Unit1Urbandevelopment讀寫教程4Cityplansmustfitthepeople,nottheotherwayround!—JaneJacobs(American-Canadianurbanologistandwriter)Preview新視野大學英語（第四版）讀寫教程4Overthepastdecades,China’stremendouseconomicgrowthhasenabledthecountrytobecometheworld’ssecondlargesteconomyandtoeliminateabsolutepoverty.Tobuildamodernsocialistcountryinallrespects,Chinaisnowstrivingforhigh-qualitydevelopment.Withmoreandmorepeopleexpectingtoliveincitiesinthefuture,Chinesecitiesarefacingincreasingchallengesininfrastructureandpublicresources,buttheyalsoseesignificantopportunitiesforpromotingeconomicdevelopmentandurbanlivability.Preview新視野大學英語（第四版）讀寫教程4Howcancitieshostgrowingpopulationswhilekeepingtheurbanspacesafeandclean?Howcantheauthoritiesusedatatechnologytoaddresstraditionalurbanchallengesaroundtransportation,wastemanagement,energyconsumption,healthcare,etc.?Howcanlocalgovernmentsandtechnologycompaniesworktogethertomakecitiesmoreefficientandclimate-friendly?Oureffortstoanswerthesequestionsinnovativelywilldeterminehowourcitiescanbebetter-designedandhowpeoplewilllivemorehappilyinthefuture.SectionAPre-readingactivitiesDetailedstudyofthetextReading

comprehensionLanguagefocusStructureanalysisandwriting新視野大學英語（第四版）讀寫教程41

Whatkindofcityisidealtolivein?Belowisapictureofasmartcity.Lookatthepictureanddiscussthefollowingquestions.新視野大學英語（第四版）讀寫教程4SectionAPre-readingactivities1Whatcanyoulearnaboutasmartcityfromthepicture?新視野大學英語（第四版）讀寫教程4SectionAPre-readingactivitiesFromthispicture,Icanlearnthattherearemanypotentialfactorsthatcontributetoacitybeingconsidered“smart”.Theyincludeasmartenergysystem,asmarttransportationsystem,asmartpublicsafetysystem,asmarthealthcaresystem,opendatausage,intelligentshoppingmethods,smarthomes,smartbuildings,etc.AllofthemarerelatedtotheavailabilityofhighlydevelopedInternettechnology.2Comparedwiththeideasofasmartcityinthepicture,doyouconsiderthecityyouarelivinginnowasmartone?Inwhatwaysisitalreadysmart,andinwhatwaysisitstillnot?新視野大學英語（第四版）讀寫教程4SectionAPre-readingactivitiesComparedwiththeideasofasmartcityinthepicture,IthinkthecityI’mlivinginnowisverysmartinsomerespects.Forexample,trafficcontrollerscanusereal-timedatatoimprovetheflowofvehiclesaroundthecity;streetsandbuildingsareequippedwithadvancedmonitoringfacilitiestoprotectoursafety;smartgardendevicescanmeasuresoilmoistureand2Comparedwiththeideasofasmartcityinthepicture,doyouconsiderthecityyouarelivinginnowasmartone?Inwhatwaysisitalreadysmart,andinwhatwaysisitstillnot?waterplantsintimetoensurethattheygettherightamountofwater.Buttome,ourcityisstillnotsosmartwhenitcomestocarparking,wastemanagement,streetlighting,etc.Nevertheless,it’sgoodtoseethatthemunicipalgovernmentistakingstepstomakeitbetterandsmarter.新視野大學英語（第四版）讀寫教程4SectionAPre-readingactivitiesAEfficiencyofservices–tooptimizetheuseofpublicresourcesandprovideahighlevelofservicetocitizensBSafety&security–toimprovepublicsafetyandsecurityineverydaylifeandbebestpreparedforpossibleemergencies新視野大學英語（第四版）讀寫教程4SectionAPre-readingactivities2

OpinionsurveySmartcityprojectsseektoachievesomecoreobjectives.Whatdoyouconsidertobethemostimportantgoalsofasmartcity?Check(?)threefromthefollowinglist,andthenworkinpairsandexplainwhyyouthinkso.CMobility–tomakeiteasyforcitizensandvisitorstomovearoundinthecityDSustainability–todevelopthecitywithaminimumimpactontheenvironmentECityreputation–toimprovethecity’simageandreputation新視野大學英語（第四版）讀寫教程4SectionAPre-readingactivities2

