英美文學名詞解釋TermsinEnglishandAmericanLiterature

1.Aestheticism/theAestheticismMovement（唯美主義）

AEuropeanphenomenonduringthemiddIeofthe19thcenturythathad

itschiefheadquartersinFrance.ThismovementwasintroducedtoI

ateVictorianEngIandmainlyWaIterPaterasareactionagainst

themateriaIismandcommerciaIismofanindustriaIizedsociety.11wasaI

soareactionagainsttheVictorianconventionofartfor

moraIity'ssake,orartformoney'ssake.Themajortenetsofthismov

emeritincIudethebeIiefintheautonomyofaworkofart,the

emphasisoncraftandartistry—thetheoryof“artforartyss

ake”.ThemostoutstandingVictorianrepresentativesofthis

movementincIudedOsearWiIde.

2.AIlegory（寓言）

Ataleinverseorproseinwhichcharacters,actions,ors

ettingsrepresentabstractideasormoraIquaIities.AnaIIegoryis

astorywithtwomeanings,aIiteraImeaningandasymboIicme

aning.a寓言：用詩歌或散文講的故事，在這個故事中人物、事件或背景往往代表抽象的概

念或道德品質。所有的寓言都是一個具有雙重意義、文學內涵或象征意義的故事。

3.AIIiteration（頭韻）

ItistherepetitionofthesameinitiaIconsonantsoundwi

thinaIineoragroupofwordsinpoetry.In01dEngIishaliiter

ativemeter,aIIiterationistheprincipalorganizingdeviceoft

heverseline,suchasinBeo”"/九A頭韻：在一組詞的開頭或重讀音節中

對相同輔音或不同元音的重復。a

4.AlIusion：Areferencetoaperson,aplace,anevent,or

aIiteraryworkthatawriterexpectsthereadertorecognize

andrespondto.AnaIIusionmaybedrawnfromhistory,geog

raphy,Iiterature,orreligion.4典故：文學作品中作家希望讀者能夠認識或

做出反應的一個人物、地點、事件或文學作品。典故或來自歷史、地理、文學或宗教。

5.AmericanNaturaIism（美國自然主義）

TheAmericannaturaIismacceptedthemorenegativeinterpretationof

Darwin'sevolutionarytheoryandusedittoaccountforthebe

haviorofthosecharactersinIiteraryworkswhowereregarded

asmoreorIesscompIexcombinationsofinheriteda11ribute

s,theirhabitswereconditionedbysociaIandeconomicforces.Amer

icannaturaIismwasevoIvedfromrealismwhentheauthor'stone

inwritingbecameIessseriousandlesssympatheticbutmorei

ronicandmorepessimistic.ItwasnomorethanagIoomyphiIos

ophicaIapproachtoreality,ortohumanexistence.Dreiserwasa

IeadingfigureofthisschooI.

6.AmericanPuritanism（美國清教主義）

PuritanismisthepracticesandbeIiefsofthePuritans.T

heAmericanpuritans,liketheirEngIishbrothers,areideaIists.

Theyacceptedthedoctrineofpredestination,originaIsinandtota

Idepravity,andIimitedatonementthroughaspecialinfusionofg

raceformGod.ButduetothegrimstruggIeforIivinginthenew

continent,theybecomemoreandmorepracticaI.Americanpur

itanismissomuchapartofthenationaIatmosphererather

thatasetoftenets.

美國清教主義：他們相信宿命論、原罪說、全體墮落和有限的贖罪。

7.AmericanReaIism（美國現實主義）

InAmericanIiterature,theCiviIWarbroughttheRomanticPeriodtoan

end.TheAgeofReaIismcameintoexistence.GeorgeEliotintroduce

realismintoEngIand,andWiIIiamDeanHoweIIsintroducedit

intotheUnitedStates.ItcameasareactionagainsttheIieofro

manticismandsentimentaIism.ReaIismturnedfromanemphasi

sonthestrangetowardafaithfuIrenderingoftheordinary,asIi

ceofIifeasitisrealIyIived.11hasbeenchiefIyconeerned

withthecommonpIacesofeverydayIifeamongthemiddIeandIowercIa

sses,anditoffersanobjectiveratherthananidealisticviewofh

umannatureandhumanexperience.Realisticliteraturefindst

hedramaandtensionbeneaththesurfaceofordinarylife.Lat

er,manywriters,notabIyHenryJames,turnedtopsychoIogicaIreaIi

smthatcloselyexaminedthecompIexworkingsofthemind.

