UNIT10CONNECTIONSLESSON1

HOWCLOSELYCONNECTEDAREWE?HOWCLOSELYCONNECTEDAREWE?ACTIVATEANDSHAREHowmanycontactsdoyouhaveonsocialmedia?Howmanypeopledoyouregularlycommunicatewith?Activity1ACTIVATEANDSHAREReadthefirsttwoparagraphsofthearticleonthetheory“SixDegreesofSeparation”.Whatdoesitmeanandwhoinventedthistheory?Activity2ItstatesthatanypersononEarthcanbeconnectedtoanyotherpersonthroughachainofnomorethanfiveotherpeople.ThetheorywasfirstintroducedbyHungarianauthorFrigyesKarinthy，intheearly20thcentury.Readtherestofthearticle.Findoutaboutthedevelopmentofthe“SixDegreesofSeparation”theory.Takenotesinthetablebelow.Thentalkabouthowthetheorydevelopedbasedonyournotes.Activity31967Mid-1990sWhoHowFindings/ResultsStanleyMilgramHechosearandomsampleofpeopleinthemiddleofAmericaandaskedthemtosendpackagestoastrangerinthestateofMassachusetts.Itonlytookbetweenfiveandsevenpeopletogettheparcelsdelivered.TwocollegestudentsintheUnitedStatesTheyinventedagame.TheideaofthegamewastolinkanyactortoKevinBacon，afamousAmericanactorandmusician，throughnomorethansixlinks.TheygamewasbeingplayedinuniversitiesacrosstheUnitedStates.Readtherestofthearticle.Findoutaboutthedevelopmentofthe“SixDegreesofSeparation”theory.Takenotesinthetablebelow.Thentalkabouthowthetheorydevelopedbasedonyournotes.Activity320012011WhoHowFindings/resultsColumbiaUniversityThe“ColumbiaSmall-worldProject”：ColumbiaUniversitytriedtorecreateMilgram’sexperimentontheInternet.Theexperimentinvolved24，163emailchainswith18targetpeoplein13differentcountries.Theresultsconfirmedthattheaveragenumberoflinksinthechainwassix.UniversityofMilanTheexperimentanalysedtherelationshipbetween721millionsocialmediausers.92%wereconnectedbyonlyfourstages.GroupWork

Readthearticleagain.Taketurnstoexplainthe“SixDegreesofSeparation”theory.Usethediagramtohelpyou.Activity4GroupWork

Thinkandshare.1

WhydidMilgramandColumbiaUniversitybothlabeltheirexperiments“Small-world”?2

Whydoyouthinkpeoplestudyhowpeopleareconnected?Activity5BecausetheybelievedthatanypersononEarthcouldbeconnectedtoanyotherpersonthroughachainofnomorethanfiveotherpeople.Inthissensetheworldissmall.Probablypeoplewanttostudythestructuresofhumansociety，therulesofhumansocialactivities，andhowpeopleareconnectedwitheachother.Completethesentenceswiththecorrectformofthewords.Activity6random

sociologist

network

publish

package

chain1

In1967，a

calledStanleyMilgramdidanexperimenttofindouthowmanydegreesofseparationtherewerebetweenstrangersindifferentpartsofAmerica.2

Allofthe

inMilgram’sexperimentweredeliveredtotherightpeopleafterpassingthroughthehandsofbetweenfiveandsevenpeople.3

TheresultsofMilgram’sexperiment

inthemagazinePsychologyToday.sociologist

packageswerepublished

Completethesentenceswiththecorrectformofthewords.Activity6random

sociologist

network

publish

package

chain4

Theresultsofthe“ColumbiaSmall-worldProject”confirmedthattheaveragenumberoflinksinthe

wassix.5

Peopledoingexperimentsinto“SixDegreesofSeparation”usuallychoosea

sampleofpeopletotakeparttomaketheresultsmorereliable.6

Recently，creatingandgrowingyoursocial

hasbecomemoreimportantthaneverbeforeduetothegrowthofsocialmedia.chainrandom

networkLanguagepoints教材原句“SixDegreesofSeparation”referstothetheorythat...“六度分隔”理論說的是……1referto