OpinionsurveySmartcityprojectsseektoachievesomecoreobjectives.Whatdoyouconsidertobethemostimportantgoalsofasmartcity?Check(?)threefromthefollowinglist,andthenworkinpairsandexplainwhyyouthinkso.新視野大學英語（第四版）讀寫教程4SectionAPre-readingactivities2

OpinionsurveySmartcityprojectsseektoachievesomecoreobjectives.Whatdoyouconsidertobethemostimportantgoalsofasmartcity?Check(?)threefromthefollowinglist,andthenworkinpairsandexplainwhyyouthinkso.Inmyopinion,thethreemostimportantgoalsofasmartcityshouldbeA,B,andD,namelyefficiencyofservices,safety&security,andsustainability.Ithinkthesethreegoalsaimtosolvethemostseriousproblemsfacedbycitiestoday.AsforC(Mobility),thoughasmarttransportationsystemhasitsroleto新視野大學英語（第四版）讀寫教程4SectionAPre-readingactivities2

OpinionsurveySmartcityprojectsseektoachievesomecoreobjectives.Whatdoyouconsidertobethemostimportantgoalsofasmartcity?Check(?)threefromthefollowinglist,andthenworkinpairsandexplainwhyyouthinkso.play,Ithinkeasymobilityinacitydependsmoreonthebuildingofmoreroadsandmetrolines.AndasforE(Cityreputation),Idon’tthinkit’sdirectlyrelatedtoresidents’dailylife,soitshouldn’tbegiventoomuchemphasisthoughitisdesirableforacitytohaveanimprovedimageandreputationaswell.1AsChinaistransitioningtoamodernizednationandhasbecomeabenchmarkofeconomicprogress,therateofurbanizationhasacceleratedtounparalleledlevels.Thepopulationlivingincitieshasbeenprojectedtoincreasetonearly70percentby2050.Infact,urbanizationisreshapingnotonlythephysicalenvironmentbutalsotheculturalfabricofsocietyandhasamassiveimpactontheeconomy.新視野大學英語（第四版）讀寫教程4SectionADetailedstudyofthetextFromurbanizationtosmartcities2Nevertheless,themodelofurbanlifemainlyrevolvedaroundthetechnological,demographic,andinfrastructuralneedsoflifeinthelate20thcentury.Assuch,ithasbeenpredominantlydependentontheabundanceandeasyavailabilityoffossilfuels.Wecanappreciatethatthisdependencehascausedawasteofresourcesandhasmadeadevastatingimpactontheenvironmentandpublichealth.Ithasledtoexcessandwaste-pronedevelopmentthatprovestobedetrimental.Therefore,新視野大學英語（第四版）讀寫教程4SectionADetailedstudyofthetextthetraditionalmodelofurbanizationisoutdatedandunsustainable.Currently,theonlywaytoavoidtheproblemfrombeingescalatedisthroughbuilding“smartcities”,incontemporaryjargon.新視野大學英語（第四版）讀寫教程4SectionADetailedstudyofthetext3Theideaofsmartcities–infrastructureinterlinkedbysoftware–isn’tnew,butit’sundeniablycool.Whowouldn’twanttolivesomewherewheredataandevidence,ratherthanintuitivethinking,areusedtoactivelyimprovetheirday-to-daylives?Inasense,asmartcitycanbedefinedasonethatmakesoptimaluseofalltheinterconnectedinformationavailabletobetterunderstandandcontrolitsoperationsandtooptimizetheuseoflimitedresources.新視野大學英語（第四版）讀寫教程4SectionADetailedstudyofthetext4Fromtheperspectiveoftheinhabitants,asmartcityisequatedtoaspacethathasallthecorefunctionalityofacityintegratedwithandenhancedbytechnologytodeliverasustainable,prosperous,andinclusivefutureforitscitizens.WithmoreandmoreChinesecitiesstartingtheir“smartcity”transformations,theideawillbeincreasinglyembraced.新視野大學英語（第四版）讀寫教程4SectionADetailedstudyofthetext5Whycansuchanideabepoisedtobecomeacommonstandardofassessmentoflifeinmoderndevelopedcities?Thereareavarietyoffactorsandreasons.Generallyspeaking,citiesarethecoreenginesofgrowthforallmodernsocieties.Theyprovidenumerousbenefitstopeople–theyareplaceswherepeoplehavemoreopportunitiestoseekvariousjobs,enjoytheconvenienceofpublictransit,shareabundantresources,andaccesslavishfacilities.