話題28科技發(fā)展與科學(xué)家精神

Ⅰ.閱讀理解

JoseHernandezmadehisdreamofbecominganastronautarealityandhedidso

despiteunbelievabledifficulties.

“IwasworkinginafieldnearStockton，andIheardonmyradiothatFranklin

Chang－DiazhadbeenselectedfortheAstronautCorps，”saidJose，whowasasenior

inhighschoolatthetime.“Iwasalreadyinterestedinscienceandengineering，”Jose

remembered.“ButthatwasthemomentIsaid，‘Iwanttoflyinspace.’”

Asoneoffourchildreninamigrant(移民)farmingfamilyfromMexico，

Jose—whodidn’tlearnEnglishuntilhewas12yearsold—spentmuchofhis

childhoodtravelingwithhisfamilyfromMexicotosouthernCaliforniaeachMarch，

thenworkingnorthwardtotheStocktonareabyNovember，pickingstrawberriesand

cucumbersatfarmsalongtheroute.TheywouldthenreturntoMexicoforChristmas

andstartthecyclealloveragaininthespring.“Somekidsmightthinkitwouldbefun

totravellikethat，”Joselaughed.“Butwehadtowork.”

Aftergraduatingfromhighschool，JosewasadmittedintotheUniversityofthe

Pacific.In1987，heacceptedafull－timejobwithLawrenceNationalLaboratory.In

2001，JosejoinedtheJohnsonSpaceCentre，wherehecameface－to－facewith

FranklinChang－Diaz.

“Weactuallyhadcommonexperiences—asimilarupbringing，thesame

languageissues.Thatbuiltupmyconfidence.Anybarriersthatexisted，hehadalready

overcomethem，”Josesmiled.“Nowit’smyturn！”

“NASArejectedmenotonce，nottwice，notthreetimesbut11times.Itwasn’t

untilthe12thtimethatIgotselected，”hesaid.Josewasselectedaspartofthe19th

classofastronautsin2004.Hecircledtheglobe217timesbutremainsadowntoEarth

guy.

JoseHernandezreceivedthe2016NationalHispanicHeroAwardandhe

continueshislonghistoryinthefieldofengineeringandspace.

【語(yǔ)篇解讀】本文是記敘文。文章主要講述了出身農(nóng)民家庭的Jose在中學(xué)時(shí)期

受FranklinChang－Diaz的事跡激勵(lì)而夢(mèng)想成為一名宇航員，他為此付出了極大

的努力并最終取得了傲人的成績(jī)，實(shí)現(xiàn)夢(mèng)想的故事。

1.WhatmadeJosedeterminedtobeanastronaut?

A.TheinfluenceofAstronautCorps.

B.ThesuccessofFranklinChang－Diaz.

C.Hisinterestinscienceandengineering.

D.Theexperienceofworkinginthefield.

答案B[細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中的“andIheardonmyradiothatFranklin

Chang－DiazhadbeenselectedfortheAstronautCorps”和“Butthatwasthe

momentIsaid，‘Iwanttoflyinspace.’”可知，當(dāng)Jose通過(guò)收音機(jī)得知Franklin

Chang－Diaz被選為宇航員的那一刻，早就對(duì)理工科感興趣的他立志成為一名宇

航員。]

2.WhatcanwelearnaboutJoseasachild?

A.Hedidmuchfarmwork.B.Hetraveledalotforfun.

C.HehatedlearningEnglish.D.Heobeyedhisfamilyineverything.

答案A[細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段內(nèi)容可知，Jose來(lái)自墨西哥的移民農(nóng)民家庭，

他童年時(shí)做了大量的農(nóng)活。]

3.HowdidJosefeelwhenhemetFranklinChang－Diazpersonally?

A.Inspired.B.Valued.

C.Relaxed.D.Puzzled.

答案A[推理判斷題。根據(jù)第五段內(nèi)容可知，當(dāng)Jose見(jiàn)到FranklinChang－Diaz

本人時(shí)，他意識(shí)到他倆有很多共同經(jīng)歷，這包括他目前遇到的障礙，但對(duì)方都已

經(jīng)克服了這些障礙，這使得Jose充滿信心。由此可推知，他很受鼓舞。]

4.Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?

