Unit10TheSadYoungMenLearningobjectivesKnowmoreaboutthe1920sinAmericanhistoryGetabetterunderstandingofsometerms:“thelostgeneration”(theSadyoungmen),“Puritanism”,“babbittry”,“bohemian”,“Greenwichvillage”Knowmoreaboutsomewriters:F.S.Fitzgerald,E.Hemingway,SinclairLewisBackgroundInformation

1.F.ScottFitzgeraldandTheSadYoungMen

2.Puritanismandpuritans3.JazzAgeorRoaringTwenties4.VictorianAge(Victoriangentility)5.Bohemianism6.Prohibition7.GreenwichVillage8.JohnDosPassos9.SinclairLewisandBabbitt(Babbittry)10.EarnestHemingwayandhisTheSunAlsoRisesPre-readingquestionsCanyounamesomesynonymsof“sad”?Whatdoyouknowabout“thesadyoungmen”or“thelostgeneration”?Whattypeofwritingdoyouthinkthistextbelongsto?ThesenameswereappliedtothedisillusionedintellectualsandaesthetesoftheyearsfollowingtheFirstWorldWar,whorebelledagainstformeridealsandvalues,butcouldreplaceonlybydespairoracynicalhedonism.

TheremarkofGertrudeStein,‘Youareallalostgeneration’,addressedtoHemingway,wasusedasaprefacetothelatter’snovel,TheSunAlsoRises,whichbrilliantlydescribesanexpatriategrouptypicalofthe‘Lostgeneration’.Beatgeneration:ThistermwasappliedtocertainAmericanartistsandwriterswhowerepopularduringthe1950s.Membersofthebeatgenerationrejectedtraditionalandartisticforms.

Duringthe1960s,“beat”ideaandattitudeswereabsorbedbyotherculturalmovements,andthosewhopracticedthe“beat”lifestylewerecalled“Hippies”.

AngryYoungMen:ThistermwasappliedtoagroupofEnglishwritersofthe1950swhoseheroessharedcertainrebelliousandcriticalattitudestowardssociety.Exposition

mostfrequentlyusedbyastudent,ascientistoraprofessionalwritingpatterns:byillustration,process,classificationanddivision,comparisonandcontrast,ananalysisoftheircausesandeffects,ordefinitionthemostimportantquality:clarityToachievethis,youhaveto:limitthescopeofdiscussionprepareenoughexamplespresentthefactsinproperorderDivisionandClassificationtwodifferentwaysofsortingthingsoutdivision:toseparatethewholethingintoparts,stressingthedifferencesbetweenthingsclassification:togroupsimilarthingssystematically,emphasizingthesimilaritiestochooseanappropriateprincipleofdivision/classificationsuitedtoyourpurposetoapplyyourprincipleconsistentlyandthoroughly,avoidingoverlappingComparisonandContrasttopresentinformationaboutsomethingunfamiliarbycomparingitwithsomethingfamiliartoshowthesimilaritiesanddifferencesofthingstohelpevaluatingtobalancethecomparison/contrast;trytogivetheitemsbeingcompared/contrastedequaltreatmentCauseandEffecttomakeacausalanalysis:1)Whatisthecause…?2)Whateffectwillfollow…?toavoidover-simplifyingcauses;trytoexplorefullytodistinguishbetweendirectandindirect,majorandminorcausesandeffects,layingstressonthemoreimportantonestobeobjectiveandsupporttheanalysiswithsolid,factualevidencetobedialectical;trytoavoidone-sidedness“Thebenevolentseebenevolenceandthewiseseewisdom.”MacrostructureofthetextPartI:(para.1)introductionPartII:(para.2—9)developmentPartIII:(para.10-11)conclusionDetailedStudyofthetextPara.1.1.What’sthefunctionofthefirstpara?2.

WhatdoestheTwentiesmeantothemiddle-agedandtheyoungpeoplerespectively?3.

Whatdoyouknowabout“puritan”and“Puritanism”?4.

Whatdothepresentyoungstudentsasktheirparents?6.

Whatanswerstheygot?7.