（1）指的是，提及，談到搭配：referto...as...稱……為……Whenhereferredtothegallery，Iknewitwastheoneattheendofthisstreet.當他提到畫廊的時候，我知道就是在這條街的盡頭的那家。［詞匯復現］Theyagreednevertorefertothematteragain.他們同意永遠不再提這件事了。Helikestobereferredtoas“DoctorKhee”.他喜歡別人叫他“基博士”。（2）查閱，參考Hemadethespeechwithoutreferringtohisnotes.他脫稿發表了演講。（3）涉及，關于ThefiguresrefertooursalesinEurope.這些數字涉及我們在歐洲的銷售額?！練w納拓展】referto/turnto/consultthedictionary查詞典

lookup...inthedictionary在詞典中查閱……核心詞匯題組練·領悟方法寫出referto在句中的含義（1）IwasnotreferringtoherwhenIsaidso. （2）Nowthattheboyhasbeenpunished，pleasedon’trefertothatmatteragain.

（3）Theteacheraskedusnottorefertoourbooksordictionarieswhenwewereintheexam.

一句多譯不要老是查詞典，你要學會猜測生詞在文章中的含義。（4）Don’talways

；youshouldlearntoguessthemeaningofthenewwordsinthepassage.（5）Don’talways

；youshouldlearntoguessthemeaningofthenewwordsinthepassage.（6）Don’talways

；youshouldlearntoguessthemeaningoftheminthepassage.指的是提及

查閱，參考refertothedictionary/turntothedictionaryconsultthedictionarylookupthenewwordsinthedictionary教材原句...hisideasinfluencedmanyofourearlyimpressionsofsocialnetworks.……許多早期關于社交網絡的構想都受到他思想的影響。2impressionn.印象，感想；印記搭配：

get/haveagood/badimpressionof對……的印象好/不好leave/makea（n）...impressiononsb給某人留下……的印象I’muncertainwhetheryouhaveaverydifferentimpressionofhim.我不確定你是否對他的印象大不相同。Thewayhedealtwiththeconflictwithhiscolleagueleftadeepimpressiononme.他處理與同事沖突的方式給我留下了深刻的印象。［詞匯復現］Thereareimpressionsofshoesinthemud.泥地里留下了鞋印?！練w納拓展】impressv.使留下深刻印象；使意識到（重要性或嚴肅性等）

impresssbwithsth某事物給某人留下深刻印象impresssthonsb使某人意識到某事的重要性beimpressedwith/by對……印象深刻Wewereimpressedwithyourpositiveattitude.你樂觀的態度給我們留下了深刻的印象。Heimpressedonustheneedforimmediateaction.他讓我們認識到立刻采取行動的必要性?！驹~語積累】impressiveadj.令人贊嘆的，令人敬佩的Mostoftheworksdisplayedinthegalleryareimpressive.Iliketheonehanginginthemiddleofthewallinparticular.這家畫廊里展示的大部分作品都令人贊嘆，我尤其喜歡掛在墻中間的那一幅。［詞匯復現］單句語法填空（1）Thesplendidsceneryleftadeepimpression

us.（2）Fatherimpressed

methevalueofhardwork.（3）ThehistoricalarchitectureofLondonattractsvisitorsfromallovertheworld，andleavesadeep

（impress）onthem.（4）［詞匯復現］Themost

（impress）memoryofmyhighschoollifeistheconstantencouragementfrommyEnglishteacher.完成句子（5）Asacandidate，youmust