新視野大學英語（第四版）讀寫教程4SectionADetailedstudyofthetext6Anotherimportantreasonistheswiftriseofsmartphones,cellularbroadband,andlow-power-high-efficiencyembeddedcomputing.Everythingfrombusinesstohumansociallifehaschanged.Theparametersofwhatconstitutesasmartcityhavealsochangedwithit.WiththecombinationoftheInternetofThings(IoT),cloudcomputing,bigdata,andAI,citiesarenolongerstaticmassesofsteelandconcrete;instead,theyhavethepotentialtobecomehighlyefficient,safe,well-designed,andenjoyable.新視野大學英語（第四版）讀寫教程4SectionADetailedstudyofthetext7Therefore,somekeyfeaturesofasmartcitycanbeefficientdesign,maximizationofgreenspaces,minimizationoftrafficjams,sustainabilityofinfrastructureandbuildings,in-depthmonitoringofeverydatapointthatcanbeobtainedthroughsensorstoenableoptimalsafety,andeffectiveaccesstofacilitieswithminimalwaste.Inaddition,whenanemergencyoccursanywhereinthecity,regulartrafficcanberoutedthroughalternateroutestoensureminimumdisruptionoflifeinthesurroundingareas.新視野大學英語（第四版）讀寫教程4SectionADetailedstudyofthetext8Inotherwords,whatisbeingimaginedaboutsmartcitiesnowisbasedonsuchahypothesis:Livingplacesarebuiltaroundtheconvenienceofhumanlife,withtechnologyintegratedintoeveryfacetfromdesigntoconstruction,monitoringfunctionality,andmaintenance.Entireurbanareasarebuilttomaximizegreenareasandensurethesmoothestflowoftraffic.Asaresult,itispossibletofine-tuneoperationtotheminutestdetail.新視野大學英語（第四版）讀寫教程4SectionADetailedstudyofthetext9Toelaborate,ifafirebreaksoutinabuilding,notonlycantheinhabitantsbeimmediatelyalertedthroughtheirsmartphones,buttheycanalsobedirectedtothenearestexitsandsafespaces.Furthermore,themessageoftheincidentwillbeinstantaneouslyconveyedthroughoutthesystem,andthusthebuilding’ssafetymeasurescanbeimplementedrightaway.Ontopofthat,emergencysearchandrescueservicescanbedispatchedwithinamoment’snotice,andtheirpaththroughtrafficcanbeclearedandanoptimalrouteprovided.新視野大學英語（第四版）讀寫教程4SectionADetailedstudyofthetext10Thepossibilitiesforsimilarimprovementsandenhancementsinallaspectsofurbanlifeareimmense.However,neithertangiblenorintangibleimprovementstothequalityoflifearejustwithingrasp,asmanylargecitiesarebecomingunmanageable.Thegoal,ultimately,isto

ridcitiesofthetraditionalproblems

andcreatefabulouslivingspaceswheretheinhabitantsfeelsafe,comfortable,andproductivewithoutunnecessaryorundesirable

hurdles.新視野大學英語（第四版）讀寫教程4SectionADetailedstudyofthetext11Tothatend,Chinahasbeeninvestingbillionsindesigninganddefiningthestandardsofthefuture,from5GtechnologytoIoT,strivingtoevokethebestresponsefromthepublicforitsremarkableprojects.Foreseeably,thiswillbenefitnotonlyChina,butalsotheworld.新視野大學英語（第四版）讀寫教程4SectionADetailedstudyofthetext12China’ssoutherncityofShenzhenhasbeenoneofthepioneeringcitiesseekingtobuildasmartcity.Anotherremarkablesteponthenation’sdevelopmentroadmapisthemassiveJing-Jin-Ji(namelyBeijing-Tianjin-Hebei)urbancluster,whichaimstooptimizetheeconomicstructureinthearea,streamlinemanyaspectsofurbanlife,andachieveanewmodeofcoordinatedgrowth.Allthiswillbeinvaluableforfutureurbandesign,sincedevelopmentinthecomingyearsanddecadeswillbemodeledontheresultsachievednow.ThereisnodoubtthatChinawillcontinuetoadvanceinthedevelopmentofsmartcities.新視野大學英語（第四版）讀寫教程4SectionADetailedstudyofthetext★

