莒縣二中

——杜敬梅語法專題—定語從句一.定語(Attribute)定語是用來說明名詞或代詞的品質與特征的詞或一組詞。可用做定語的有形容詞、名詞、代詞、數詞、副詞、不定式、動名詞、分詞、介詞短語、從句和句子等。例如：2.Hemustbethebestviolinistalive.1.Sheisanaturalmusician.3.Sheisdrivingasportscarwithababygirlinit.4.Yourhairneedscutting.5.Doitnow,youmaynotgetasecondchance..6.Thathappenedintheyear1949.7.Howexcitedweare!Wewillhave3daysoff.8.Ihaveawishtotravelaroundtheworld.9.Ascientificlearningmethodcanhelpgetgoodgrades.10.ThisisamapofChina.11.Thecarthatisparkedoutsideismine12.Yourcar,whichInoticedoutside,hasbeenhitbyanothercar.

二、定語從句(TheAttributive

Clause)

用作定語的句子叫做定語從句。定語從句通常置于它修飾的名詞或代詞之后，這種名詞或代詞叫做先行詞。引導定語從句的關聯詞為關系代詞或關系副詞。關系代詞在定語從句中作主語、賓語、定語等；關系副詞在定語從句中只作狀語。

（1）從關系代詞代表的是人還是物方面考慮。如果先行詞是人，關系代詞用who,whom,that.1.關系代詞的用法。要學好定語從句，掌握好關系代詞的用法非常重要。在限制性定語從句里，關系代詞使用時要注意以下幾點：

Heisthemanwho\whom\thatImetonholiday.Adoctorexaminedtheastronautswhoreturnedfromspacetoday.如果先行詞是物，關系代詞用which,that.Thisisthecatwhich\thatcaughtthemice.Theshedwhich\thatwebuiltinthegardenlastyearhasbeguntorot.(2)從關系代詞在從句中充當的成分來考慮。who,which和that在從句中可以作主語和賓語，whom只能作賓語，關系代詞作及物動詞的賓語可以省略。whose在從句中作定語。如：

Heisthemanwhosecarisstolen.Theyliveinahousewhoseroofcouldcollapseatanytime.(3)That多用于下列一些情況：①Allthatglittersisnotgood.

②That’sthesamemanthataskedforhelpthedaybeforeyesterday.③Hewaswatchingthechildrenandparcelsthatfilledthecar.④ItwasthelargestmapthatIeversaw.⑤ThisisthefirstgiftthatIreceivedformybirthday.⑥Whichwasthehotelthatwasrecommendedtoyou?⑦It’sabookthatwillhelpyoualot.⑧Myhometownisnolongerthepacethatitusedtobe.先行詞為all,much,little,everything,anything,nothing,none,few,theone等不定代詞時。先行詞前有thesame修飾并指同一物時。先行詞中既有人又有物時。先行詞被形容詞最高級或被only,any,few,little,no,all,oneof等修飾時.先行詞為數詞或被序數詞（含last）修飾時。為了避免重復。先行詞在主句中作表語，或關系代詞在從句中作表語時。(4)在下列情況中多用which。TheEnglishplayinwhichmystudentsactedattheNewYear’spartywasagreatsucess.(2004全國II)Yesterdayshesoldhercar,whichsheboughtamonthago.(2008浙江)TheScienceMuseum,whichwevisitedduringarecenttriptoBritain,isoneofLondontouristattractions.(2008江蘇)LarrytoldherthestoryoftheyoungairmanwhichInarratedatthebeginningofthisbook.(5)關系代詞as引導限制性定語從句，用于such…as,the