美國現實主義：在美國文學史上，內戰宣告了浪漫主義的終結和現實主義的開始。現實主義

反對浪漫主義和感傷主義的謊言，它從一個陌生的世界轉向了普通人的真實生活的描寫。它

所關心的是普通的下層勞動人民而非理想中的人類本性和現實經歷。

8.AmericanRomanticism（美國浪漫主義）

TheRomanticPeriodcoversthefirsthaIfofthe19thcentury.Ar

isingAmericawithitsideaIsofdemocracyandequaIity,theboom

ingeconomy,thefIourishingpubIications,andavarietyoffo

reigninfIuencesmadeitsIiteraryexpansionpossibleandinevitab

Ie.Romanticssharedsomecharacteristics:moraIenthusiasm,indiv

iduaIityandintuitiveperception.IrvingpIayedanimportantroI

eininspiringAmericanromanticismwithhismasterpiecesRipVanWi

nkleandTheLegendofSleepyHol/ow.Americanromanticism

cuIminatedaroundthe1840s,whichcanbecalled“Transee

ndentaiismorAmericanRenaissanceOneofthemajorfigure

inthisperiodwasEmerson.HisNaturehadbeencaIIed“theman

ifestoofAmericanTranscendentaIism”Inthepoetryaspect,

WhitmanandDicksonweretwomaJorAmericanpoetsinthisperi

od.InthenoveIaspect,HawthorneandMeIviIIebeIongedtoanother

typeofromanticism.TheyplacedincreasingvaIueonthefree

expressiononemotionandthepsychicstatesoftheircharacters.

TheNewEngIandpoets,suchasLongfeIlowandBryantformeda

differentschooIfromWhitman,Dickson,ThoreauandPoe.

9.AngryYoungMen（憤怒的青年）

TheAngryYoungMenisajournaIisticcatchphraseappIiedtoanu

mberofBritishpIaywrightsandnoveIistsfromthemid-1950s.Th

eirworksmainlyexpressthebitternessoftheIowercIassest

owardstheestabIishedsociopoIiticaIsystemandtowardsthem

ediocrityandhypocrisyofthemiddleandupperclasses.The

pIaywrightJohn0sbornewasthearchetypaIexampIeofthesea

ngryyoungmenwithhissignaturepIayLookBackinA

ngerin1956.

10.Antagonist（反面人物）：

Apersonorforceopposingtheprotagonistinanarrative;a

rivaloftheheroorheroine.

反面人物：一個故事中和主人公相對立的人物或一種力量，是男女主人公的對手。

11.AmericanTranscendentaIism（美國超驗主義）

AmericanTranscendentaIismismorethananattitudeoftransce

ndentaIists.To“transcend“somethingistoriseaboveit,topas

sbeyonditsIimits.ThetranscendentaIistsspeakforcuIturalr

ejuvenationandagainstthemateriaIismofAmericansociety.ThemaJ

orfeaturesofAmericanTranscendentaIismare:1.TranscendentaIis

tsplaceemphasisonspirit,ortheOversouI,asthemostimportan

tthingintheUniverse.2.Theystresstheimportanceoftheindivid

uaI.Tothem,theindividuaIwasthemostimportantelementofsoci

ety.3.TheyofferafreshperceptionofnatureassymboIicoft

heSpiritorGod.Naturewas,tothem,alive,filledwithGo

d'soverwheImingpresence.

12.Aphorism（警句）aAconcise,pointedstatementexpressingawiseor

cIeverobservationaboutlife.A警句：蘊含關于人生真理的明智的看法的精練的語

句。a

13.Aside（旁白）

Indrama,Iinesspokenbyacharacterinanundertoneordirec

tIytotheaudienceand.AnasideissupposedIynotheardby

otheractorsonstage.

14.Assonance（類韻）△TherepetitionofsimiIarvoweIsounds,especia

Ilyinpoetry.AssonanceisoftenempIoyedtopIeasetheearoremp

hasizecertainsounds.A類韻：在詩歌中相同或相似元音的重復，它的目的主要是

用來使句子悅耳動聽或用來強調某個音。

15.Autobiography（自傳）

TheIiteraryformofautobiographyisaperson'saccountof

hisorherownlife.AnautobiographyisgeneraIIywrittenin

narrativeformandincIudessomeintrospection,suchasTheA

utob/ographywrittenbyBenjaminFrankIin.