urbanization:

n.[U]theprocessbywhichtownsandcitiesgrowbiggerandmoreandmorepeoplegotoliveinthem城市化Inareaswhererapidurbanizationistakingplace,dailywaterneedsaresometimesveryhardtomeet.在城市化快速發展的地區，有時很難滿足日常用水需求。SectionA新視野大學英語（第四版）讀寫教程4DetailedstudyofthetextSectionAMeaning:

AsChinaisdevelopingintoahighlyadvancedcountryandhasbecomeastandardformeasuringeconomicprogress,townsandcitiesinChinaarealsoexpandingfasterthaneverbefore.新視野大學英語（第四版）讀寫教程4Detailedstudyofthetext

★

modernize:vt.makesth.suchasasystemorbuildingmoremodern使（系統、建筑物等）現代化Inrecentyears,thecityhasbeenworkingonaprojecttomodernizeitspublichealthcaresystem.近年來，該市一直在開展一項公共保健系統現代化的項目。SectionA新視野大學英語（第四版）讀寫教程4Detailedstudyofthetext

vistartusingmoremodernmethodsandequipment采用現代方法和設備；現代化Ifthefactoryweretosurvive,itwouldhavetoinvestalotofcapitaltomodernize.這家工廠若要生存下去，就必須投入大量資金進行現代化改造。SectionA新視野大學英語（第四版）讀寫教程4Detailedstudyofthetext

★

benchmark:

n.[C]sth.thatisusedasastandardbywhichotherthingscanbejudgedormeasured基準；規范Heroutstandingperformancessetanewbenchmarkforballetdancersthroughouttheworld.她出色的表演為全世界的芭蕾舞演員樹立了新的標桿。SectionA新視野大學英語（第四版）讀寫教程4Detailedstudyofthetext

★

unparalleled:

a.(fml.)

bigger,better,orworsethananythingelse無比的；無雙的；空前的Thebookaboutthedevelopmentofthefamoustechcompanyhasenjoyedasuccessunparalleledinrecentpublishinghistory.該書講述了這家著名科技公司的發展歷程，在近期出版史上取得了空前的成功。SectionA新視野大學英語（第四版）讀寫教程4DetailedstudyofthetextSectionAMeaning:

Accordingtopredictions,almost70percentofthepopulationwillbelivingincitiesby2050.新視野大學英語（第四版）讀寫教程4Detailedstudyofthetext

★

beprojectedtodosth.:beforecastedtohappeninacertainway預計要AccordingtotheUnitedNations,thenumberofpeopleaged60andolderintheworldisprojectedtoincreasetomorethantwobillionby2050.根據聯合國的數據，預計到2050年，全世界60歲及60歲以上的人口數量將增加到20億以上。SectionA新視野大學英語（第四版）讀寫教程4DetailedstudyofthetextSectionAMeaning:

Actually,urbanizationisbringingchangestonotonlythephysicalenvironmentbutalsotheculturalstructuresofsocietyandhasapowerfulinfluenceontheeconomy.新視野大學英語（第四版）讀寫教程4Detailedstudyofthetext

★

reshape:vt.changethestructureororganizationofsth.改變；重塑Thankstothecentralgovernment’sspecialfundsforpovertyreduction,therurallandscapeinChinahasbeencompletelyreshaped.在中央政府專項扶貧資金的支持下，中國農村面貌已經發生了翻天覆地的變化。SectionA新視野大學英語（第四版）讀寫教程4DetailedstudyofthetextNoteSectionA新視野大學英語（第四版）讀寫教程4DetailedstudyofthetextThephrasethephysicalenvironmentreferstoboththenaturalenvironmentandtheexistingman-madeenvironment.Thenaturalenvironmentincludesland,air,water,plants,animals,etc.Theman-madeenvironmentincludesbuildingsandotherinfrastructuresuchasroads,railways,parks,andman-madelakes.Thephysicalenvironmentprovidesourbasicneedsandoffersopportunitiesforsocialandeconomicdevelopment.SectionAMeaning:

