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InequalityintheeyesofArabpeople
E/ESCWA/CL2.GPID/2024/Policybrief.6
Keymessages
PeopleintheArabregionare
increasinglydissatisfiedwiththeirstandardofliving.
AlmosthalfoftheArabpopulationaredissatisfiedwiththequalityofhealthandeducationservicesavailabletothem.
TheproportionofpeopleacrosstheArabregionwhoreportnot
havingenoughmoneytobuyfoodhassteadilyincreased,reaching38percentby2022.
Morethanonethirdofthe
surveyedpopulation(37percent)aredissatisfiedwiththeirstandardofliving.PeopleinLebanonwerethemostdissatisfied.
2
Themanyfacesofinequality...................................
Inequalityismultifaceted.Themostwell-knownsourceofinequalityisincomeinequality.Butinequalitycan
manifestitselfinvariousotherdimensions,manyofwhichintersectandreinforceeachother.Economicinequality,genderinequality,youthinequality,andinequalitiesinaccesstohealth,education,social
protection,food,financeandtechnologyallthreatentoexcludevulnerablepopulationsfromwider
socioeconomicdevelopment.People’sperceptionsoftheirstandardoflivingprovidevaluableinsightsintotheseinequalities,highlightingsocietalissuesthatincomestatisticsalonecannotcapture.
ThispolicybriefusesGallupSurveydataonpeople’s
perceptionsoftheircurrentandfuturequalityoflifetobetterunderstandinequalityintheArabregion.
Perceptions:currentstandardofliving...................
AcrosstheArabregion,morepeoplearesatisfiedthan
dissatisfiedwiththeir
standardofliving.
Nevertheless,thegap
Dissatisfactionwith
standardoflivinghas
steadilyrisenfromalowof28%in2016to
betweensatisfiedanddissatisfiedpeople
isshrinking(figure1).
37%in2022steadilyrisenfromalow
Dissatisfactionwithstandardoflivinghas
of28percentin2016to37percentin2022(latestavailabledata).
Theincreaseindissatisfactionholdstrueregardless
ofageorgender(figure2).However,therearemarked
differencesbetweencountriesintheArabregion(figure
3).Onthewhole,peopleinhigh-incomecountriesreport
thehighestsatisfactionwiththeirstandardofliving,whilstpeopleinleastdevelopedcountries,orcountriesgoing
throughsomeformofcrisis,arethemostdissatisfied.PeoplelivinginKuwait(94percentsatisfied),
Figure1.Areyousatisfiedordissatisfiedwithyourstandardofliving,allthethingsyoucanbuyanddo?
Proportionofrespondentssatis?ed/dissatis?ed(percentage)
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
2015
2017
2016
20182019
202020212022
Dissatis?ed
Satis?ed
Source:GallupWorldPolldata.
3
SaudiArabia(87percentsatisfied),andtheUnitedArabEmirates(92percentsatisfied)reportedthehighest
levelsofsatisfactionwiththeirstandardoflivingin2022.
Lebanonhadthehighestdissatisfactionlevelin2022,with89percentofthepopulationdissatisfiedwiththeirstandardofliving.
Figure2.Areyousatisfiedordissatisfiedwithyourstandardofliving,allthethingsyoucanbuyanddo?
Proportionofrespondentsdissatis?ed
40
(percentage)
30
20
10
0
Breakdownbyageandgender
Arabyoung
women
(aged15-29)
Arabyoungmen(aged15-29)
ArabregionArabwomenArabmenArabyoungpeople
(aged15-29)
20152022
Source:GallupWorldPolldata.
Figure3.Areyousatisfiedordissatisfiedwithyourstandardofliving,allthethingsyoucanbuyanddo?
100
90
Proportionofrespondentsdissastis?ed(percentage)
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Breakdownbycountry,2022
Arabregion
Algeria
Comoros
Egypt
Iraq
Jordan
Kuwait
Lebanon
Libya
Mauritania
Morocco
Stateof
Palestine
SaudiArabia
Tunisia
UnitedArab
Emirates
Yemen
Source:GallupWorldPolldata.
4
Perceptions:futurestandardofliving.....................
PeopleintheArabregionarealsobecomingmore
pessimisticabouttheirfuturestandardofliving.Althoughhalfoftheregionalpopulationbelievethattheirfuture
standardoflivingwillimprove,theproportionwhobelieveditwouldgetworseincreasedfrom28percentin2015to36percentin2022(figure4).
Theincreasingnegativityoverthefutureisreflectedacrossallagesandgenders(figure5),althougholderpeoplearemore
pessimisticthanyoungerpeople.Fortypercentofpeopleabove
30yearsoldbelievethattheirstandardoflivingisdeclining,comparedwith29percentofthoseagedbetween15and29.