自傳：一個人對他或她自己生活的描述，自傳是一種敘述性的文體，多包含回憶性的描寫。

16.Ballad（民謠）

。ItisareIativelyshortnarrativepoem,wri11entobesung,with

asimpleanddramaticaction.ThebaIIadsteIIoflove,death,thesu

pernaturaI,oracombinationofthese.Twocharacteristicsoft

hebaIladareincrementaIrepetitionandthebaIladstanza.Incr

ementaIrepetitionrepeatsoneormorelineswithsmaIIbutsi

gnificantvariationsthatadvaneetheaction.Theballadstanzahas

fourline;commonIy,thefirstandthirdlinescontainfourfeetor

accents,thesecondandfourthlinescontainthreefeet.BaIIadoften

openabruptIy,presentbriefdescriptionsanduseconcisediaIogues.

ThefoIkbaIIadisusuaIIyanonymousandthepresentationisimper

sonaI.TheIiterarybaIladdeliberatelyimitatestheform

andspiritofafolkbaIIad.TheRomanticpoetswereattractedtoth

isform,asLongfeIlowwithTheWreckoftheHesperus,CoIeridgewithT

heRimeoftheAncientMarine,whichisIongerandmoreeIabo

ratethanthefoIkbaIlad.

17.BaIIadStanza（民謠詩節）

Atypeoffour-Iinestanza,thefirstandthethirdIineshavef

ourstressedwordsorsyllabIes;thesecondandfourthIineshave

threestresses.

18.BeatGeneration（垮掉的一^弋）

TheBeatGenerationreferstoaIooseIy-knitgroupofpoetsand

noveIists,writinginthesecondhalfofthee1950sandearly1960s.

Theysharedasetofsocialattitudes—anti-estabIishment,a

nti-poIiticaI,anti-inteIIectuaI,opposetotheprevaiIingcuItur

al,Iiterary,andmoralvaIues,andwereinfavorofunfettereds

eIf-reaIizationandself-expression.Representativesofthe

groupwereAIIenGinsbergwithhisIongpoemHowIandJackKerouac

withhisOntheRoad.

19.BiIdungsroman（成長小說）

BiIdungsromandefinesagenreofthenoveIwhichfocusesonthe

psychoIogicalandmoraIgrowthoftheprotagonistfromyouthtoad

uIthood,andinwhichcharacters,changeisthusextremeIyim

portant.InaBiIdungsroman,thegoalismaturity.CharIesDic

kens'DavidCopperfieIdisacIassicaIBiIdungsroman.

20.Biography（傳記）

AdetaiIedaccountofaperson'sIifewrittenbyanotherperson.

傳記：由他人篆寫的關于某人生平的詳細記錄。A

21.Blackcomedy/Blackhumor（黑色幽默）

ItismostIyempIoyedtodescribebaIefuI,naive,orinept

charactersinafantasticornightmarishmodernworIdpIayingoutt

heirrolesinwhatIonescocalleda“tragicfaree”,inwhichthe

evetsareoftensimu11aneousIycomic,horrifying,andabsurd.J

osephHeiIerfsCatch_22canbetakenasanexampIeoftheempI

oymentofthistechnique.

22.BIackMountainPoets（黑山派詩人）

11issometimescalledprojectivepoets（投射詩人），agroupofthemid_2

OthcenturyAmericanavant-gardeorpostmodernpoetscenteringo

nBlackMountainCoIIege.IntheessayProjectiveVerse,CharI

es0Isoncalls“forpoetryofopenfield“compositiontorepIa

cetraditionaIcIosedpoeticformswithanimprovisedformthat

shouIdrefIectexactIythecontentofthepoem.Thisessaybeeamethe

manifestofortheBIackMountainPoets,A

23.BIankVerse（無韻體詩）

Versewritteninunrhymediambicpentameter.Itistheverseform

usedinsomeofthegreatestEngIishpoetries,incIudingthat

ofWiIIiamShakespeareandJohnMiIton.a素體詩：用五音步抑揚格寫的無韻

詩。

24.Byronichero（拜倫式英雄）

Byronicheroreferstoaproud,mysteriousrebeIfigureofnoble

origin.Withimmensesuperiorityinhispassionsandpowers,hewou

IdcarryonhisshouIderstheburdenofrightingaIIthew

rongsinacorruptsociety,andwouldrisesingIe-handedIyaga

instanykindoftyrannicaIruleseitheringovernment,inre

Iigion,orinmoraIprincipIeswithunconquerabIewillsa

ndinexhaustibIeenergies.

A25.Calvinism（加爾文主義）

CaIvinismreferstothereIigiousteachingsofJohnCaIvinandh

isfolIowers.CaIvintaughtthatonlycertainpersons,theelec

t,werechosenbyGodtobesaved,andthiscanbegottenonIybe

God'sgrace.CaIvinismformsthebasisforthedoctrinesand

practicesoftheHuguenots,Puritans,Presbyterians,andtheR

eformedchurches.