same…as

和asmany\asmuch…as

結構中。例如：Suchbooksasyouboughtareuseless.Herattitudetohimwasquitethesame

asithadalwaysbeen.引導非限制性定語從句，既可用于句首，也可用于句中。例如：Asisknowntotheworld,the29thOlympicGamesareawonderfulsuccess.Heisaforeigner,asIknewfromhisaccent.從每題所給的A,B,C和D四個選項中，選出最佳選項。1.Theroadconditionsthereturnedouttobegood,___wasmorethanwecouldexpect.(2008全國卷II)A.itB.whatC.whichD.that2.Weshouldn’tspendourmoneytestingsomanypeople,mostof___arehealthy.A.thatB.whichC.whatD.whom3.WhenpeopletalkaboutthehistoricspotsinBeijing,thefirst___comesintomindistheForbiddenCity.A.whichB.thatC.oneD.place4.Isoxygentheonlygas___helpsfireburn?A.thatB.\C.whichD.what5.Mymostfamousrelativeofall,___whoreallylefthisworkonAmerican,wasRobRussel,mygreat-grandfather.A.oneB.theoneC.heD.someone用適當的關系代詞填空Lookout!Don’tgettooclosetothehouse_______roofisunderrepair.Ineverforgetthedays________IspentinNewYork.Thereason____hegavefornotcomingtothepartyyesterdayisunbelievable.MissWangistakingcareofthechild_______parentsdiedinthemajorearthquake.Anyone_________breaksthelawshouldbepunished.Thefirstbook________IreadlastnightwasanEnglishnovel.whosewhichthatwhosewhothat經典句子解讀Wilsonsuggestschangingthissituationbylookingintotenthousandsspeciesthat

couldbemadeuseof,whichwillbeawaytoreducetheclearingofthenaturalhomesofplantsandanimalstoenlargefarmingareas.(2008全國卷IE篇)Thefilmsthatwillbeshownattheopen

receptionincludeamusicvideoandafull-lengthfilmwhosetitleisPressure.(2008山東卷A)Whenitcomestofriends,Idesirethosewhowillsharemyhappiness,whopossesswingsoftheirownandwhowillflywithme.Iseekfriendswhosequalitiesilluminate（照亮）meandtrainmeupforlove.2.關系代詞用作介詞的賓語。Heistheboy(who\whom)Iwenttotheparkwithyesterday.HeistheboywithwhomIwenttotheparkyesterday.Thisisthepen(which\that)Iwrotethecompositionwith.ThisisthepenwithwhichIwrotethecomposition.介詞后面有時還可以跟whose+名詞。如：

Lastmonth,partofSoutheastAsianwasstruckbyfloods,from___effectsthepeoplearestillsuffering.

A.thatB.whoseC.thoseD.what{高考鏈接}1.Woman___drinkmorethantwocupsofcoffeeadayhaveagreaterchanceofhavingheartdiseasethanthose___don’t.（06北京）

A.Who;\B.\;whoC.who;whoD.\;\2.Ihavemanyfriends,____somearebusinessman.A.ofthemB.fromwhichC.whoofD.ofwhom3.---Whydoesshealwaysaskyouforhelp?---Thereisnooneelse____,isthere?（05北京）

A.whototurntoB.shecanturntoC.forwhomtoturnD.forhertoturn4.Markwasastudentatthisuniversityfrom1999to2003,____hestudiedveryhardandwasmadeChairmanoftheStudent’sUnion.（06重慶）

A.duringwhichtimeB.forwhichtimeC.duringwhosetimeD.bythetime.5.Theschoolsthemselvesadmitthatnotallchildrenwillbesuccessfulinthejobs___theyarebeingtrained.（05江西）

A.inthatB.forthatC.inwhichD.forwhich6.GeorgeOrwell,___wasEricArthur,wrotemanypoliticalnovelsandessays.（04北京)A.therealnameB.whathisrealnameC.hisrealnameD.whoserealname7.Youcanonlybesureof___youhaveatpresent;youcannotbesureofsomething___youmightgetinfuture.(07安徽)A.that;whatB.what;/C.which;/D./;that8.Bynineo’clock,alltheOlympictorchbearershadreachedthetopofMountQomolangma,_____appearedararerainbowsoon.（08福建）

A.ofwhichB.onwhich

C.fromwhichD.abovewhich9.Themanpulledoutagoldwatch,____weremadeofsmalldiamonds.（08陜西）

A.thehandsofwhomB.whomthehandsofC.whichthehandsofD.thehandsofwhich

10.Formanycitiesintheworld,thereisnoroomtospreadoutfurther,____NewYorkisanexample.

