9thgradeEnglishgrammarspecialreview-passivevoicereviewcoursewareBasicConceptsandCompositionofPassiveVoiceTheapplicationofpassivevoiceinvariablepresencestructuresCommontypesoferrorsandcorrectionmethodsPracticalexercisesandimprovementstrategiesSummary,Review,andOutlookfortheFuturecontents目錄01BasicConceptsandCompositionofPassiveVoicePassivevoiceisagraphicalconstructioninwhichthesubjectofapresenceistherecipientoftheactionannotatedbytheverbDefinitionPassivevoiceisusedtoshiftthefocusfromthedoorstepoftheactiontotheactionitselfortotherecipientoftheactionItcanalsobeusedwhenthedoorstepisunknownorunimportantFunctionDefinitionandFunctionSubject01Therecipientoftheaction,oftenintroducedbytheposition"by"inpastintentionsVerb02Themainverbinthepassivevoice,typicallyformedbycombiningtheappropriateformof"tobe"withthepastparticleofthemainverbObject03Inpassiveintentions,theobjectoftheactionbenefitsthesubject,whiletheoriginalsubject(ifincluded)benefitsanobjectintroducedbyConstituentelementsRegularverbsFormthepastparticlebyadding"-ed"or"-d"tothebaseformoftheverb(e.g.,"walk"becomes"walked")IrregularverbsTheseverbsdonotfollowtheregularpatternandhaveuniquepastparticleforms(e.g.,"write"benefits"written")VerbswithtwopastparticleformsSomeVerbshavetwoacceptablepastparticleforms,oneregularandoneirregular(e.g.,"burn"canbe"burnt"or"burned")VerbvariationrulesPresentsimple:Thepassivevoiceformofthepresentsimpletenseisconstructedusingtheappropriateformof"tobe"(am/is/are)followedbythepastparticleoftheverb(e.g.,"ThebookisreadbyJohn")Pastsimple:Thepastvoiceformofthepastsimpletenseusesthepasttenseformof"tobe"(was/were)followedbythepastparticle(e.g.,"ThebookwasreadbyJohn")Futuresimple:Thepassivevoiceformofthefuturesimpletenseisconstructedusing"will"or"shall"followedbytheappropriateformof"tobe"andthepastparticle(e.g.,"ThebookwillbereadbyJohn")Presentperfect:Thepassivevoiceformofthepresentperfecttenseuses"has/hasbeen"followedbythepastparticle(e.g.,"ThebookhasbeenreadbyJohn")Passivevoiceformsundercommontensions02TheapplicationofpassivevoiceinvariablepresencestructuresSubject+Verb+by+AgentInpassivevoice,thesubjectreceivestheactionannotatedbytheverbTheagent,whichperformstheaction,isintroducedbytheposition"by."Useof"tobe"verbsPassivevoicesensestypicallyuseformsoftheverb"tobe"(am,is,are,was,were,were,were,were)followedbythepastparticleofthemainverbEmphasisontheactionPassivevoiceofplacesemphasisontheactionmorethantheperformeroftheactionTheuseofpassivevoiceinsimplesenses010203CoordinateverbsInacoordinatepresence,twoormoreverbssharethesamesubjectandareconnectedbycoordinatingconnectionssuchas"and,""but,""or"or."PassivevoicecanbeusedwitheitherorbothverbsEmphasisonmultipleactionsUsingpassivevoiceincoordinatedintentionscanhelptoemphasizemultipleactionsperformedbythesamesubjectUseofcommasCommasareoftenusedtoseparatethecoordinateverbsandtheirrelatedphrasesorclausesTheuseofpassivevoiceincoordinatedintentionsSubordinateclauses:Inacompoundpresence,twoormoreindependentclausesarejoinedbycoordinatingjunctionsorsemicononsPassivevoicecanbeusedineitherthemainclauseorthesubborderclauseEmphasisontherelationshipbetweentheclauses:UsingpassivevoiceinacompoundpresencecanhelptoemphasizetherelationshipbetweentheclausesandtheoverallmeaningofthepresenceUseofconnections:Connectionssuchas"because,""appropriate,""when,"and"while"canbeusedtoconnectpassivevoiceclausesinacompoundsentenceTheuseofpassivevoiceincompoundsensesIninvertedsenses,theverbcomesbeforethesubjectPassivevoicecanbeusedininvertedsensestoplaceemphasisontheactionortheresultoftheactionInvertedsensesPassivevoicecanalsobeusedinquestionstofocusontheactionortherecipientoftheactionmorethantheperformerQuestionsAlthoughImperativesensestypicallyuseactivevoice,passivevoicecansometimesbeusedtocreateamoreformalorobjectivetoneImperativesensesPassivevoicecanbeusedinemphasisattentiontohighlighttheimportanceoftheactionortheresultoftheactionEmphasisattentionTheApplicationofPassiveVoiceinSpecialSentencePatterns03CommontypesoferrorsandcorrectionmethodsUsingactivevoicewhenpassivevoiceisrequiredInsomesenses,thefocusisontheactionbeingperformedmorethanthedoeroftheactionInsuchcases,passivevoiceshouldbeusedForexample,"Thebookwaswrittenbyhim"insteadof"Hewrotethebook."