26.CarpeDiem（及時行樂）

AtraditiondatingbacktocIassicaIGreekandLatinpoetry

andparticuIarIypopuIaramongEngIishCavalierpoets.CarpeD

iemmeansIiteraIIy“seizetheday”,thatis,“livefortoday”.

27.Canto（篇/章）

AsectionordivisionofaIongpoem.InEngIishpoetry,Alexande

rPope'stheRapeoftheLockandByron*sDonJuanaredividedinto

cantos.

詩章：長詩的一部分。

28.Character（角色）

Inappreciatingashortstory,charactersareanindispensabIeeIe

ment.Charactersarethepersonspresentedinadramaticornarr

ativework.Forstdividescharactersintotwotypes:fIatcharact

er,whichispresentedwithoutmuchindividuaIizingdetaiI;an

droundcharacter,whichiscomplexintemperamentandmotivation

andisrepresentedwithsubtleparticuIarity.

人物：在短篇小說的欣賞中，人物是必不可少一個元素。人物是喜劇或小說中所描寫的人。福

斯特把人物劃分為兩類，扁平型人物和圓型人物。扁平型人物往往缺乏個人化的細節描寫而

圓型人物則在性格和行為動機上較為復雜。

29.CIassicism（古典主義）

Amovementortendencyinart,Iiterature,ormusicthatre

fIectstheprincipIesmanifestedintheartofancientGreeceandR

ome.ClassicismemphasizesthetraditionaIandtheuniversal,a

ndplacesvaleonreasoncIarity,baIance,andorder.Classicism,wit

hitsconcernforreasonanduniversaIthemes,istraditionallyop

posedtoRomanticism,whichisconcernedwithemotionsandpens

onaIthemes.A古典主義：一種在文學，藝術，音樂領域體現古代希臘，羅馬風格的運動。

A

30.CIimax（高潮）道Thepointofgreatestintensity,interest,ors

uspenseinanarrative.A

31.Comedy（喜劇）

IngeneraI,aliteraryworkthatendshappiIywithaheaIthy,amicab

Iearmisticebetweentheprotagonistandsociety.a

32.Coneeit（奇想）

Coneeitisafar-fetchedsimiIeormetaphor,aIiteraryconceitoc

curswhenthespeakercomparetwohighlydissimiIarthings.Co

nceitisextensiveIyempIoyedinJohnDonne'spoetry.

33.ConfessionaIpoetry（自白詩）

AnautobiographicaImodeofversethatreveaIsthepoetsperso

naIprobIemswithunusuaIfrankness.ThetermisusuaIIyappI

iedtocertainpoetsoftheU.S.Fromthelate1950stotheIate19

60s,notabIyRobertLoweII,whoseLifeStudiesandFortheUnionD

eaddeaIwithhisdivorceandmentaIbreakdown.

34.ConfIict（沖突）AAstruggIebetweentwoopposingforcesorc

haractersinashortstory,noveI,play,ornarrativepoem.

沖突：故事，小說，戲劇中相對的力量和人物之間的對立。

35.Consonanee（豐南音若勻）A|treferstotherepetitionofsimiIar

consonantsoundsinagroupofwords.Sometimesthetermreferstoth

erepetitionofconsonantsoundsinthemiddIeorattheendof

words.SometimesthetermisusedforsIantrhymeinwhichinitia

Iandfinalconsonantsarethesamebutthevowelsarediffe

rent:Iitter/Ietter,green/groan.

36.CoupIet（兩行詩）

TwoconsecutiveIinesofpoetrythatrhyme.AheroiccoupIetisania

mbicpentametercoupIet.

對句：兩個連續押韻的詩行。英雄雙行體的對句一般都為抑揚格五音步。

37.CriticalRealism（批判現實主義）

ThecriticaIreaIismofthe19thcenturyflourishedinthef

ortiesandinthebeginningoffifties.ThereaIistsfirstandf

oremostsetthemseIvesthetaskofcriticizingcapitalistsociety

fromademocraticviewpointanddeIineatedthecryingcontra

dictionsofbourgeoisreaIity.Buttheydidnotfindawaytoeradica

tesociaIevils.CharlesDiekensisthemostimportantcriticaI

reaIist.

批判現實主義：批判現實主義在19世紀40年代達到高潮。批判現實主義作家們往往把從民

主的角度批評和揭露資本主義社會的丑惡視為己任，但他們并沒有找到治療社會弊病的良

方。

38.Dadaism（達達主義）

ItreferstoaWesternEuropeanartisticandIiterarymovement（19

16-1923）thatsoughtthediscoveryofauthenticreaIitythrough

theaboIitionoftraditional,cuIturaIandaestheticformsbyatech

niqueofcomicderisioninwichirrationality,chaneeand

intuitionweretheguidingprincipIe.