ExplainthelastsentenceinthisPara.puritan:1.someonewhohasverystrictmoralorreligiousprinciples,anddoesnotapproveofpleasure,forexampleinsexualactivity,entertainment,oreatinganddrinking2.(Puritan)amemberofastrictEnglishreligiousgroupofthe16thand17thcenturieswhowantedworshiptobemoresimple.ManyPuritansmovedtoAmericainthe17thcentury.Puritanism:thebeliefsorbehaviorsthatfollowpuritanprinciplesPara.2.

1.

Whatisthemainideaofthispara.?2.Howisthispara.developed?

Para.3.

1.Whatisthemainideaofthispara.?

2.Howdoyouunderstand“Victoriangentility”?

WhatdoyouknowabouttheVictorianAge?3.Howdotheauthorssupportthemainidea?4.WhatarethecharacteristicsofprosperousAmericanindustry?5.WhatistheroleofWWIinthecollapseoftheVictoriansocialstructure?Why?4.VictorianAge

Victoria(1819-1901)wasqueenoftheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIrelandfrom1837-1901.Her63-yearreignwasthelongestinBritishhistory.GreatBritainreachedtheirheightofitspowerduringthisperiod.Itbuiltagreatcolonialempireandenjoyedtremendousindustrialexpansionathome.Asaresult,thetimeofVictoria’sreignisoftencalledtheVictorianAge.QueenVictoria(1819—1901)QueenVictoriaattheageof23QueenVictoriaattheageof66DuringtheVictoriaAge,greateconomic,social,andpoliticalchangesoccurredinBritain.

TheBritishEmpirereachesitsheightandcoveredaboutafourthoftheworld’sland.Industryandtradeexpandedrapidly,andrailroadsandlandscrisscrossedthecountry.Scienceandtechnologymadegreatadvances.Thesizeofthemiddle-classgrewenormously.Bythe1850s,moreandmorepeopleweregettinganeducation.InspiteoftheprosperityoftheVictorianAge,factoryandfarmworkerslivedinterriblepoverty.ThewritersinVictorianAgecriticizedthecourts,theclergy,andtheneglectofthepoor.Englandwastwonations,onerichandonepoor.CharlesDickens’OliverTwist,WilliamThackery’sVanityFairthethreeBronteSisters---JaneEyre,allthesewritersattackedthegreedandhypocrisytheysawinsocietyanddiscussedtherelationshipbetweensocietyandtheindividual.Para.4

1.WhatchallengedidtheyouthoftheTwentiesface?

2.Whatmodeoflifedidtheyactuallyadopt?

3.What’saBohemian?4.Whatarethespecificbehaviorsoftheyoungpeople?

BohemianBohemiaisaregionofCzechRepublic;theGypsiesorRomaniesarecalled“bohemians”inFrench.Bohemian:adj.&n.Livingorbehavinginaninformalwaytypicalofartistsorwritersaperson,esp.anartist,poet,etc.wholivesinanunconventional,nonconformingway.生活豪放不羈的人Difficultwordssophistication:thequalityofknowingalotaboutthingssuchasculture,fashionandthemodernworld老練air:afeelingorattitudesomeonehasAlcoholic:affectedbyalcoholism嗜酒的Pose:apretended,unnaturalbehavior5.Whatmadetheir‘escape’possible?

6.Whyweretheytiredwithpolitics?

7.Whatdoes‘internationalresponsibilities’referto?

8.Whatofferedtheyoungpeopleanextraopportunityofmakingtheirpleasuresillicit?

9.Whoprovidedthemphilosophicdefense?

10.Whateventstoppedthisfrolic（ahappylivelygame狂歡）?

11.Sumupthemainideaofthispara.12.Doyouconsiderpara.2,3,4asoneunit?Howdotheyrelatetooneanother?

Para.5

1.Whatisthemainideaofthispara?2.WhydidsomanyAmericansenlistunderforeignflags?

3.Whatdidtheythinkofthewarbeforetheyjoinedit?

4.Whatdidtheoratorspreachatthehighschoolassembly?

5.Whatwasthe“enlistmentcraze”like?

Para.6

1.Whendidthespiritofenthusiasmdisappear?