A.ClimboverBarriersB.ReachfortheStars

C.WorktheHardWayD.LearnfromYourPast

答案B[標(biāo)題歸納題。通讀全文內(nèi)容可知，文章主要介紹了出身農(nóng)民家庭的Jose

為了成為一名宇航員付出了極大的努力，最終實(shí)現(xiàn)夢(mèng)想，飛上了太空的故事。B

項(xiàng)(有九天攬?jiān)轮?能概括文章大意，適合作文章標(biāo)題。]

Peoplewhoregularlysleepforsixhoursorlesseachnightinmiddleagearemore

likelytodevelopdementia(癡呆)thanthosewhoroutinelymanagesevenhours，

accordingtoamajorstudyintothedisease.

Researchersfounda30%greaterriskofdementiainthosewhoduringtheir50s，

60sand70sconsistentlyhadashortnight’ssleep，regardlessofotherriskfactorssuch

asheartconditionandpoormentalhealth.

Sabia，anauthorofthestudyattheUniversityofParisandhercolleagues

analyzedsurveydatafromUniversityCollegeLondon’sWhitehallstudy，which

launchedin1985andfollowedthehealthandlifestylesofmorethan10，000British

volunteers.TheFrenchteamfocusedonnearly8，000participantswhoself－reported

theirsleeppatterns.

During25yearsoffollow－up，521participantsdevelopeddementia，withmost

diagnosedintheirlate70s.WritinginNatureCommunications，thescientistsdescribed

howthosewhoroutinelygotsixhoursofsleeporlesseachnightintheir50sand60s

were30%morelikelytodevelopdementiathanthosewhotypicallymanagedseven

hours.

Thestudydoesnotprovethatsleepingtoolittlecausesdementia，sincesleeploss

itselfmaybeoneoftheearliestsymptomsofthedisease.Butsomescientistsbelieve

theresultsstrengthenevidencethatcontinuouspoorsleepmayatleastcontributetothe

disease.

Thefirstpathologicalchangesthatleadtodementiaoccuronetotwodecades

beforethediseasebecomesobvious，asstickyproteinscalledamyloidbuildupinthe

brain.Whenthe1985Whitehallstudyfirstassessedthesleepofvolunteerswholater

developeddementia，thisprocesshadprobablynotstarted.Thismeantthatiftheywere

sleepingtoolittle，itwasunlikelytohavebeencausedbydementia－relatedbrain

changes.

“Itstrengthenstheevidencethatpoorsleepinmiddleagecouldcauseorworsen

dementiainlaterlife，”saidDr.LizCoulthard，aconsultantseniorlecturerindementia

neurology.“Itmakessensetotakemeasurestoimprovesleepsuchasgoingoutside

duringdaylighthourstohelpmaintainthenaturalrhythmsthatpromotegoodsleep，

avoidingtoomuchalcoholorcaffeine，particularlybeforebed，andfindingabedtime

routinethatworksforyou.”

【語(yǔ)篇解讀】本文是說(shuō)明文。一項(xiàng)針對(duì)老年癡呆癥的重大研究表明，中年時(shí)每

晚經(jīng)常睡6小時(shí)或更少的人比那些每天睡7小時(shí)的人更容易患癡呆癥。文章介紹

了研究開(kāi)展的過(guò)程以及研究人員對(duì)此的看法和建議。

5.Whatriskfactorfordementiadoesthepassagefocuson?

A.Sleeploss.B.Age.

C.Poormentalhealth.D.Heartcondition.

答案A[推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段可知，這篇文章關(guān)注的是癡呆的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素是

睡眠不足。]

6.HowdidFrenchscientistsgettheresearchfindings?

A.Bymakingacomparison.

B.Bymonitoringsleeppatterns.

C.ByinterviewingBritishvolunteers.

D.Byanalyzingprevioussurveydata.