Meanwhile,in2022,atleasthalfthepopulationofthe
Comoros(60percent),Jordan(50percent),Lebanon(89percent),andYemen(60percent)reportedthattheir
standardoflivingwasdeteriorating.InSaudiArabia(81percent)andtheUnitedArabEmirates(85percent),themajorityofthepopulationbelievedthattheirstandardoflivingwasgettingbetter(figure6).
Figure4.Rightnow,doyoufeelyourstandardoflivingisgettingbetterorgettingworse?
60
Proportionofrespondents(percentage)
50
40
30
20
10
0
20152016201720182019202020212022
BetterWorse
Source:GallupWorldPolldata.
Figure5.Rightnow,doyoufeelyourstandardoflivingisgettingbetterorgettingworse?
Proportionofrespondentsdissatis?ed
40
(percentage)
30
20
10
0
Breakdownbyageandgender
Arabyoung
women
(aged15-29)
Arabyoungmen(aged15-29)
ArabregionArabwomenArabmenArabyoungpeople
(aged15-29)
20152022
Source:GallupWorldPolldata.
5
Figure6.Rightnow,doyoufeelyourstandardoflivingisgettingbetterorgettingworse?
100
90
Proportionofrespondentsdissatis?ed(percentage)
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Arabregion
Algeria
Comoros
Egypt
Iraq
Jordan
Kuwait
Lebanon
Libya
Mauritania
Morocco
Stateof
Palestine
SaudiArabia
Tunisia
UnitedArab
Emirates
Yemen
Breakdownbycountry,2022
Source:GallupWorldPolldata.
Perceptions:health.................................................
Dissatisfactionwithqualityofhealthcarepeakedbetween2019and2021,yetin2022itstillremainedhigherthaninthe2015-18period(figure7).
In2022,48percentofpeopleintheArabregionweredissatisfiedwiththeavailabilityofqualityhealthcare.Youngwomen(agedbetween15and29)werethemostsatisfied(57percentin2022),whileoldermen(aged30andabove)werethemostdissatisfied(50percentin2022).
Again,thereweremarkeddifferencesbetweencountries,withpeopleinhigh-incomecountriesthemostsatisfied.In2022,peopleinKuwait(93percent),SaudiArabia(91percent)andtheUnitedArabEmirates(91percent)againreportedthehighestsatisfactionlevelswiththeirqualityofhealthcare.InfourArabcountries,over70percentof
respondentsweredissatisfiedwiththequalityofhealthcareavailabletothemin2022:theComoros(73percent),
Lebanon(72percent),Morocco(74percent)andTunisia(71percent)(figure8).
48%
ofpeopleintheArab
regionweredissatisfied
qualityhealthcare
withtheavailabilityof
6
Figure7.Inthecityorareawhereyoulive,areyousatisfiedordissatisfiedwiththeavailabilityofqualityhealthcare?
Proportionofrespondentssatis?ed/dissatis?ed
70
60
(percentage)
50
40
30
20
10
0
20152016201720182019202020212022
Dissatis?edSatis?ed
Source:GallupWorldPolldata.
Figure8.Inthecityorareawhereyoulive,areyousatisfiedordissatisfiedwiththeavailabilityofqualityhealthcare?
80
70
Proportionofrespondentsdissastis?ed(percentage)
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Breakdownbycountry,2022
Arabregion
Algeria
Comoros
Egypt
Iraq
Jordan
Kuwait
Lebanon
Libya
Mauritania
Morocco
Stateof
Palestine
SaudiArabia
Tunisia
UnitedArab
Emirates
Yemen
Source:GallupWorldPolldata.
7
Perceptions:education............................................
Aswithhealth,dissatisfactionwiththeeducation
systemintheArabregionpeakedbetween2019and
2021,yetin2022itremainedhigherthaninthe2015-18period(figure9).
In2022,45percentofpeopleintheArabregionwere
dissatisfiedwiththeeducationsystemintheircountry.
Youngwomen(agedbetween15and29)wereagainthemost
satisfied(60percentsatisfied).Oldermen(aged30andabove)wereagaintheleastsatisfied(47percentdissatisfied).
PeopleinKuwait(94percent),SaudiArabia(87percent),andtheUAE(92percent)remainedthemostsatisfied
withthequalityofeducationavailabletothem.InTunisia,though,77percentofrespondentsreportedthattheyweredissatisfiedwiththeeducationsystem(figure10).
Figure9.Inthecityorareawhereyoulive,areyousatisfiedordissatisfiedwiththeeducationalsystemortheschools?
Proportionofrespondentssatis?ed/dissatis?ed
60
50
40
(percentage)
30
20
10
0
20152016201720182019202020212022
Dissatis?edSatis?ed
Source:GallupWorldPolldata.
Figure10.Inthecityorareawhereyoulive,areyousatisfiedordissatisfiedwiththeeducationalsystemortheschools?