2.Howdidtheyfightatthebattlefields?3.Whathappenedtothemaftertheyreturned?Whydidtheyfeelbitter?4.Whatwastheeffectofthewaronthoseyoungmen?

5.Whatweretheyaskedtodoaftertheyreturnedfromwar?WhatdidtheythinkofVictorianinnocence?

6.Whatelsedidtheyhavetofacebackhome?

7.Howdidtheangryyoungmenexpress(outlet)theiroutrage?8.Sumupthemainideaofthispara.

Para.7What’sthefigureofspeechemployedinthefirstsentenceofpara.7?2.WhatwasGreenwichVillageknownfor?3.Identifythefigurein‘theirmindsandpensinflamedagainstwar…’.4.DoyouknowtheallusiontoBabbit?5.Whatdidthewriters,artistsdoinGreenwichVillage?

Babbittry:derivesfromGeorgeBabbit,thetitlecharacterofasatiricalnovelbySinclairLewis.Babbitisdepictedasaphilistine,asmuglyconventionalpersoninterestedchieflyinbusinessandsocialsuccessandindifferenttoculturalvalues.

Babbittrysoonbecamesynonymouswithconformism(behavinginawaythatmostpeoplethinkiscorrectorsuitable)andunthinkingcommercialism.ThereforeBabbittryisassociatedwiththeshallowbeliefofmaterialism.

Para.8Whoimitatedthesewritersandartists?2.Whatwasthefashionfortheyoungpeopleatthattime?3.Explainthemetaphor“toaddtheirownlittlematchstickstotheconflagrationof

‘flamingyouth’”?4.Whatwasthefunction

of‘GreenwichVillage’inthisconflagration?

5.Trytoexplainthesentence“Eachtownhasits‘fast’set…

6.Whocouldaffordthisdeliberateunconventionallife?7.Whatdoes‘themovement’referto?

8.Whocametoacceptandrecognizetherevoltofficially?Howdidtheyrecognizeitrespectively?

9.Whatdidthebrothersandsistersofthewargenerationbegintodo?

10.Explainthemetaphor‘playwiththetoysofvulgarrebellion’.

11.Whatdoes‘thenewgaiety’mean?

12.Bythemiddleofthedecade,howdidpeopletreatthe‘wildparty’?

Para.9

1.Whowerethetrueintellectuals?

2.Whereweren’ttheyhappy,pleasedbytheimitationoftheirlifestyle?

3.WhatdidtheintellectualswantAmericatobe?

4.Howdidpeopletreattheirideas?

5.Whatdidthesewriterswriteintheirworks?

6.Paraphrase‘...wastherallyingpointofsensitivepersonsdisgustedwithAmerica’.

7.Whatwasthemainthemeofthebook“ThecivilizationofU.S.A”?8.WhatarethecommentsonAmericanfamilylife?9.Accordingtothewriters,whatcouldhelpbetterAmericanlife?

10.Identifythefiguresofspeechin‘butsincethecounty…dollar’.

Para.10

1.Mainidea:thecharactersunderthewriters’pensareactuallyrepresentativesortypicalof‘Lostgeneration’.

2.Howdoyouunderstand‘criticswhotriedtofindtheirsouls’?

Para.11

1.Whatdefinitionwasgiventothe‘Lostgeneration’?2.Whatdothewritersthinkoftheintellectualsin1920sinAmerica?

F.ScotFitzgeraldandZeldaSayreF.ScotFitzgeraldandEarnestHemingwayFrancisScottFitzgerald(1896-1940)

Education:FitzgeraldwasborninSaintPaul,Minnesota.HewenttoPrincetonUniversity,butquitin1917.Hisfirstnovel:In1920,Fitzgeraldpublishedhisfirstnovel,ThisSideofParadise.Thenoveldealswiththepost-WorldWarIgenerationandtheirdisillusionedlives.Laterthatyear,FitzgeraldmarriedZeldaSayre,thequintessential(perfectexampleof)1920sflapper.HismainworksThisSideofParadise(1920)

Hisfirstnoveldealswiththepost-WorldWarIgenerationandtheirdisillusionedlives.Hisshortstoriesappearedin4books:

FlappersandPhilosophers(1920),TalesoftheJazzAge(1922),AlltheSadYoungMen(1926),andTapsatReveille(1935).TheGreatGatsby(1925)Fitzgerald'smasterpiece,discussesthepursuitanddisillusionmentwiththeAmericanDream.