（給……留下好印象）everyoneyoumeetifyouwanttowintheelection.（6）We

（對……印象深刻）theenjoyableexperienceinthecountryside.on

on

impression

impressiveleave/makeagoodimpressionon

wereimpressedwith/by教材原句HechosearandomsampleofpeopleinthemiddleofAmerica...他在美國中部隨機抽取一部分人作為樣本……3randomadj.隨機的，隨意的；胡亂的n.隨意搭配：

arandomsample/selection隨機抽樣/選擇

therandomkillingofinnocentpeople對無辜者的隨意殺戮arrange...inarandomorder隨機排列…… atrandom胡亂地；隨便地；任意地choose/select/pick...atrandom隨意選擇……Hewentintoagroceryandpickedsomesnacksfromtheshelfatrandom.他走進一家食品雜貨店，從架子上隨便挑了些零食。［詞匯復現］【詞語積累】randomlyadv.隨便地，任意地；無目的地，胡亂地；未加計劃地Myphoneseemstoswitchitselfoffrandomly.我的手機好像隨時自動關機。 完成句子（1）Theinformationisprocessed

（按隨機順序）.單句語法填空（2）Thewinningnumbersare

（random）selectedbythecomputer.（3）Theluckyfanswillbepicked

randomratherthanchosenbeforehandtoperformwiththesingerduringtheparty.（4）Thereisnodoubtthatitisbettertoreadafewbookscarefullythantoreadmany________

random.inarandomorderrandomly

at

at教材原句...oncereleased，theresultswerepublishedinthebimonthlymagazinePsychologyToday.……結果一經公布，便發表在雙月刊《今日心理學》上。4releasevt.發表，發布；釋放；放開，松開；宣泄；解雇n.發表，發布；釋放；排放；解脫Theprisonerhasservedhissentenceandwillbereleasedtomorrow.那名犯人已服刑期滿，明天將獲釋。10，000balloonswerereleasedattheceremony.典禮上放飛了一萬個氣球。Theclubisreleasingsomeofitsolderplayers.那家俱樂部正在解聘一些老隊員。 單句語法填空（1）Afterhe

（release）fromprison，hewasdeterminedtodevotemostofhistimetohisworkandfamily.（2）Sheburstintotears，

（release）allherpent-upemotions.完成句子（3）Herefused

（放開她的胳膊）.wasreleased

releasingtoreleaseherarms 教材原句Forexample，theOscar-winningfilmBabelisbasedontheconceptof“SixDegreesofSeparation”.例如，奧斯卡獲獎影片《通天塔》就是基于“六度分隔”這一概念。5bebasedon基于，以……為根據；在……基礎上Peoplecomplainthatdecisionstoapproveordenyapermitareoftenrandomratherthanbasedonfixedcriteria.人們抱怨，批準或拒絕許可的決定往往是隨機的，而不是根據固定的標準。［詞匯復現］Inmydiary，Isetdownaseriesofthingsthatwasbasedonfacts.在我的日記里，我記下了一系列有事實根據的事情?！練w納拓展】base...on/upon...使……以……為基礎/根據atthebaseof...在……底部Oneshouldalwaysbasehisopinionsonfacts.一個人應該始終以事實為依據發表自己的觀點。 單句語法填空（1）Theresearchgroupproducedtworeports

（base）onthesurvey，butneithercontainedanyusefulsuggestions.（2）

（base）onatruestory，thefilmattractsmanypeople，whethertheyareoldoryoung.（3）

（base）animportantdecisionmoreonemotionthanonreason，youwillregretitsoonerorlater.完成句子（4）Thenewfilm