However,themodelofcitylifehasmainlycenteredontheneedsoflifeinthelate20thcenturyintermsoftechnology,population,andinfrastructure.新視野大學英語（第四版）讀寫教程4Detailedstudyofthetext

★

urban:a.relatingtotownsandcities城市的；都市的Throughwell-designednighttimelighting,wewillmakeurbanspacesbetterplacestolive,work,andvisit.通過精心設計的夜間照明，我們將使城市變成更好的生活、工作和參觀的場所。SectionA新視野大學英語（第四版）讀寫教程4Detailedstudyofthetext

★

demographic:a.relatingtohumanpopulationsandtheinformationcollectedaboutthem,suchastheirsize,growth,ages,andeducation人口的；人口統計的；人口學的Byconductinganationalcensus,wecanusedemographicdatatopredicteconomictrendsandpopulationgrowthforbetterresourcemanagement.通過進行全國人口普查，我們可以利用人口數據來預測經濟趨勢和人口增長，以更好地進行資源管理。SectionA新視野大學英語（第四版）讀寫教程4Detailedstudyofthetext

n.(~s)[pl.]informationaboutagroupsuchasthepeoplewholiveinaparticulararea人口統計數據；人口統計資料Accordingtoarecentreport,thedeclineofthelaborforceisduetothechangingdemographicsofthearea.根據最近的一份報告，勞動力減少是由于該地區人口情況的變化造成的。SectionA新視野大學英語（第四版）讀寫教程4Detailedstudyofthetext

★

infrastructure:n.[C,U]thebasicsystemsandstructuresthatacountryororganizationneedsinordertoworkproperly,e.g.roads,railways,banks基礎設施（如公路、鐵路、銀行等）；基礎結構Educationandtraining,researchanddevelopment,andinfrastructureareusuallyimportantareasforgovernmentinvestment.教育與培訓、研究與開發以及基礎設施通常是政府投資的重要領域。

SectionA新視野大學英語（第四版）讀寫教程4Detailedstudyofthetext

★

infrastructural:a.connectedwithinfrastructure基礎設施的；基礎結構的Thelocalgovernmenthasattractedenoughfundsfromabroadforitsinfrastructuralprojects.當地政府已為自己的基礎設施項目吸引了足夠的海外資金。SectionA新視野大學英語（第四版）讀寫教程4DetailedstudyofthetextSectionAMeaning:

Thus,ithasmostlyreliedonthelargequantityandeasyaccessibilityoffossilfuels.新視野大學英語（第四版）讀寫教程4Detailedstudyofthetext

★

predominant:a.

morepowerful,morecommon,ormoreeasilynoticedthanothers占優勢的；占主導地位的；顯著的Positivelifestylechangescanplayapredominantroleinreducinghealthproblems.積極地改變生活方式在減少健康問題方面可以發揮顯著作用。

SectionA新視野大學英語（第四版）讀寫教程4Detailedstudyofthetext

★

predominantly:ad.mostlyormainly絕大多數地；主要地Themuseumislocatedinapredominantlyindustrialneighborhood,nottoofaroutsideoftheancientcapitalcity.該博物館位于一個以工業為主的街區，在古都城外不遠處。

★

availability:n.[U]1)thestateofbeingabletobeobtainedorused可用性TherapiddevelopmentoftheInternetandtheavailabilityofinformationallowtravelerstoaccesstouristinformationmorequicklyandeasily.互聯網的迅速發展和信息的可獲得性使旅行者能夠更容易、更快捷地獲取旅游信息。2)thestateofnotbeingtoobusytodosth.空閑；閑暇Ineedtogivehimacalltocheckhisavailabilitytoattendthemeetingnextweek.我需要給他打個電話，確認一下他下周是否有時間參加會議。SectionA新視野大學英語（第四版）讀寫教程4Detailedstudyofthetext

★

fossil:n.[C]化石Themuseumcontainsanicecollectionofdinosaurfossils,whichmakesitawonderfulplaceforchildrentovisit.