TenderIstheNight(1934)

wasanalmostautobiographicalnovelaboutFitzgerald'slifewithZelda.F.ScottFitzgeraldisnowregardedasonethemostimportantAmericanauthorsofthe20thcenturyandaspokesmanofthelostgeneration.HechroniclesthegoodandthebadandespeciallythedisillusionmentthatdefinedAmericainthe1920s.2.PuritanismAttitudeofapartywithintheEstablishedChurchofEngland,which,underElizabethandtheStuarts,describeamorethoroughgoingreformationoftheChurchinthedirectionofContinentalProtestantism.Theword‘Puritan’hasbeenusedtodenoteastrictnessinmoralitythatvergesonintolerance,andreferstoasupposedparallelwiththemoralseverityoftheearlyNewEnglandsettlers.

Strictpuritansevenregardeddrinking,gamblingandparticipationintheatricalperformancesaspunishableoffences.InAmerica,NewEnglandusedtobehauntedbyPuritanism.Hawthornwasthewriterwhofocusedonthesethemes.3.TheJazzAgeorTheRoaringTwentiesTheTwentieswereknownasTheRoaringTwenties,TheJazzAge,theAgeoftheLostGeneration,flamingyouth,flappers,radio,movies,bathtub，gin,thespeakeasy,confessionmagazines,theGoldenAgeofSports,theGreatCrash,the"New"woman,theHarlemRenaissance,consumerism--alltheseandmore.

Features:The1920smayhavebeenthedecadeofthegreatestsocialchangesinAmericanhistory.

ReactingperhapstoboththedisillusionmentfromtheFirstWorldWarandagainstthestrictures(alimittoyourfreedom)ofVictorianculture,Americansabandonedoldideaswithavengeance(revenge)andadoptednewconceptswholesale.

Itwasalsoatimeofdeepdivisions:townagainstcountry,nativistsversusforeigners,CatholicagainstProtestant,andincludedtheKuKluxKlanrevivalandanAmericansenseofalienation(separation)fromtherestoftheworld.

ThedecadebeganamidsttheashesoftheGreatWar,blossomedintoariotousageofspendingandprofitmaking,cheapautomobilesandnewconsumerproducts.

Everybodyseemedtobeonaroll.

Thenin1929theCrashhitthestockmarket,andformanycomplicatedreasonstheGreatDepressionfollowed.

The1930sbecameatimeofunimaginableeconomichardshipformillionsofAmericans.

Thusthe"roaringtwenties"endedwiththebleakprospectoflessenedexpectationsandstrangenewchallenges--andformanythechallengewassimplytostayalive.TheTwentieswereinasenseareactionarydecade—areactionagainstVictorianideasofmoralitythatsawyoungmenandwomenopenlydefywhattheirparentsstillviewedasproperbehaviorforrelationshipsbetweenthesexes.Youngpeoplewentwild,intheeyesofsome,thoughstudieshavesuggestedthattherewasmoretalkthanaction.Itwasalsoarebelliousage,inwhichwomencontinuedtheprocessofbreakingoutofoldersocialpatternsastheyhadbeguntododuringWorldWarI.Thatphenomenonledtochangesinfamilyrelationships,asbirthratesfellandyoungpeoplehadmorefreedom,providedinpartbytheautomobile,butalsobyshiftingculturalpractices.Thetwentieswerealsoatimeofreactionagainstwar—theGreatWarinparticularandwaringeneral—foralthoughtheAmericanssufferedrelativelyfewcasualtiesin1918,theycameduringaveryshortperiodoftime—over100,000mendiedfromallcausesinabout6monthsofactualfighting.FromthatdisillusionmenttheTwentiesalsobroughtareactionagainsttheexpansionistideasthathadgottenAmericaanEmpireandembroiledherintheGreatWar.TheTwentiesbeganonasombernote,rosetogreatheightsofexcitementandthen,onBlackTuesday,October29,1929,itallcamecrashingdown.