（以……為根據）atrueincident.（5）Thereport

（以數據為根據）fromsixcountries.basedBasedBasingisbasedonisbasedonthedata 重點句式教材原句“SixDegreesofSeparation”referstothetheorythatanypersononEarthcanbeconnectedtoanyotherpersonthroughachainofnomorethanveotherpeople.“六度分隔”理論說的是地球上任何人都可通過不超過另外五個人的聯結與其他任何一個人聯系起來。【句式分析】that引導同位語從句，解釋說明thetheory的具體內容。1同位語從句在復合句中，充當同位語成分的從句稱為同位語從句。由that或wh-類連接詞引導，常放在doubt，fact，news，idea，truth，hope，problem，information，impression，thought等抽象名詞后，解釋說明該名詞的具體內容。Heleftthefirstimpressiontousthathewasnotonlyhandsomebutalsoreliable.他給我們的第一印象是他不僅英俊而且可靠。［詞匯復現］

單句語法填空（1）Themanagerputforwardasuggestion

weshouldhaveanassistant.Therewastoomuchworktodo.（2）There’satraditioninouroffice

whenit’ssomebody’sbirthday，theybringinacakeforusalltoshare.（3）Ihavenoidea

thecellphoneisn’tworking，socouldyoufixitforme?（4）Thehope

theyexpressedisthattheywouldgotovisitthatcountryagain.（5）［2020·北京卷］Butalloftoday’sexciteddiscussionaboutthesepossibilitiespresupposesthefact

wewillbeabletobuildthesesystems.that

thatwhy

that/whichthat教材原句Thepeoplesendingthepackagesonlyknewthename，jobandgenerallocationofthestranger.這些寄送包裹的人只知道這位陌生人的姓名、工作和大致的位置。【句式分析】現在分詞短語sending...作后置定語，修飾thepeople，相當于定語從句（whosent...）。被修飾詞Thepeople與send之間是主動關系。2現在分詞（短語）作定語現在分詞（短語）作定語時，其邏輯主語與分詞動作之間存在主動關系，表示主動。Thechildstandingoverthereismybrother.站在那邊的那個孩子是我的弟弟。（Thechild與stand之間是主動關系）Thegirlworkinginthebakeryisagraduatewhochosetheindependentemployment.在面包店工作的那個女孩是一個選擇獨立就業的畢業生。［詞匯復現］（Thegirl與work之間是主動關系）【學法點撥】過去分詞（短語）作定語：過去分詞（短語）作定語，其邏輯主語與分詞動作之間是被動關系，表示被動或完成。Youcannotacceptanopinionofferedtoyouunlessitisbasedonfacts.你不能接受別人給你的意見，除非它是建立在事實基礎上的。（anopinion與offer之間是被動關系）Hisfirstbookpublishedlastmonthisbasedonatruestory.他上個月出版的第一本書是根據一個真實故事改編的。（Hisfirstbook與publish之間是被動關系）單句語法填空（1）Doyouwanttoseethedoctor

（work）onthecasereportintheoffice?（2）Doyouknowtheboy

（stand）atthedoor?（3）Theylivedinahouse

（face）thesouth.（4）Thewindow

（break）yesterdaywasrepairedthismorning.（5）［詞匯復現］Thehamburgers

（sell）inthischainarenottomytaste.（6）Thenews

（release）lastnightraisedaheateddiscussionamongtheyoungworkers.（7）Peopletodaytendtochoosevegetables

（grow）withoutusinganychemicals.workingstanding

facing

brokensold

releasedgrown教材原句Amazingly，itonlytookbetweenfiveandsevenpeopletogettheparcelsdelivered，andoncereleased，theresultswerepublishedinthebimonthlymagazinePsychologyToday.令人驚訝的是，這些包裹只需通過5至7個人就能送到正確的人手中。結果一經公布，便發表在雙月刊《今日心理學》上?！揪涫椒治觥縤tonlytookbetweenfiveandsevenpeopletogettheparcelsdelivered為ittakes...todosth結構；oncereleased為狀語從句的省略。3Ittakes...todosth.花費……做某事。Ittookhimaboutthirtyminutestohavehisparceldeliveredinthepostoffice.他花了大約30分鐘才在郵局把包裹寄了。［詞匯復現］【學法點撥】該句型中it作形式主語，真正的主語是后面的動詞不定式?！練w納拓展】sbspendssometime/moneyonsth某人在某事物上花一些時間/錢sbspendssometime/moneydoingsth某人花一些時間/金錢做某事sbpayssomemoneyforsth某人花一些錢買某物sthcostssbsomemoney某物花某人一些錢Ihatetospendalongperiodoftimeplayingcomputergames.我討厭花長時間玩電腦游戲。Hepaid$50forthedessertinthebakeryforhisgirlfriend.他花了50美元在面包店給他的女朋友買甜點。Theskirtcosther$100.這條裙子花了她100美元。選詞填空（take/spend/pay/cost）（1）Thegirloften