（08四川）

A.forwhichB.inwhichC.ofwhichD.fromwhich11.Wesawseveralnativesadvancingtowardsourparty,andoneofthemcameuptous,____wegavesomebellsandglasses.（06湖南）

A.towhichB.towhomC.withwhomD.withwhich12.Wewentthroughaperiod____communicationswereverydifficultintheruralareas.(08上海)A.whichB.whoseC.inwhichD.withwhich13.Thegrowingspeedofaplantisinfluencedbyanumberoffactors,____arebeyondourcontrol.(08湖南)A.mostofthemB.mostofwhichC.mostofwhatD.mostofthat注意：定語從句與同位語從句及強調句的區別1.ItwasalongtheMississippiRiver_____MarkTwainspentmuchofhischildhood.(2008天津)A.howB.whichC.thatD.where2.ItwasinNewZewland____ElizabethfirstmetMr.Smith.(2008全國卷II)A.thatB.howC.whichD.when.3.WheredidyougettheideathatIcouldnotcome?

4.EarlyinthedaycamethenewsthatGermanyhaddeclaredwaronRussian.CA(同位語從句)(同位語從句)同位語從句其形式與定語從句相似。二者之前都有先行詞，但與先行詞的關系不同：同位語從句與先行詞同位或等同，關聯詞只起引導作用，不在從句中作成分，定語從句則與先行詞是修飾關系，關系詞在從句中作主語、表語或賓語。同位語從句的先行詞多為fact,news,idea,thought,question,reply,report,remark,belief,promise等，關聯詞多為that.如：Hemadeapromisethathewouldbuyhisdaughteralap-topifshewasadmittedtotheuniversity.Promisesthathemadewereneverkept.（）同位語從句定語從句5.Thequestionwhoshoulddotheworkrequiresconsideration.6.Wehaven’tyetsettledthequestionwherewearegoingtospendourweekend.7.It’saquestionhowhedidit.當然，疑問代詞who,which,what和疑問副詞where,when,why,how亦可引導同位語從句。如：定語從句寫作訓練找出并改正錯誤1.Canyouseethegirlisstandinginfrontoftheteachingbuilding?2.Thisisthegirlwhomweoftentalkaboutherinourfreetime.Adictionaryisabookcanofferusthemeaningsofallwords.4.Idon’tlikethegirlwhomoftendrinksalotofwine.5.Isthisbookthatyouoftenreadwhenyouhavenothingtodo.6.ThisisthemostbeautifulpicturewhichIhaveeverseen.Writingtips∧／∧－∧－7.ThisisthefirstItalianTVprogamwhichIhavealreadywatched.8.Ihavedonealmosteverythingwhichyoutoldmetodo.9.Thereislittlewhichisveryinterestinginthisbook.10.NowhelivesinBeijing,thatisthecapital.11.Therearemanystudentsjoininthediscussion.－－－－∧根據漢語提示，完成下列各句1.Youcan’tliveintheroom__________________(窗子壞的)。2.CanyourecommendmeanEnglishteacher___________________________________________（能在業余時間教我英語）。3._______________________________________（我們每天呼吸的空氣）isaroundusallthetime.4.Jimpassedthedrivingtest,_______________________________________________________(這讓我們辦公室的人很吃驚)。whosewindowsarebroken

whocanteachmeEnglishinhissparetimeAir,whichbreatheeverydaywhichsurprisedeverybodyinouroffice.

5.Thisisthemagazine________________________________________(可以幫助你在旅行期間消磨時間的)。6.Ishetheyoungman______________________(你剛才和他握手的)?7.Thisisthegirl________________________(我經常求助的)。8.（正如你可以想像的______________________toclimbsuchahighmountainisverytiring.

thatcanhelpyoutokilltimeduringyourtravel

youshookhandswithjustnowtowhomIoftenturntoasyoucanimagine

9.Doyouknow____________________________（他們在談論的那個事實）?thefacttheyaretalkingabout2.關系副詞的用法

關系副詞在定語從句中作時間狀語時，其先行詞通常都是表示時間的詞，只有當先行詞在從句中桌時間狀語時才可以用關系副詞when。作主語、賓語、表語等時，要用關系代詞that或which。例如：

Istillrememberthedays(which/that)wespenttogetheratBeidaihe.IstillrememberthedayswhenwestudiedatBeijingUniversity.(when=inwhich)