5.BohemianismBohemiaisaregionofCzechRepublic;theGypsiesorRomanyarecalled"bohemians"inFrench.HowdidthiswordcometodescribethepoorartistsofParisinthenineteenthcentury?HenryMurgertriedtodistancehimselfandhissubjectsfromtheGypsies,emphasizinginhisprefacetoScenesdelaViedeBohemethat"TheBohemiansofwhomitisaquestioninthisbookhavenoconnectionwiththeBohemianswhommelodramatistshaverenderedsynonymouswithrobbersandassassins.Neitheraretheyrecruitedfromamongthedancing-bearleaders,swordswallowers,giltwatch-guardvenders,streetlotterykeepers,andathousandothervagueandmysteriousprofessionalswhosemainbusinessistohavenobusinessatall,andwhoarealwaysreadytoturntheirhandstoanythingexceptgood"(xxxi).

AyoungBohemiangypsy

AnartistatworkButinspiteofthis,theBohemiansandtheGypsies,inthemostprevalentperceptionsofboth,sharedsomecharacteristics.Bothgroupsareknownfortheirvagabondlifestyle,fortheirmerrypoverty,fortheirdisregardofmoneyforthepursuitofmusic,color,andrelationships.Theyaregroupsthathavedifferentprioritiesthanthedominantculturesoftheirsocieties,groupsthatinspirebothdisdainandenvy.Bythemid-1800s,however,Frenchauthors

startedtousethewordbohemianinaverydifferentsense."Onewholivesavagabond,unregimentedlifewithoutassuredresources,whodoesnotworryabouttomorrow"Bohemians-mustbeknownasanartisttothewiderworld;thoughtheyarenotmakingalotofmoney,theyareguidedbyambitionandareexpectedtosoonbe"makingit"intheworldofart.Theyknownbothhowtobefrugalandhowtobeextravagantandcanfitininsqualororluxury.ThefirstgenerationsofbohemianswerepredominantlybourgeoisyouthsontheirowninParis,tryingoutanindependent,artisticlifeforthefirsttime.Forthem,Bohemianismwasaprolongedadolescence,atimetopretendtobepoorbeforereturningtocomfortablehomesandbourgeoiscareers.Later,workingclasspeoplejoinedthemovementtoo,bringingwiththemtheirknowledgeofactualpoverty.Thoughtheymadelightoftheirseriousconcerns,"tospendone'sdayshungryandill-shod,andmakingparadoxesaboutit,isreallythedreariestkindofexistence".Evenwhenpovertywasnovel,itcouldstillbedepressingandevendangerous.Andyet-"Badasthingsmightseemfromtimetotime,whatcompensationsthislifeoffreedombroughtwithit:gettinguplate,loungingandspongingone'swayroundtheclock,andattheendofit,excusingeverything,theobservation:'We'reonlyyoungonce!'"(Easton123).Todevelopfreelyeveryintellectualfancy,whetherornotitshockstaste,conventions,andrules;tohateandrepulsetotheutmost...'shopkeepers','Philistines',or'bourgeois';tocelebratethepleasuresoflovewithapassioncapableofscorchingthepaperonwhichwerecordthem,insistinguponloveasthesoleendandsolemeansofhappiness;'andtosanctifyanddeifyArt,regardedassecondCreator:sucharetheunderlyingideasoftheprogrammewhicheachoneofus,accordingtohisstrength,triestopractise-theidealandsecretordinancesofRomanticYouth.Inanefforttobedifferentfromthebourgeois,andasaneffectofmanyofthebohemiansactuallybeingrelativelypoor,a'seizetheday'attituderanrampant.Whilethebourgeoisbegantoacceptthestudentsandartistsaseccentric,buttolerableastheywereonlyyoungonce,thebohemianssawthecarpediemattitudeasnecessary.6.ProhibitionTheforbiddingbylawofthemanufacture,transportation,andsaleofalcoholicliquorsforbeveragepurposes;speciallyintheU.S.,theperiod(1920-1933)ofprohibitionbyFederalLaw.Theprohibitionofthesaleoruseofalcoholforotherthanreligiousormedicinalpurposeshasbeencalleda"nobleexperiment."Ifindeeditwas,itwasanexperimentthatfailedtoachieveitsmaingoal.Itdidmanagesomepartialvictories:deathsfromalcohol-relateddiseasesdidgodown.Accidentsfromalcoholabusewerelessenedinsomeareas,andthousandsofpeopledidstopdrinking,withlikelybenefitstothehealthandsanityofthosewhomightotherwisehavebecomealcoholics.Ontheotherhand,manythousandscontinuedtodrinkindefianceofthelaw,andtheenormoussumsthatcouldbeearnedfromtheillegalproduction,importationanddistributionofwine,whiskeyandbeerfinancedorganizedcrimethroughouttheperiodofprohibition.Greenwichvillage:ItisasectionofNewYork.,onthelowerwestsideofManhattannotedasacenterforartists,writersetc.:formerlyavillage.TheBohemianquarterofNewYork.Manywritersofgoodreputeandhighachievementlivedthereinthe1920s,butitwasalsoahauntofundesirables.Inthe19thcenturyitbecamefamousforitsbohemianismasanartisticandliterarycolony.Amongthosewholivedinthevillage,andamongthosewhocontributedtoitslongsuccessionoflittlemagazines,includingtheLittleReview,TheMasses,ThePlayboy.GreenwichVillagehadlongbeenwidelybutunfavorablyknownforitsunconventionalandnonconformingwayoflife.JohnDosPassos