moneyonbookswhichshelikesverymuch.LastSundayit__________her10minutestogotothebookstoretobuyherfavouritebook.Whenshewasgoingto

forthebook，thesalesmantoldheritonly

halfthepricebecauseofthebrokencover.單句語法填空（2）AccordingtoarecentU.S.survey，childrenspentupto25hoursaweek

（watch）TV.（3）［詞匯復現］Itonlytookhimafewminutes

（solve）thedisagreementbetweenhimandhiscolleague.（4）Howmuchdidyoupay

thebeautifulskirt?（5）

tookthelittleboynearlyhalfanhourtotakethetoyapart.spendstookpay

watchingtosolveforItcost教材原句Itwasthisresearchthatinspiredthephrase“SixDegreesofSeparation”.正是這項研究啟發了“六度分隔”這一說法?！揪涫椒治觥勘揪涫且粋€強調句，強調句子的主語thisresearch。4強調句型（1）基本結構是“Itis/was+被強調部分+that+其他.”；若強調的是人，也可以用who替換that；（2）強調句的一般疑問句式是“Is/Wasit+被強調部分+that+其他？”；（3）強調句的特殊疑問句式是“疑問詞+is/wasit+that+其他？”；若該結構用于賓語從句，則要用陳述語序。Itwasinthegallerythathecameacrossoneofhisoldfriends.他是在畫廊里遇到了他的一位老朋友。［詞匯復現］（強調狀語）Wasitbecauseofthedisagreementbetweenhimandhispartnerthattheydelayedtheproject?是不是因為他和他的合伙人意見不合，他們才推遲了這個項目？［詞匯復現］（強調狀語，一般疑問句式）Whatisitthatheisdoinginthesuburb?他正在郊區做什么？［詞匯復現］（強調賓語，特殊疑問句式）【學法點撥】判斷句子是不是強調句型的方法：去掉itis/was與that/who，剩余部分若結構完整、句意明確，則為強調句型，否則就不是。單句語法填空（1）［詞匯復現］Itwaswhenheworkedinthecanteeninthecollege

hetaughthimselfEnglish.（2）［詞匯復現］ItismyEnglishteacherinseniorschool

isalwaysgivingmeencouragement.（3）［詞匯復現］

wasinthegrocerythathepickedupawalletcontainingalargesumofmoney.用強調句型改寫［詞匯復現］Hecameacrosshisclientwhenhehungoutinthesuburbyesterday.（4）

hecameacrosswhenhehungoutinthesuburbyesterday.（強調賓語）（5）

hecameacrosshisclient.（強調時間狀語）thatthat/whoIt

Itwashisclientthat/whoItwaswhenhehungoutinthesuburbyesterdaythat GrammarFOCUSONLANGUAGE：PASSIVEFORMSINTHEPAST1

Theconceptwasfirsttalkedaboutaslongagoasinthe1920s.2

Inthe1950s，anattemptwasmadebytwoscientiststoprovethetheorymathematically.3

Oncetheparcelhadbeenreceivedbythisperson，he/shewouldsendtheparcelontoacontactoftheirsuntiltheparcelcouldbepersonallydeliveredtothecorrectperson.4

