地質(zhì)災(zāi)害應(yīng)急監(jiān)測技術(shù)方案一、地質(zhì)災(zāi)害應(yīng)急監(jiān)測技術(shù)概述1.1地質(zhì)災(zāi)害應(yīng)急監(jiān)測的定義地質(zhì)災(zāi)害應(yīng)急監(jiān)測是指在地質(zhì)災(zāi)害發(fā)生前后，對地質(zhì)災(zāi)害體、地質(zhì)環(huán)境、地質(zhì)構(gòu)造等進(jìn)行實時監(jiān)測，以便及時發(fā)現(xiàn)、預(yù)警和應(yīng)對地質(zhì)災(zāi)害。1.2地質(zhì)災(zāi)害應(yīng)急監(jiān)測的重要性地質(zhì)災(zāi)害應(yīng)急監(jiān)測對于保障人民生命財產(chǎn)安全、減少經(jīng)濟(jì)損失具有重要意義。1.3地質(zhì)災(zāi)害應(yīng)急監(jiān)測技術(shù)分類地質(zhì)災(zāi)害應(yīng)急監(jiān)測技術(shù)主要包括遙感監(jiān)測、地面監(jiān)測、地下監(jiān)測和綜合監(jiān)測。二、地質(zhì)災(zāi)害應(yīng)急監(jiān)測技術(shù)方案2.1遙感監(jiān)測技術(shù)2.1.1遙感監(jiān)測原理遙感監(jiān)測是利用衛(wèi)星、航空等遙感平臺獲取地質(zhì)信息，通過圖像處理、圖像分析等技術(shù)手段，對地質(zhì)災(zāi)害進(jìn)行監(jiān)測。②遙感監(jiān)測方法遙感監(jiān)測方法主要包括光學(xué)遙感、雷達(dá)遙感、熱紅外遙感等。③遙感監(jiān)測數(shù)據(jù)預(yù)處理遙感監(jiān)測數(shù)據(jù)預(yù)處理包括圖像校正、圖像增強(qiáng)、圖像融合等。2.2地面監(jiān)測技術(shù)2.2.1地面監(jiān)測原理地面監(jiān)測是通過在地質(zhì)災(zāi)害體附近設(shè)置監(jiān)測點，對地質(zhì)災(zāi)害進(jìn)行實時監(jiān)測。②地面監(jiān)測方法地面監(jiān)測方法主要包括位移監(jiān)測、形變監(jiān)測、滲流監(jiān)測等。③地面監(jiān)測設(shè)備地面監(jiān)測設(shè)備包括位移計、傾斜儀、滲流計等。2.3地下監(jiān)測技術(shù)2.3.1地下監(jiān)測原理地下監(jiān)測是通過在地質(zhì)災(zāi)害體內(nèi)部設(shè)置監(jiān)測點，對地質(zhì)災(zāi)害進(jìn)行實時監(jiān)測。②地下監(jiān)測方法地下監(jiān)測方法主要包括鉆孔監(jiān)測、地下水位監(jiān)測、地震監(jiān)測等。③地下監(jiān)測設(shè)備地下監(jiān)測設(shè)備包括鉆孔儀器、地下水位計、地震儀等。2.4綜合監(jiān)測技術(shù)2.4.1綜合監(jiān)測原理綜合監(jiān)測是將遙感監(jiān)測、地面監(jiān)測、地下監(jiān)測等多種監(jiān)測技術(shù)相結(jié)合，對地質(zhì)災(zāi)害進(jìn)行全方位監(jiān)測。②綜合監(jiān)測方法綜合監(jiān)測方法主要包括數(shù)據(jù)融合、信息集成、模型預(yù)測等。③綜合監(jiān)測設(shè)備綜合監(jiān)測設(shè)備包括計算機(jī)、通信設(shè)備、數(shù)據(jù)處理軟件等。三、地質(zhì)災(zāi)害應(yīng)急監(jiān)測技術(shù)應(yīng)用3.1應(yīng)急監(jiān)測技術(shù)應(yīng)用場景3.1.1地質(zhì)災(zāi)害預(yù)警通過應(yīng)急監(jiān)測技術(shù)，對地質(zhì)災(zāi)害進(jìn)行實時監(jiān)測，及時發(fā)現(xiàn)異常情況，發(fā)布預(yù)警信息。3.1.2地質(zhì)災(zāi)害應(yīng)急響應(yīng)在地質(zhì)災(zāi)害發(fā)生時，利用應(yīng)急監(jiān)測技術(shù)，對地質(zhì)災(zāi)害體進(jìn)行實時監(jiān)測，為應(yīng)急響應(yīng)提供數(shù)據(jù)支持。3.1.3地質(zhì)災(zāi)害恢復(fù)重建在地質(zhì)災(zāi)害發(fā)生后，利用應(yīng)急監(jiān)測技術(shù)，對地質(zhì)災(zāi)害體進(jìn)行監(jiān)測，為恢復(fù)重建提供依據(jù)。3.2應(yīng)急監(jiān)測技術(shù)應(yīng)用案例3.2.1案例一：某山區(qū)滑坡監(jiān)測在某山區(qū)滑坡監(jiān)測中，采用遙感監(jiān)測、地面監(jiān)測、地下監(jiān)測等多種技術(shù)手段，對滑坡進(jìn)行實時監(jiān)測，成功預(yù)警并應(yīng)對了滑坡災(zāi)害。3.2.2案例二：某城市地下水位監(jiān)測在某城市地下水位監(jiān)測中，采用地下監(jiān)測技術(shù)，對地下水位進(jìn)行實時監(jiān)測，為城市供水、排水等提供了數(shù)據(jù)支持。3.2.3案例三：某地震災(zāi)區(qū)地質(zhì)環(huán)境監(jiān)測在某地震災(zāi)區(qū)地質(zhì)環(huán)境監(jiān)測中，采用遙感監(jiān)測、地面監(jiān)測、地下監(jiān)測等多種技術(shù)手段，對地震災(zāi)區(qū)地質(zhì)環(huán)境進(jìn)行實時監(jiān)測，為災(zāi)區(qū)重建提供了重要依據(jù)。四、地質(zhì)災(zāi)害應(yīng)急監(jiān)測技術(shù)發(fā)展趨勢4.1技術(shù)發(fā)展趨勢4.1.1高分辨率遙感技術(shù)隨著遙感技術(shù)的發(fā)展，高分辨率遙感技術(shù)將在地質(zhì)災(zāi)害應(yīng)急監(jiān)測中得到廣泛應(yīng)用。4.1.2智能監(jiān)測技術(shù)4.1.3跨學(xué)科融合技術(shù)地質(zhì)災(zāi)害應(yīng)急監(jiān)測技術(shù)將與其他學(xué)科技術(shù)相結(jié)合，實現(xiàn)多學(xué)科交叉融合。4.2發(fā)展前景地質(zhì)災(zāi)害應(yīng)急監(jiān)測技術(shù)在保障人民生命財產(chǎn)安全、減少經(jīng)濟(jì)損失等方面具有重要意義。隨著技術(shù)的不斷發(fā)展，地質(zhì)災(zāi)害應(yīng)急監(jiān)測技術(shù)將在未來發(fā)揮更加重要的作用。[1]，.地質(zhì)災(zāi)害應(yīng)急監(jiān)測技術(shù)研究[J].地質(zhì)災(zāi)害與環(huán)境保護(hù)，2018，39（2）：15.[2]，趙六.地質(zhì)災(zāi)害遙感監(jiān)測技術(shù)綜述[J].遙感技術(shù)與應(yīng)用