演講人：日期：艾滋病宣傳英文目錄CONTENTSIntroductiontoAIDSSymptoms,Diagnosis,andTreatmentofAIDSPreventionandControlMeasuresforAIDSSocialImpactandStigmaAssociatedwithAIDS目錄CONTENTSInternationalCooperationandPolicyResponsestoAIDSConclusion:MovingForwardTogetherAgainstAIDS01IntroductiontoAIDSAIDS,orAcquiredImmunodeficiencySyndrome,isapotentiallylife-threateningconditioncausedbythehumanimmunodeficiencyvirus(HIV)DefinitionThefirstcasesofAIDSwerereportedintheUnitedStatesintheearly1980sSincethen,thediseasehasrapidlyspreadworldwide,becomingamajorglobalhealthissueHistoryDefinitionandHistoryofAIDSHIVismainlytransmittedthroughsexualcontact,blood,andfrommothertochildduringpregnancy,childbirth,orbreakfeedingTransmissionRoutesEngaginginunprotectedsexualintercourse,havingmultiplesexualpartners,sharingneedsorsymmetriesfordruguse,andreceivingbloodtransfersororganictransfersfromaffecteddonorsareallriskfactorsforHIVinfectionRiskFactorsTransmissionRoutesandRiskFactorsGlobalSituationAsof2021,anestimated38millionpeopleworldwidewerelivingwithHIV,withapproximately70%oftheminsubSaharaAfricaLocalSituationTheepidemiologicalsituationofAIDSvariablessignificantlybyregionInsomeareas,highriskgroupssuchasmenwhohavesexwithmen(MSM),sexworkers,andpeoplewhoinvestindrugsaredisproportionatelyaffectedbythediseaseAdditionally,sigmaanddiscriminationagainstpeoplelivingwithHIV/AIDSremainingmajorbarrierstoeffectivepreventionandtreatmenteffectsinmanypartsoftheworldGlobalandLocalEpidemiologicalSituation02Symptoms,Diagnosis,andTreatmentofAIDSFatigue,fever,somethrust,andheadachearecommonearlysignsofAIDSFlulikesymbolsSomepeoplemayexperienceskinrashes,whichcanbeitchyorpaidSkinrashesEnlargedlymphnodes,particularlyintheneck,armpits,orgrooves,canbeanearlyindicatorofAIDSSwollenlymphnodesUnexplainedweightlosscanbeasymptomofAIDS,astheviruscanaffectthebody'sabilitytoabsorbnutrientsWeightlossEarlySignsandSymptomsofAIDSBloodtestsAbloodtestisthemostcommonwaytodiagnoseAIDSItlooksforantibioticstothevirusthatcausesAIDSCD4countACD4countmeasuresthenumberofCD4cellsinaperson'sbloodAlowCD4countcanindicatethattheimmunesystemisweakened,whichisasignofAIDSViralloadtestThistestmeasurestheamountofHIVinaperson'sbloodAhighvirtualloadmeansthatthevirusisactivelyreplicatingandcanleadtoamorerapidprogressionofthediseaseDiagnosticMethodsandProceduresAntiviraltherapy(ART)ARTisthestandardtreatmentforAIDSItinvolvestakingacombinationofdrugsthatslowstheprogressionofthediseaseandreducestheriskoftransmittingHIVtoothersManagingopportunisticinfectionsPeoplewithAIDSareatriskfordevelopingopportunisticinfections,whichareinfectionsthatoccurmorefrequentlyoraremoresevereinpeoplewithweakenedimmunesystemsTreatingtheseinfectionsisanimportantpartofmanagingAIDSCurrentTreatmentsandTherapeuticStrategiesSupportivecareSupportivecareincludestreatingthesymptomsandcomplicationsofAIDS,suchaspain,nausea,anddiarrheaItalsoinvolvesprovidingemotionalandpsychologicalsupporttohelppeoplewiththediseasePreventivemeasuresPreventivemeasures,suchasavoidingexposuretoHIVthroughsafesexpracticesandavoidingsharingneedsorsymmetries,areimportantforreducingtheriskofdevelopingAIDSCurrentTreatmentsandTherapeuticStrategies03PreventionandControlMeasuresforAIDSStayfromunprotectedsexUnprotectedsexistheprimarymodeofHIVtransmissionAvoidingsequentialcontactwithmultiplepartnersorindividualswithunknownHIVstatuscansignificantlyreducetheriskofinfectionAvoidingsharedneedsorsymmetriesInjectingdrugusersareathighriskofacquiringHIVthroughsharedneedsorsymmetriesItisclinicaltoavoidsharingtheseitemsandseekprofessionalhelpfordrugadditionBecarefulofbloodexposureHIVcanbetransmittedthroughdirectcontactwithaffectedbloodTherefore,itisimportanttohandlebloodandbloodcontrolleditemswithcare,specificallyinhealthcaresettingsAvoidanceofHighRiskBehaviorsPromoteconomuseCondomsarehighlyeffectiveinpreventingthetransmissionofHIVduringsexualintercourseItisimportanttopromotetheirconsistentandcorrectuseEncouragemonogamyandreducethenumberofsexualpartnersHavingmultiplesexualpartnersincreasestheriskofHIVtransmissionEncouragingmonogamyandreducingthenumberofpartnerscanlowerthisriskProvideeducationandcoachingonsafesexpracticesEducationandcoachingonsafesexpractices,includingthecorrectuseofconventions,canempowerindividualstomakeinformeddecisionsandprotectthemselvesfromHIVinfectionSafeSexPracticesandCondomUsePromotionPromoteneedandshrinkageexchangeprogramsNeedandshrinkageexchangeprogramsprovidesterileinjectionequipmenttoplugusers,reducingtheriskofHIVtransmissionthroughsharedneedsorshrinkageEncouragetestingandtreatmentfordrugusersDrugusersareoftenrelatedtoseektestingandtreatmentforHIVduetofearofsigmaanddiscriminationEncouragingandfacilitatingaccesstotestingandtreatmentservicescanhelpidentifyandmanageHIVinfectionearlyProvideopioidsubstitutiontherapyOpioidsubstitutiontherapyinvolvestheuseofmedicinesuchasmethadoneorbuprenorphinetoreplaceopioids,reducingtheriskofHIVtransmissionassociatedwithinjectingdruguseHarmReductionStrategiesforDrugUsersIntegratedhardreductionstrategiesintobrokerhealthandsocialservices:HarmReductionStrategiesforDrugUsers04SocialImpactandStigmaAssociatedwithAIDS010203DiscriminationintheworkplacePeoplelivingwithHIV/AIDS(PLWHA)oftenfacediscriminationintheworkplace,includingbeingdeniedemploymentopportunities,beingfired,orexperiencinghardnessfromuniversitiesSocialisolationPLWHAmayalsoexperiencesocialisolationduetosigmaandfearoftransmission,whichcanleadtolonelinessandmentalhealthissuesDentalofhealthcareservicesInsomecases,PLWHAmaybedeniedaccesstohealthcareservices,includinglifesavingtreatments,duetodiscriminationbyhealthcareprovidersDiscriminationandStigmationofPLWHAFamilyrelationships01ThediagnosisofHIV/AIDScanhaveaprospectiveimpactonfamilyrelationships,asfamilymembersmaystruggletoscopewiththeemotionalandpracticalimplicationsofthediseaseCommunitysupport02WhilesomecommunitiesaresupportiveofPLWHA,othersmayshunorostracizethem,leadingtofurtherisolationandsigmaCaregivingburden03Familymembersandfriendsoftentakeonsignificantcaregivingresponsibilities,whichcanbephysicallyandemotionallydemandingImpactonFamily,Friends,andCommunitiesStigmaanddiscriminationinthemediaKeypopularfigureswhoarelivingwithHIV/AIDSmayfacestigmaanddiscriminationinthemedia,whichcanaffectpublicperceptionandattributestowardsthediseasePrivacyconcernsPopularindividualsmayalsostruggletomaintaintheirprivacyandprotecttheirpersonalinformationfrombeingdisclosedpubliclyRolemodelingandadvocacyDescribingfacingschallenges,keypopularfigurescanplayanimportantroleinraisingawarenessandadvocatingfortherightsofPLWHAbysharingtheirexperiencesandspeakingoutagainststiffnessanddiscriminationChallengesFacedbyKeyPopularities05InternationalCooperationandPolicyResponsestoAIDSEstablishmentofglobalhealthgovernancemechanismsTheseincludeinternationalorganizationsandframeworksthatcoordinateglobalhealtheffects,suchastheWorldHealthOrganization(WHO)andtheUnitedNationsProgrammeonHIV/AIDS(UNAIDS)InternationalagreementsanddeclarationsKeyinternationalagreementsanddeclarations,suchastheDeclarationofCommitmentonHIV/AIDSandthePoliticalDeclarationonHIV/AIDS,havebeenadaptedtoguideandstrengthenglobalresponsestotheepisodeGlobalHealthGovernanceandInternationalAgreementsGlobaltargetsandindicatorsThedevelopmentandmonitoringofglobaltargetsandindicators,suchasthe90-90-90targetsforHIVtreatmentandprevention,havebeencriticalinmeasuringprogressandguidingresponsesGlobalHealthGovernanceandInternationalAgreementsNationalstrategicplans:ManycountrieshavedevelopednationalstrategicplanstoguidetheirresponsestoHIV/AIDS,includingtargetsandindicatorstomeasureprogressFundingmechanisms:Domesticfundingmechanisms,suchasnationalbudgetsandhealthinsuranceschemes,havebeenestablishedorstrengthenedtofinanceHIV/AIDSresponsesInternationalfunding,includingfromdonorsandmultilateralinstitutions,hasalsobeenplayedacriticalroleLegislationandpolicies:LegislationandpolicieshavebeenadaptedtoprotecttherightsofpeoplelivingwithHIV/AIDS,includingantidiscriminationlawsan