Itsnamewasusedasthetitleofaplayandthenafilm.5

SoonthegamewasbeingplayedinuniversitiesacrosstheUnitedStates.Readthesentences.Underlinethepassiveforms.Whattenseisusedineachsentence?Activity7______________________wastalkedabout（pastsimple）___________wasmade（pastsimple）_______________________________________hadbeenreceived（pastperfect），couldbedelivered（pastsimple）_________wasused（pastsimple）__________________wasbeingplayed（pastcontinuous）Readthedescriptionofa“SixDegreesofSeparation”experiment.Usethecorrectformoftheverbsinbracketstocompletethepassage.Activity8We1

（give）thetaskoffindingoutwhetherthe“SixDegreesofSeparation”theoryworkedatourschool.We2

（tell）aboutthe“Small-world”experimentintheUnitedStates，wherepackages3

（send）fromonepersontoanotherwiththeaimofgettingittoastrangerintheend.Whiletheideabehindthisexperiment4____________________

（discuss）inourgroup，it5

（suggest）tousbyourteacherthatwetrysomethingsimilar.Sowedid.Wecouldn’tsendparcels，butwecouldsendletters.Tenvolunteers6_________

（choose）totakepartandthey7

（ask）towritealetterofintroductiontoanotherpersonintheschoolthattheydidn’tknowandthentochoosesomeonewhotheythought8________

（connect）tothatpersontogiveitto.Afteralltheletters9

（exchange）severaltimes，sevenoutofthetentargetpeopledidreceivetheirletterswithchainsoffiveorsixpeopleineachcase!Wethinkthismeansthatourexperimentwasasuccessanditsupportsthetheory.weregiven

weretoldhadbeensent

wasbeingdiscussedwassuggested

werechosenwereasked

wasconnectedwereexchangedSearchonlineandfinddetailsaboutthe“small-worldproblem”，“ColumbiaSmall-worldProject”orotherexperimentsrelatedtothetheory.Writeashortreportonyourfindings.Activity9GroupWorkDiscussanddecidewhatexperimentyoucancarryouttofindouthowmanydegreesofseparationtherearebetweenpeoplewhodon’tknoweachother.Consider：Activity10·howmanypeoplewillparticipateintheexperiment?·whatwilltheparticipantsdo?·howwillyoufindouttheresultsoftheexperiment?單元語法過去時的被動語態1被動語態的概念語態是動詞的一種形式，用來表示主語和謂語之間的關系。當主語是謂語動作的執行者時，為主動語態；當主語是謂語動作的承受者時，為被動語態。2被動語態的構成（1）被動語態由“助動詞be+及物動詞的過去分詞”構成，時態通過助動詞be表現出來。Manytreeswereplantedonthehillyesterday.昨天山上種了許多樹。（1）現在進行時的被動語態：am/is/are+being+及物動詞的過去分詞Anewteachingbuildingisbeingbuiltinourschool.我們學校正在建一棟新的教學樓。（2）含情態動詞的被動語態：情態動詞+be+及物動詞的過去分詞Yourhomeworkmustbehandedinnow.你的家庭作業必須現在上交。（2）過去時包括一般過去時、過去進行時、過去將來時和過去完成時，其被動語態分述如下：（1）一般過去時：was/were+及物動詞的過去分詞Quiteafewmasterpiecespaintedbythefamouspainterweredisplayedinthegallerylastweek.這位著名畫家畫的許多杰作上周在美術館里展出了。［詞匯復現］（2）過去進行時：was/were+being+及物動詞的過去分詞Anewfactorywasbeingbuiltinourcityatthattime.那時我們城市正在建一座新工廠。（3）過去將來時：a.would/should+be+及物動詞的過去分詞