JohnDosPassosSinclairLewis9.SinclairLewisandBabbitt(Babbittry)Americannovelist,playwright,andsocialcriticwhogainedpopularitywithsatiricalnovels.

SinclairLewiswontheNobelPrizeforLiteraturein1930,thefirstgiventoAmericans.Histotaloutputincludes22novelsandthreeplays.ThoughLewiscriticizedattimestheAmericanwayofliving,hisbasicviewofthe"Americanhumancomedy"wasoptimistic.HegainedfamewithMainStreet,astudyofidealismandrealityinanarrow-mindedsmall-town.Lewis'snextnovel,BABBITT(1922),wasamercilessportraitofaMidwesternbusinessmenGeorgeF.Babbitt.Babbitt—aforty-six-year-old,anenterprising,moral,stereotyped,andprosperousreal-estatebrokerofthetypicalMidwesterncityofZenith,hasbeentrainedtobelieveinthevirtuesofhomelife,theRepublicanparty,andthemiddle-classconventions.ItsatirizesUnitedStatesbusinessandsociallifeinthe1920s.Babbitt,acomiccreationwhosepopularitydidmuchtomakeEnglishreadersawareofcontemporaryAmericanliterature,ispresentedasasuccessbycommonstandardsofhisgeneration,butattheendhetellshisson:“I’veneverdoneasinglethingI’vewantedtodoinmywholelife!”GeorgeBabbitt---thetitlecharacterofsmuglyconventionalpersoninterestedchieflyinbusinessandsocialsuccessandindifferenttoculturalvalues."Babbittry"soonbecamesynonymouswithconformismandunthinkingcommercialism.10.EarnestHemingwayandhisTheSunAlsoRisesOakPark

Hisbooksareseldomreadtoday,andhislegendalmostafadedmemory.Butinthe1930sand1940sErnestHemingwaywasaliteraryidol--androlemodelforyoungwriterswhoimitatedhissparseproseandadventurouslifestyle.

FamecametoHemingwayearly;whileinhistwentieshewroteTheSunAlsoRises,anovelaboutAmericanexpatriatesinParis.ThepeoplehewroteabouthadsurvivedtheFirstWorldWar.TheywereunconcernedwithmoneyormaterialismandinsteadwerecontenttowhileawaytheirdaysincafesorrunningwiththebullsatPamplona.Thiswas--inGertrudeStein'swords--the"LostGeneration,"andHemingwaybecametheirbard.

OnlyyearslaterwouldtheimageofHemingwayinParis,thestrugglingyoungartiste,beexposedasamasterfulpublicrelationsjob.MarriedtoaSouthernheiresswhosupportedhiminhighbohemianstyle,HemingwaydressedinbulkysweaterstoappearmuscularandmasculineasheparadedaroundtheLatinQuarter.