39.Darwinism（達爾文主義）

ItisatermthatcomesfromCharIesDarwir\fsevoIutionarytheor

y.DarwiniststhinkthatthosewhosurviveintheworIdare

thefi11estandthosewhofaiItoadaptthemseIvestotheenvi

ronmentwiIIperish.TheybeIievethatmanhasevoIvedfromtheIower

formsofIifeandhumansarespeciaInotbecauseGodcreatedthem

butbecausetheyhavesuecessfuIIyadaptedtothechangingenviron

mentaIconditionsandhavepassedontheirsurvivaI-makingcharacter

isticsgeneticaIIy.InfIuencedbyDarwinism,someAmericannatu

raIistwritersappIyitasanexplanationofhumannatureand

sociaIreaIity.

40.Denouement（結局）

Theoutcomeofaplot.Thedenouemeritisthatpartofaplay,s

hortstory,noveI,ornarrativepoeminwhichconfIictsarer

esoIvedorunraveIed,andmysteriesandsecretsconnectedwithth

eplotareexplained.a

41.Determinism（宿命論）

DeterminismisthephiIosophicaIbeIiefthateventsareshaped

byforcesbeyondthecontroIofhumanbeings.Determinism,importan

ttotheIiteratureattheendofthenineteenthcentury,assig

nscontroIespeciaIIytoheredityandenvironment,withoutseeki

ngtheiroriginsfurtherthansciencecantrace.Determinismu

suaIIyIeadstothetragiofateofthecharactersinnovels.

42.Didacticliterature（教誨文學）

DidacticIiteratureissaidtobedidacticifitdeliberately

teachessomemoraIIessons.TheuseofIiteratureforsuchte

achingisoneofutstraditionaIjustifications.ADramaticm

onologue（戲劇獨白）

43.Akindofnarrativepoeminwhichonecharacterspeaksto

oneormoreIistenerswhoserepliesarenotgiveninthepoem.

TheoccasionisusuaIIyacruciaIoneinthespeaker'spersonaI

ityasweIIastheincidentthatisthesubjectofthepoem.R

obertBrowning'sMyLastDuchessisatypicaIexampIe.

戲劇獨白：在一種敘事詩里面，一個人物對其他的人物講話但并沒有交代他們的回答，這種

場合往往對反映說話人的性格特征和詩歌的主題是至關重要的。

44.Elegy（挽歌）

Apoemofmourning,usuaIlyoverthedeathofanindividuaI.Ane

Iegyisatypeoflyricpoem,usuallyformaIinIanguageandstru

cture,andsolemnorevenmeIanchoIyintone.

挽歌：為某個死去的人所做的詩，挽歌往往屬于抒情詩，在語言和機構上比較正式，語氣上

比較莊重甚至是哀傷的。

45.EnIightenmentMovement（啟蒙運動）

EnIightenmentisaninteIIectuaImovementthatoriginates

inEuropeandcomestoEngIandinthe18”century.11stresse

sthepowerofhumanreason,theimportanceofmethodsanddisco

veriesinsteadofGod.ItspurposeistoenlightenthewhoIewor

IdwithheIightofmodernphiIosophicaIandartisticidea

s.ItceIebratesreasonorrationaIity,equaIityandscience.Itad

vocatesuniversaIeducation.A

46.Epic（史詩）

Epic,inpoetry,referstoalongworkdealingwiththeactions

ofgodsandheroes.

47.Epiphany（頓，厝）*AmomentofiIIumination,usuaIIyoccursatorn

eartheendofawork.

頓悟：對現實真諦的頓悟或洞察，通常出現在作品的結尾.

48.EpistolarynoveI（書信體小說）

AnepistoIarynoveIisaanoveItoldthroughthemediumofIetter

swrittenbyoneormoreofthecharacters.TheusuaIformistheI

e11er,butdiaryentries,newspapercIippingandotherdocumen

tsaresometimesused.TheepistoIatorynoveI'sreIianceonsub

jectivepointsofviewmakesittheforerunnerofthemodern

psychologicaInoveI.

49.Essay（散文/小品文）

Apieceofprosewriting,usuaIIyshort,thatdeaIswithasubjecti

naIimitedwayandexpressesaparticularpointorview.Anessa

ymaybeseriousorhumorous,tightIyorganizedorrambIing,restrai

nedoremotionaI.ThetwogeneraIcIassificationsofessayare

theinformaIessayandtheformaIessay.Aninformalessayisu

suaIlybrief