答案D[細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段中的“Sabia，anauthorofthestudy...morethan

10，000Britishvolunteers.”可知，法國(guó)科學(xué)家通過(guò)分析以前的調(diào)查數(shù)據(jù)得到研究

結(jié)果。]

7.Inwhattonedothescientiststalkabouttheresearch?

A.Casual.B.Doubtful.

C.Negative.D.Cautious.

答案D[推理判斷題。根據(jù)第五段可推知，科學(xué)家們用謹(jǐn)慎的語(yǔ)氣談?wù)撨@項(xiàng)研

究。]

8.Whatisthepurposeofthelastparagraph?

A.Togiveexamples.B.Tocollectproofs.

C.Tooffersuggestions.D.Topresentarguments.

答案C[寫(xiě)作意圖題。根據(jù)最后一段可推知，最后一段的目的是提供建議。]

Mostpeopledon’tthinkmuchaboutthefoodscrapstheythrowaway；however，

researchersinTokyohavedevelopedanewmethodtoreducefoodwastebyrecycling

discardedfruitandvegetablescrapsintorobustconstructionmaterials.

Worldwideindustrialandhouseholdfoodwasteamountstohundredsofbillions

ofpoundsperyear，alargeproportionofwhichcomprisesedible(可食用的)scraps，

likefruitandvegetablepeels.Thisunsustainablepracticeisbothcostlyand

environmentallyunfriendly，soresearchershavebeensearchingfornewwaysto

recycletheseorganicmaterialsintousefulproducts.

“Ourgoalwastouseseaweedandcommonfoodscrapstoconstructmaterials

thatwereatleastasstrongasconcrete，”explainsYuyaSakai，theseniorauthorofthe

study.“Butsincewewereusingediblefoodwaste，wewerealsointerestedin

determiningwhethertherecyclingprocessimpactedtheflavoroftheoriginal

materials.”

Theresearchersborroweda“heatpressing”conceptthatistypicallyusedtomake

constructionmaterialsfromwoodpowder，excepttheyusedvacuum－dried，

pulverized(粉狀的)foodscraps，suchasseaweed，cabbageleaves，andorange，onion，

pumpkin，andbananapeelsastheconstructionpowders.Theprocessingtechnique

involvedmixingthefoodpowderwithwaterandseasonings，andthenpressingthe

mixtureintoamoldathightemperature.Theresearcherstestedthebendingstrengthof

theresultingmaterialsandmonitoredtheirtaste，smellandappearance.

“Withtheexceptionofthespecimenobtainedfrompumpkin，allofthematerials

exceededourbendingstrengthtarget，”saysKotaMachida，asenior

collaborator.“WealsofoundthatChinesecabbageleaves，whichproducedamaterial

overthreetimesstrongerthanconcrete，couldbemixedwiththeweakerpumpkin－

basedmaterialtoprovideeffectivereinforcement.”

Thenew，robustmaterialskepttheirediblenature，andtheadditionofsaltor

sugarimprovedtheirtastewithoutreducingtheirstrength.Furthermore，thedurable

productsresistedrot，fungi(菌類)，andinsects，andexperiencednoappreciablechanges

inappearanceortasteafterexposuretoairforfourmonths.

Giventhatfoodwasteisaglobalfinancialburdenandenvironmentalconcern，it

iscrucialtodevelopmethodsforrecyclingfoodscraps.Usingthesesubstancesto

preparematerialsthatarestrongerenoughforconstructionprojects，butalsomaintain

theirediblenatureandtaste，opensthedoortoawiderangeofcreativeapplications.

【語(yǔ)篇解讀】本文是說(shuō)明文，主要介紹了一項(xiàng)研究。東京的研究人員開(kāi)發(fā)了一

種新的方法，通過(guò)將廢棄的水果和蔬菜殘?jiān)厥粘蓤?jiān)固的建筑材料來(lái)減少食物浪

費(fèi)，這項(xiàng)科技有很大的發(fā)展空間。

9.Whydotheresearcherssearchfornewwaystorecycleorganicmaterials?

A.Becausetheconstructionofrobustmaterialneedsmuchfoodwaste.

B.Becausefoodwasteisbothcostlyandenvironmentallyunfriendly.