先行詞是表示地點的名詞，在從句中作狀語時用關系副詞where。作主語、表語、賓語等時，要用關系代詞that或which。例如：

Thisisthefactory(that/which)wevisitedlastyear.ThisisthefactorywhereIworkedtenyearsago.(where=inwhich)

除了when和where之外，關系副詞還有why和that。

why=forwhich常用在先行詞thereason之后。例如：

WhoknowsthereasonwhyTomisabsenttoday?

that做關系副詞常用在一些表示時間的名詞及way和reason之后，且可以省略。如：

Itistimethatwebeganourclass.ThisisthelasttimethatIshallgiveyoualesson.Thatwasn’tthereasonthatheliedtoyou.Idon’tlikethewaythatyoulaughather.【高考鏈接】－Wheredidyougettoknowher?

－Itwasonthefarm____weworked.(07山東)A.thatB.thereC.whichD.where2.Hewaseducatedatthelocalhighschool,___hewentontoBeijingUniversity.(07江蘇)A.afterwhichB.afterthatC.inwhichD.inthat3.Occasionsarequiterare___Ihavethetimetospendadaywithmykids.(08山東)A.whoB.whichC.why.D.when

D

A

D4.Today,wewilldiscussanumberofcases___beginnersofEnglishfailtousethelanguageproperly.(07陜西)A.whichB.asC.whyD.where5.Alltheneighborsadmirethisfamily___theparentsaretreatingtheirchildlikeafriend.(08安徽)A.whyB.whereC.whichD.that6.Animalssufferedatthehandsofman___theyweredestroyedbypeopletomakewayforagriculturallandtoprovidefoodformorepeople.(08江西)A.inwhichB.forwhichC.sothatD.inthat

D

B

D3.限制性和非限制性定語從句

從形式上看，限制性定語從句先行詞和從句之間沒有逗號；非限制性定語從句前后都有逗號。僅知道二者形式上的差別是不夠的，最重要的時要了解它們意義上的差別。下面一組例句可以較清楚的說明兩種從句意義上的差別。

MybrotherwhostudiesatBeijingUniversityistwentyyearsold.Mybrother,whostudiesatBeijingUniversity,istwentyyearsold.7.Hismoviewonseveralawardsatthefilmfestival,___wasbeyondhiswildestdream.(07上海)A.whichB.thatC.whereD.it8.TheScienceMuseum,___wevisitedduringarecenttriptoBritain,isoneofLondon’stouristattractions.(08江蘇)A.whichB.whatC.thatD.where9.Theroadconditionsthereturnedouttobeverygood,___wasmorethanwecouldexpect.(08全國)A.itB.whatC.whichD.thatA

A

CGrammarquiz從所給的A、B、C、D四個選項中，選出最佳答案。TheywillflytoWashington,

___theyplantostayfortwoorthreedays.A.whereB.thereC.whichD.when

2.Heshouldstandnearthestage___hecouldwatchandfollowtheplay.A.whereB.whenC.thatD.there3.Doyouthinkthereason___hegaveisbelievable.A.forwhichB.whichC.whyD.what

A

A

B4.Wearelivinginanage___manythingsaredownoncomputer.A.whichB.thatC.whoseD.when5.Hemadeanotherwonderfuldiscovery,___ofgreatimportancetoscience.A.whichIthinkitisB.whichIthinkisC.whichIthinkitD.Ithinkwhichis6.Thisisthehospital___theyvisitedlastyearanditistheone___Iworkedfiveyearsago.A.that;whereB.where;thatC.where;whereD.that;that

D

B

A7.CarlsaidtheworkerwouldbedonebyOctober,___personallyldoubtverymuch.A.itB.thatC.whenD.which8.Ifashophaschairs___womencanparktheirmen,womenwillspendmoretimeintheshop.A.thatB.whichC.whenD.where9.Wearejusttryingtoreachapoint___bothsideswillsitdowntogetherandtalk.A.whereB.thatC.whenD.which

D

D

A二.用定語從句合并句子。1.Istillremembertheday.Ifirstmetheronthatday2.Isthistheroom?Sheoftendan