物流專業英語教程（第4版）主編:張慶英副主編:張夢雅，曾芝蘭高等學校專業英語教材PassageASupplyChainManagementPassageBTheEvolutionofSupplyChainTechnologiesUNIT24SupplyChainManagementUNIT24-ASupplychainmanagementSupplychainmanagementcomprisesplanningandprocessingorders;handling,transporting,andstoringallmaterialspurchased,processed,ordistributed;managinginventoriesinaharmonious,coordinated,andsynchronizedmanneramongalltheplayersonthechaintobuildtoorder(tofulfillcustomerordersastheyarise)ratherthanbuildtostock(tobuildupstockleveltofulfillanticipatedfuturedemand).Aspartofthecollaborationwiththeirsuppliers,manycompaniesareadoptingthepracticeofvendormanagedinventories：Beforeeachquarterthecompanyinformsthesupplieroftheaggregatequantityofthecomponentthattheyexpecttoorderduringthatquarter.Beforethebeginningofeachweekthecompanyprovidesthesupplierwitharevisedestimateofthequantityofthecomponenttobeorderedthatweek.

Eachworkdaymorningthecompanyputsinanorderforthequantityofthecomponenttobedeliveredthatday.StrategicPartneringThekeytomakingthiswholeprocessrunsmoothlyisaccurateforecastingofthecomponentdemandeachday(orwhateverplanningperiodisused).DemandDistributionTheactualdemandisusuallyarandomvariablewithaprobabilitydistributionthatcanbeestimatedfrompastdata.

Theweeklyandthequarterlyorderamountsaredeterminedbyasimilarprocedureusingthedistributionsofweeklyandquarterlydemands.Sincetheremaynotbeenoughpastdatatoestimateweeklyandquarterlydemanddistributionsdirectlyfromdata,thesedistributionsareusuallyderivedfromthedistributionofdailydemandusingconvolutionsorsimulation.DeterminingtheDailyOrderQuantityForecastingDemandSuccessfulinventorymanagementsystemsdependheavilyongooddemandforecasts.abetterstrategyistoapproximatetheprobabilitydistributionofdemandbyitsempiricaldistributionobtainedfrompastdata,whichinthiscontextiscalledthediscretizeddistributionofdemand.Thisistheinitialdistributionatthetimeitiscomputed.Thisdistributionisperiodicallyupdatedusingrecentdata.1BeginningwiththeworkofFordW.Harrisin1915ontheeconomicorderquantity(EOQ)model,manyresearchersdevelopedavarietyofmathematicalmodelsforminimizingthecostsassociatedwithholdinginventories(rawmaterials,components,subassemblies,workinprocess,andfinishedgoods)inindustriesandbusinesses.Notes從1915年FordW.Harris研究出經濟訂貨批量開始，在工業和商業領域許多的研究者建立了大量的數學模型，通過（原材料、零件、部件、在制品和成品等的）庫存控制，將成本降到最低。2.Insteadoforderingoncedaily,somecompaniesorderonceineveryplanningperiod(maybeashiftorhalf-a-shift).Notes有些公司將每天下一次訂單改變為每個計劃周期下一次訂單（一個計劃周期可能為一個班次或者半個班次）。3.Inthismodeofoperation,itiscriticaltomaintaingooddatabasesondemand,production,quality,andinventorylevels,andtodevelopWeb-basedinterfacescontainingrelevantinformationtowhichallplayersonthesupplychainhaveaccess.Notes在這種運行模式下，關鍵是要根據需求、生產、質量和庫存水平維護完善的數據庫，并且開發出包含相關信息的網絡界面以方便供應鏈各個成員的訪問。4.Inpractice,almostalwaysitisonlythevalueofthemeanthatischanged;thestandarddeviationisusuallyassumedtoremainunchanged.Notes在實際中，幾乎總是只有平均值發生著變化，而標準偏差通常會保持不變。Whatformistheprocessoforderingcomponentsusuallytakes?WhyistheJITphilosophybeingintegratedintotheoverallbusinessstrategyworldwide,changingthenatureofmanufacturingandbusinessdramatically?12TopicfordiscussionFromparttwo,what’sthekeytomakingthiswholeprocessrunsmoothly?Howtobalancetheexpectedcostofoverage(o