C.Becausetheywanttomakeafortunebyrecyclingthefoodwaste.

D.Becausetheamountoffoodwasteistoolargetostoreatthemoment.

答案B[細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中的“Thisunsustainablepracticeis...torecycle

theseorganicmaterialsintousefulproducts.”可知，這種做法浪費(fèi)了很多錢(qián)，不環(huán)保，

所以科學(xué)家們一直在尋找新的方法，把這些廢料變成有用的東西。]

10.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“comprises”meaninthesecondparagraph?

A.Contains.B.Processes.

C.Presses.D.Originates.

答案A[詞義猜測(cè)題。分析句子可知，which引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，指代foodwaste，

結(jié)合下文“edible(可食用的)scraps，likefruitandvegetablepeels.”可推斷，食物

浪費(fèi)包括可食用的殘羹剩飯，畫(huà)線詞與A項(xiàng)“包括”意思相近。]

11.Whichofthefollowingisrightaccordingtothetext?

A.Allthematerialsobtainedfromfoodwastesurpassresearchers’strengthtarget.

B.ThematerialproducedfromChinesecabbageleavesistwotimesstrongerthan

concrete.

C.Thereisalotofroomforcreativeuseofthistechnology.

D.Thenewmaterialsarestrongenoughforconstructionprojects，butfailtomaintain

theiroriginaltaste.

答案C[正誤判斷題。根據(jù)文章最后一段中的“Usingthesesubstancetoprepare

materialsthat...awiderangeofcreativeapplications.”可知，用食物殘余物來(lái)做成足

夠堅(jiān)固的材料用于建筑工程，為未來(lái)技術(shù)打開(kāi)了大門(mén)，因此推斷這項(xiàng)技術(shù)有很大

的創(chuàng)造性使用空間。]

12.Whereisthetextprobablyfrom?

A.Atouristbrochure.B.Arecipebook.

C.Abiographybook.D.Asciencemagazine.

答案D[文章出處題。根據(jù)第一段中的“researchersinTokyohave

orobustconstructionmaterials.”和下文內(nèi)容可知，文章主要介紹了一

項(xiàng)研究，因此，文章很可能來(lái)自科學(xué)雜志。]

Ⅱ.七選五

(2024·濰坊高三測(cè)試)

ToputintowordsmytimeinAntarcticaandSouthGeorgiaisnearlyimpossible.I

hadalwaysdescribeditasaonce－in－a－lifetimeexperience,butassoonasI

steppedfootonthecontinent,IimmediatelyknewIneededtoreturn.

1About50%ofthepassengersofourexpedition(遠(yuǎn)征)hadbeento

Antarcticaatleastoncebefore.Thisgoestoshowjusthowmagicalofadestinationit

is.

ThatallyoursenseswillbestimulatedisthebestwayIcandescribethetimeon

thewhitecontinent.Howtinyyoufeelnexttotoweringglaciersandicebergs.Theicy

watermovingthroughyourbodyasyoutaketheinfamousPolarPlunge.Thelearning

ofheart－touchingstoriesofsurvivalfromexplorersofthepast.2

Antarcticamakesyoufeelsosmallandinsignificant,inthebestway.3You

getfrontrowseatstowitnessthemostincredibleshow：nature.Itisasmuchbeautiful

ascruel.Forexample,whenyouseeabrownskua(賊鷗)attackingapenguinchick,

yourheartaches.Thenyourexpeditionguideregretfullytellsyouthatachickthatis

smallinMarchwouldhaveveryslimchancesofsurvivingtheupcomingwinter.The

cyclecontinues,andyou’releftwonderingwhotorootfor.

ThingsmovefastinAntarctica,andeverymonthofferssomethingreallyunique

andspecialtosee.InMarch,theweatherisabitmoreunpredictable,andtheseaiceis

beginningtoformagain.4Intwomoreweeks,expeditionshipswouldnotbeable

tobreakthroughtheice.

Thepenguinsarecompletingtheiryearlyfeather－changingprocess.5The

expeditionteammadesurewekeptourdistanceanddidnotscarethemintohiding

underfreezi