofpasses-by.

C.Productionofsomethingpoisonoustohumans.D.Inabilitytocontrolthedirectionofreflectedlight.

10.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“exacerbate“inparagraph5probablymean?

A.Relieve.B.Cause.C.Intensify.D.Address.

11.Whatisprobablythefinalgoaloftheengineers?

A.Toincreaseurbangreenspaces.B.Topersonalizereflectivematerials.

C.Tosimplifyexistingbuildingdesigns.D.Toreducecostsofconstructionmaterials.

【答案】8.B9.D10.C11.B

【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文。文章介紹了普林斯頓大學(xué)工程師測(cè)量用反光材料反射陽(yáng)光以緩解城市熱島效

應(yīng)的降溫效果，分析了現(xiàn)有降溫技術(shù)的局限，闡述了反光材料的優(yōu)勢(shì)及工程師的最終目標(biāo)。

8.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段中ElieBou-Zeid的話(huà)“Withclimatechangeandtheincreasingfrequencyand

persistenceofextremeheatevents,morepeopleintheU.S.diefromextremeheatthanfromanyotherweather

relateddisasterheatkillsmorethantornadoes,tsunamis,andhurricanescombined（隨著氣候變化以及極端高溫

事件發(fā)生頻率和持續(xù)時(shí)間的增加，美國(guó)死于極端高溫的人數(shù)比死于任何其他與天氣相關(guān)災(zāi)害的人數(shù)都多

—高溫造成的死亡人數(shù)比龍卷風(fēng)、海嘯和颶風(fēng)加起來(lái)還多）”可知，極端高溫造成了很多人死亡，情況十分

危急，由此可推斷出，ElieBou-Zeid是在警告給人們降溫的緊迫性。故選B項(xiàng)。

9.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段中"However,whensunlighthitsthesecoolingtechnologies,itcanbekickedbackin

anynumberofdirectionsinsteadofinonefocuseddirection,whichmeansthathighlyreflectivematerialscould

haveanoppositeresultifappliedbecausesunlightcouldbereflectedontotheground,walls,andeventhepassers

10/39

by.（然而，當(dāng)陽(yáng)光照射到這些降溫技術(shù)時(shí)，它可以被反射到任意方向，而不是集中在一個(gè)方向上，這意味著

如果使用高反射材料，可能會(huì)產(chǎn)生相反的效果，因?yàn)殛?yáng)光可能會(huì)被反射到地面、墻壁，甚至行人身上）”可知,

目前的降溫技術(shù)不能控制反射光的方向。故選D項(xiàng)。

10.詞句猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)劃線(xiàn)詞前文“Inthisway,theretroreflectorscanreleasethesunlightthatwouldotherwise

bestuckintheurbancanyon...（通過(guò)這種方式，反向反射器可以釋放原本困在城市峽谷中的陽(yáng)光...）“可知，

陽(yáng)光原本會(huì)被困在城市峽谷中，進(jìn)而加劇城市過(guò)熱問(wèn)題，故劃線(xiàn)詞exacerbate的意思是“加居與intensify

同義。故選C項(xiàng)。

11.推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段“Ultimately,theywanttocreateasetofguidelinesforpolicymakers,planners,and

materialsengineers.Ifyou'reanurbanplanner,forexample,andyouknowthelatitudeofyourcity,thewidth

heightratioandthedirectionofyourstreets,youcaneasilyusetheirresultstopickthesuitablesurfacesfor

applyingtheseretroreflectivematerialsandestimatethecoolingbenefitsyoumightreceiveindoingso.（最終，他彳門(mén)

想為政策制定者、規(guī)劃者和材料工程師制定一套指導(dǎo)方針。例如，如果你是一名城市規(guī)劃師，并且你知道

你所在城市的緯度、街道的寬高比和方向，你可以很容易地利用他們的研究結(jié)果來(lái)選擇適合應(yīng)用這些反光

材料的表面，并估算這樣做可能獲得的降溫效果）”可知，工程師們的最終目標(biāo)是根據(jù)不同城市的具體情況，

為不同的表面選擇合適的反光材料，也就是使反光材料個(gè)性化。故選B項(xiàng)。

Passage（3）

【2025屆山東省日照市高三下學(xué)期一模】Everytimewemakeanewvideoorsendanemail,orposta

photoofourlatestmeal,ifsliketurningonasmalllightbulb（燈泡）that'11neverbeturnedoff.Thispointstoan

uncomfortableandextremelymodernquestion:Tohelpsavetheplanet,shouldwebeusinglessdata?Givenhow

muchofmodernlifedependsondigitaldata,theanswercouldbeakeyaspecttolivingnoblyintheAIage.

Whydopostsproducecarbonatall?WhenyousendapostonMoments,itgoesalongachainof

energy-burningelectronics.YourWi-Firoutersendsthesignalalongwirestothelocalexchange-theboxonthe

streetcomer-andfromtheretoatelecomscompany,andfromtheretohugedatacentersoperatedbythetech

giants.Eachofthoserunsonelectricity,anditalladdsup.

Today,about400millionhomesworldwidehaveatleastone"smart“device-curtains,electriccookers,

refrigerators,andpads.By2028,thatfigureisexpectedtonearlydouble.Weare,inotherwords,beingtakenintoa

worldwhereit'shardertodoanythingwithoutturningonadigitallightbulb.Thisputseco-consciousconsumersin

abind.Afterall,whowouldliketobesomeonethatcan'tgettheirinformationproperlybecausethey'retoobusy

keepingthecarbonfootprintoftheirsearchesdown?

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Intheabsenceofsystemicchange,worryingoverourindividualdata-usagedecisionsis“l(fā)iketryingtohold

backafloodwithabucketandspade（鐵鏟）Still,there?ssomethingwecando.Whenwefaceadigitaldecision,

thelessdata-thirstyoptionwilloftenbethesmarterone.Blockingthird-partytrackingwhenwe'reontheweb,for

example,notonlyreducesthepowerconsumptionofinternetbrowsing;it'salsogoodforyourprivacy.More

fundamentally,maybewedon'tneedtoturneverythingintodata.IfIputdownmyphonethenexttimeI'mona

train,itwon'tsavetheplanet.ButI'llbelookingoutthewindowwithmyowneyes,creatingamemorythat

releasesnocarbonatall.

8.Whatdoestheauthorimplyaboutdatausage?

A.Itisenergy-consuming.

B.Itiseasyandconvenient.

C.Itsnegativeeffectsareignored.

D.Itsbenefitsareunderestimated.

9.Whatisthefunctionofparagraph2?

A.Toentertain.B.Toinform.

C.Topersuade.D.Toinspire.

10.Whatdotheunderlinedwords“inabind^^meaninparagraph3?

A.Atrisk.B.Ataloss.

C.Atease.D.Atadisadvantage.

11.Whatdoestheauthoremphasizeconcerningcarbonreductioninthelastparagraph?

A.Theremovalofdigitaldata.

B.Thepromotionofecotourism.

C.Thevalueofpersonalcontribution.

D.The