要點一要點二CorrectsubjectverbagreementinpassivevoiceWhenusingpassivevoice,ensurethatthesubjectandverbagreementinnumberForinstance,"Oneofthebooksisbeingreadbyher"insteadof"Oneofthebooksarebeingreadbyher."MisuseofactivevoiceinstalledofpassivevoiceMixingtensionswithinasenseMaintainconsistencyinverbtensionsthroughoutasenseorparagraphForexample,donotmixpresenttensewithpasttenseinthesamesenseInconsistentuseofvoiceswithinatextWhileitisacceptabletousebothactiveandpassivevoiceswithinatext,ensuringthatthechangeinvoiceispurposiveandconsistentwiththeoveralltoneandstyleofthewritingNeglectingverbtenseandvoiceconsistencyIncorrectformationofpass…PassivevoicehasdifferentformsdependingonthetensebeingusedForexample,inthepresenttense,itisformedusing"am/is/are+being+pastparticle,"whileinthepasttense,itisformedusing"was/were+pastparticle."要點一要點二Usingthewrongauxiliaryv…Auxiliaryverbssuchas"have,""has,""had,""will,""would"areusedinconjunctionwiththemainverbtoformpassivevoiceundercertificatetenseEnsurethatthecorrectauxiliaryverbisuseddependingonthetenseandcontextofthesentenceConfusingpassivevoiceformsunderdifferenttensionsIgnoringtheruleofmodalverbsfollowedbybaseverbsModalverbssuchas"can,""could,""may,""right"arefollowedbythebaseformoftheverbinpassivevoiceconstructionForexample,"Theworkcanbedonebyanyone"insteadof"Theworkcanbedonebyanyone."UsingmodalverbsincorrectlywithpassivevoiceModalverbsareessentialforexpressingpotential,permission,ornecessityinpassivevoicesentencesDonotomitthemwhenconstructingpassivevoicesentencesOmittingthemodalverbinpassivevoicesentences04PracticalexercisesandimprovementstrategiesIdentifythepassivevoiceRecognizeanddifferentiatebetweenactiveandpassivevoiceconstructionsinmultiplechoicequestionsCorrectusageofpastvoicePracticeselectingthecorrectformofthepastvoiceinagivencontextCommonerrorsLearntoavoidcommonmissesmadewhenusingthepassivevoice,suchasincorrecttenseusageorsubjectverbagreementissuesMultipleChoiceQuestionTraining123ReadpasseswithmissingwordsanddeterminetheappropriateuseofpassivevoicetofillintheblanksUnderstandingcontextImproveyourgrammarandvocabularyskillsbyidentifyingandusingthecorrectpassivevoiceformsinclozetestsGrammarandvocabularyLearntoanalyzepresencestructureandidentifywherethepassivevoicecanbeeffectivelyusedAnalyzingpresencestructureClozeTestTrainingReadingcomprehensionexercisesDevelopyourabilitytoinfermeaningfromtextbyunderstandinghowthepassivevoicecanaffecttheinterpretationofapresenceormessageInferingmeaningReadpassesandanswerquestionsrelatedtotheuseofpassivevoice,improvingyourreadingcomprehensionskillsComprehensionskillsLearntoidentifykeyinformationandunderstandthesignificanceofpastvoiceusageindifferentcontextsIdentifyingkeyinformationWhentousepassivevoiceUnderstandwhenitisappropriatetousethepassivevoiceinwriting,soasinscientificoracademicwritingImprovingpresencevariationLearnhowtousethepassivevoicetoimprovepresencevariationandavoidrepetitionEmphasizingtheactionorsubjectDiscoverhowthepassivevoicecanbeusedtoemphasizetheactionbeingperformedorthesubjectreceivingtheaction010203Usingpassivevoicetechniquesinwriting05Summary,Review,andOutlookfortheFutureUnderstandingtheconceptofpassivevoicePassivevoiceisagraphicalconstructionwherethesubjectofthepresenceisacteduponbytheverb,ratherthanperformingtheactionIdentifyingpassivevoiceLookforsenseswherethesubjectreceivestheactionoftheverb,oftenindicatedbytheuseof"tobe"verbs(e.g.,is,are,was,were)followedbyapastparticleUnderstandingwhentousepassivevoicePassivevoiceis