HiswritingstylederivedfromGertrudeSteinandSherwoodAnderson--bothofwhomhederidedinprivate.ItwashintedthatthemaincharacterinTheSunAlsoRises,theirrepressibleLadyBrett,wasborrowedfromanothernovel.But,bythetimethesestorieswerepublished,yearsafterthefact,theHemingwaymythwassolidasDr.Eiffel'sTower.(MorleyCallaghan,ThatSummerinParis,NewYork:PenguinBooksed.,1979)

Untilhisdeath--asuicide--in1961,Hemingwaywasseldomoutofpublicview.Histechniquewastoembarkonanadventure,thenrecaptureitinabook.TheGreenHillsofAfricawasbasedonabiggamehuntthewriterundertook;ForWhomtheBellTollsfictionalizedtheSpanishCivilWarwhichHemingwayhadcoveredasacorrespondentinthe1930s.

Battles,boxing,bullfights:ErnestHemingwaywasthere,atringside,celebratingthecultofmanhoodanddanger.WhentheAlliessweptintoParisandliberatedthecity,Hemingway,whowascoveringthewarforCollier's,rodeinwiththetroops.Theauthorcarriedapistolandwassurroundedbyanentouragethatincludedacook,aphotographer,andapublicrelationsofficerthattheArmyhadprovided.Bytheendofthewar,Hemingwaywasworldfamous,hisbeardedfaceandmassivebodyrecognizedeverywhere.Accordingtoabiographer,moviestarsandwaitersalikeknewtheauthoras"Papa."(A.E.Hotchner,PapaHemingway,NewYork:RandomHouse,1966)HestayedattheRitzandmaintainedhomesinseveralcountries,includingafincainCubawherehewrote,bredhisfightingcocks,andheldcourttoastreamofvisitorsfromaroundtheworld.

TheSunAlsoRisesfirstappearedin1926,andyetit'sasfreshandcleanandfineasiteverwas,maybefiner.Hemingway'sfamouslyplaindeclarativesentenceslingerinthemindlikepoetry:"Brettwasdamnedgood-looking.Sheworeaslipoverjerseysweaterandatweedskirt,andherhairwasbrushedbacklikeaboy's.Shestartedallthat."Hiscastofthirtysomethingdissoluteexpatriates--Brettandherdrunkenfiancé,MikeCampbell,theunhappyPrincetonJewishboxerRobertCohn,thesardonicnovelistBillGorton--areasfamiliarasthe"coolcrowd"weallonceknew.Nowonderthisquintessentiallost-generationnovelhasinspiredseveralgenerationsofimitators,instyleaswellaslifestyle.JakeBarnes,Hemingway'snarratorwithamysteriouswarwoundthathaslefthimsexuallyincapable,istheheartandsoulofthebook.Brett,thebeautiful,doomedEnglishwomanheadores,providestheglamourofnaturalchicandsexualunattainability.Alcoholandpost-WorldWarIanomiefuelthefueltheplot:wearyofdrinkinganddancinginPariscafés,theexpatriategangdecampsfortheSpanishtownofPamplonaforthe"wonderfulnightmare"ofaweek-longfiesta.Brett,withfiancéandex-loverCohnintow,breaksheartsallarounduntilshefalls,briefly,forthehandsometeenagebullfighterPedroRomero."MyGod!he'salovelyboy,"shetellsJake."AndhowIwouldlovetoseehimgetintothoseclothes.Hemustuseashoe-horn."Whereuponthepartydisbands.Butwhat'smostshockingaboutthebookisitslean,adjective-freestyle.TheSunAlsoRisesisHemingway'smasterpiece--oneofthem,anyway--andnomatterhowmanytimesyou'vereaditorhowyoufeelaboutthemannersandmoralsofthecharacters,youwon'tbeabletoresistitsspell.Thisisaclassicthatreallydoesliveuptoitsreputation.

Follow-updiscussion:Makesomecommentsontheorganizationofthetext.Makesomecommentson“thelostgeneration”.Thestructuralorganization:Thestructureofthetextisclearandsimple.Theessaydivideslogica