Proportionofrespondentsdissastis?ed(percentage)
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Arabregion
Algeria
Comoros
Egypt
Iraq
Jordan
Kuwait
Lebanon
Libya
Mauritania
Morocco
Stateof
Palestine
SaudiArabia
Tunisia
UnitedArab
Emirates
Yemen
Breakdownbycountry,2022
Source:GallupWorldPolldata.
8
Perceptions:food....................................................
TheproportionofpeopleacrosstheArabregionwho
reportednothavingenoughmoneytobuyfoodincreasedsteadilybetween2015and2022,reaching38percentby2022(figure11).
Thisincreaseinrespondentsreportingthattheyhad
notbeenabletoaffordfoodonatleastoneoccasionis
representedacrossallgendersandages,withyoungwomen(agedbetween15and29)beingtheleastaffectedin2022(33percent).Olderwomen(aged30+)werethemost
affected(44percent)(figure12).
Atthenationallevel,Algeria(17percent),Kuwait(10percent),SaudiArabia(14percent),andtheUnited
ArabEmirates(15percent)hadthelowestnumbersof
respondentsreportingthattheyhadnotbeenabletoaffordfoodin2022.Yetinallthesecountries,atleastonetenth
ofrespondentsnonethelessreportedthattheyhadbeen
unabletoaffordfoodinthepast12months.IntheComoros(63percent),Jordan(57percent),Mauritania(56percent),Morocco(50percent)andYemen(71percent),atleasthalfofrespondentsreportedthattheyhadbeenunabletoaffordfoodonatleastoneoccasionin2022(figure13).
Figure11.Havetherebeentimesinthepast12monthswhenyoudidnothaveenoughmoneytobuyfoodthatyouoryourfamilyneeded?
Proportionofrespondentsunabletoaffordfood
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
70
(percentage)
20152016201720182019202020212022
YesNo
Source:GallupWorldPolldata.
Figure12.Havetherebeentimesinthepast12monthswhenyoudidnothaveenoughmoneytobuyfoodthatyouoryourfamilyneeded?
Proportionofrespondentsunable
toaffordfood(percentage)
40
30
20
10
0
Breakdownbyageandgender
Arabyoung
women
(aged15-29)
Arabyoungmen(aged15-29)
ArabregionArabwomenArabmenArabyoungpeople
(aged15-29)
20152022
Source:GallupWorldPolldata.
9
Figure13.Havetherebeentimesinthepast12monthswhenyoudidnothaveenoughmoneytobuyfoodthatyouoryourfamilyneeded?
80
Proportionofrespondentsunabletoaffordfood(percentage)
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Arabregion
Algeria
Comoros
Egypt
Iraq
Jordan
Kuwait
Lebanon
Libya
Mauritania
Morocco
Stateof
Palestine
SaudiArabia
Tunisia
UnitedArab
Emirates
Yemen
Breakdownbycountry,2022
Source:GallupWorldPolldata.
Causeforhope.........................................................
Despitetheseoverwhelminglynegativeandoften
deterioratingperceptions,thereiscauseforhope.
Although
pessimismis
increasing,peopleintheArabregionaremorelikelytohavehopeforthefuturethannot
Althoughpessimismisincreasing,peopleintheArabregionaremorelikelytohavehopeforthefuturethannot.Youngpeoplearemarginallymoreoptimisticthanthepopulationasawhole,andyoungwomenparticularlyso.Peoplein
theArabregionalsotendtohaveamoreoptimisticviewoftheiroverallstandardofliving,thanoftheprovisionofbasicnecessitiessuchashealth,educationandfood.Thisperhapsdemonstratesadesiretobeoptimistic,
whichpolicymakerscanbuildonintheireffortstocreateinclusivesocieties.
10
Policyrecommendations.........................................
1.Promoteinclusivegrowth.Inclusivegrowthisnottheonlydriverof
people’sperceptionsoftheirstandardofliving,butitisfrequentlya
fundamentalone.Ensuringthateconomicgrowthbenefitsallsegmentsofsocietywillsupportageneralincreaseinthepopulation’sperceivedstandardofliving,socialcohesionandsustainablesocioeconomic
development.Inclusivegrowthcanbeachievedthroughsupportingsmallandmedium-sizedenterprises(SMEs),enhancinglabourrights,and
ensuringequalopportunitiesforwomen,youngpeopleandminorities.
2.Adoptprogressivetaxpoliciesandensurethatrevenuesareredistributedwithafocusonincomeequality.
PeopleintheComoros,LebanonandYemenareamongtheleastsatisfiedwiththeirstandardofliving.Theyarealsocountrieswithsomeofthehighestincomeandwealthinequalities,combinedwithhighpoverty
rates.Progressiveincomeandcorporatetaxation,whichisfunneledintoredistributionforthemostvulnerablegroups,wouldgoalong
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