b.was/were+goingtobe+及物動詞的過去分詞Theytoldusthattheconflictwouldbesettledsoonandtheplanwouldbecarriedoutasplanned.他們告訴我們，沖突將很快得到解決，計劃將按計劃執行。［詞匯復現］Hethoughtthatyourwatchwasgoingtobemendedafteranhour.他以為你的表一小時后就會被修。（4）過去完成時：had+been+及物動詞的過去分詞Hesaidthatsomenewfactorieshadbeenbuiltinthecity.他說在這座城市里已經建了一些新工廠?！菊`區警示】（1）“get+及物動詞的過去分詞”表被動。指主語遭遇變化或不好的事件。Hegotcaughtintherainlastnight.他昨晚被雨淋了。（2）動詞帶有雙賓語時，可把其中的一個賓語變為主語，另一個賓語仍然保留在謂語后面，變為被動句主語的通常是間接賓語。Hismothergavehimapresentforhisbirthday.他媽媽送給他一件生日禮物?！鶫ewasgivenapresentbyhismotherforhisbirthday.（也可改為Apresentwasgiventohimbyhismotherforhisbirthday.）（3）當“動詞+賓語+賓語補足語”結構變為被動結構時，將賓語變為被動結構中的主語，其余不動。Themanagerfoundacooksmokinginthecanteenandfiredhimonthespot.經理發現一個廚師在食堂抽煙，當場解雇了他。=Acookwasfoundsmokinginthecanteenbythemanagerandwasfiredonthespot.一個廚師被經理發現在食堂抽煙，當場被解雇了。［詞匯復現］（4）在使役動詞have，make，let以及感官動詞see，watch，notice，hear，feel，observe等后用不定式作賓語補足語時，to通常省略，但變為被動結構時，要加to。Someonesawastrangerwalkintothebuilding.有人看見一個陌生人走進那棟大樓?！鶤strangerwasseentowalkintothebuilding（bysomeone）.（5）有些由“動詞+介詞/副詞”構成的動詞詞組，也可用于被動結構，但要把它們看作一個整體，不能分開，其中的介詞或副詞不能省略。MysisterwastakencareofbyGrandmawhenmyparentswentouttowork.我父母出去工作時，我妹妹由奶奶照顧。（6）“It+be+及物動詞的過去分詞+that從句/todosth.”是固定句型。Sinceitisbelievedthatstrongsmellscanaffectthesenses，volunteersarerequirednottoeatordrinkforeighthoursbeforetheexperiment.因為人們相信強烈的氣味會影響感官，所以志愿者們被要求在實驗前八小時內不能進食或飲水。 【誤區警示】（1）“get+及物動詞的過去分詞”表被動。指主語遭遇變化或不好的事件。Hegotcaughtintherainlastnight.他昨晚被雨淋了。（2）動詞帶有雙賓語時，可把其中的一個賓語變為主語，另一個賓語仍然保留在謂語后面，變為被動句主語的通常是間接賓語。Hismothergavehimapresentforhisbirthday.他媽媽送給他一件生日禮物。→Hewasgivenapresentbyhismotherforhisbirthday.（也可改為Apresentwasgiventohimbyhismotherforhisbirthday.）（3）當“動詞+賓語+賓語補足語”結構變為被動結構時，將賓語變為被動結構中的主語，其余不動。Themanagerfoundacooksmokinginthecanteenandfiredhimonthespot.經理發現一個廚師在食堂抽煙，當場解雇了他。=Acookwasfoundsmokinginthecanteenbythemanagerandwasfiredonthespot.一個廚師被經理發現在食堂抽煙，當場被解雇了。（4）在使役動詞have，make，let以及感官動詞see，watch，notice，hear，feel，observe等后用不定式作賓語補足語時，to通常省略，但變為被動結構時，要加to。Someonesawastrangerwalkintothebuilding.有人看見一個陌生人走進那棟大樓?！鶤strangerwasseentowalkintothebuilding（bysomeone）.（5）有些由“動詞+介詞/副詞”構成的動詞詞組，也可用于被動結構，但要把它們看作一個整體，不能分開，其中