該博物館收藏了大量的恐龍化石，是孩子們參觀的好地方。SectionA新視野大學英語（第四版）讀寫教程4Detailedstudyofthetext

★

fossilfuel:n.[C,U]化石燃料（如煤、石油等）Weshouldencouragecitiestoadoptmorecleanenergyandreducetheiruseofnaturalgas,coal,andotherfossilfuels.我們應該鼓勵城市更多地采用清潔能源，減少對天然氣、煤炭和其他化石燃料的使用。SectionAMeaning:

Therefore,thetraditionalpatternofurbanizationistooold-fashionedandcannotcontinueinthelongterm.新視野大學英語（第四版）讀寫教程4Detailedstudyofthetext

★

devastating:a.1)badlydamagingordestroyingsth.毀滅性的；破壞力極強的Globalwarmingmustbecurbedbecauseitwillbringdevastatingfloods,droughts,anddiseases.一定要遏制全球變暖，因為它會引起毀滅性的洪水、干旱和疾病。2)causingsevereshock令人十分震驚的；具有強大沖擊力的Thedecisiontoclosetheshoemakingbusinesswasdevastatingnewsfortheaffectedemployeesandtheirfamilies.關閉制鞋企業的決定對受影響的員工及其家人來說是十分震驚的消息。SectionA新視野大學英語（第四版）讀寫教程4DetailedstudyofthetextSectionAMeaning:

Ithasbroughtaboutdevelopmentthatexceedsthecapacityofexistinginfrastructureandcaneasilycauseawasteofresources.Thistypeofdevelopmentprovestobedamagingtotheenvironment.新視野大學英語（第四版）讀寫教程4Detailedstudyofthetext

★

excess:a.(onlybeforenoun)

additionalandnotneededbecausethereisalreadyenoughofsth.過多的；多余的Whenthereisanexcesssupplyofaproductinthemarket,itspricetendstodecrease.

當市場上某種產品供應過剩時，其價格往往會下降。SectionA新視野大學英語（第四版）讀寫教程4Detailedstudyofthetext

n.[sing.,U]alargeramountofsth.thanisallowedorneeded過多；過量Ifyoueatanexcessofsugar,yourliverwillturnsomeofthatsugarintofat.如果你攝糖過量，肝臟會將部分多余的糖轉化成脂肪。SectionA新視野大學英語（第四版）讀寫教程4Detailedstudyofthetext

★

prone:a.likelytodosth.orsufferfromsth.,esp.sth.badorharmful易于發生某事（尤指不好或有害的事）的；很可能…的Peoplewhoarepronetogettingtheflueverywintershouldprobablygetaflushotinthefall.

每年冬季容易得流感的人或許應該在秋天注射流感疫苗。SectionA新視野大學英語（第四版）讀寫教程4DetailedstudyofthetextWordformationnoteSectionA新視野大學英語（第四版）讀寫教程4Detailedstudyofthetext后綴-prone與名詞結合構成形容詞，用于描述人或事物比通常更可能出現某一問題，即“易受……影響的”。例如：error-prone

易出錯的allergy-prone

易過敏的accident-prone

易出事故的injury-prone易受傷的flood-prone易發生洪災的damage-prone易損壞的

★

detrimental:a.causingharmordamage有害的；不利的Lackofcommunicationbetweenparentsandchildrencanbedetrimentaltotheirrelationship.父母與孩子之間缺乏溝通對他們之間的關系是不利的。SectionA新視野大學英語（第四版）讀寫教程4DetailedstudyofthetextSectionAMeaning:

Therefore,thetraditionalpatternofurbanizationistooold-fashionedandcannotcontinueinthelongterm.新視野大學英語（第四版）讀寫教程4Detailedstudyofthetext

★

outdated:a.oldandnolongersuitableformodernpurposes,methods,orsituations過時的；陳舊的Printednewspapershavebecomesomewhatoutdatedbecauseoftherapiddevelopmentofdigitalmedia.由于數字媒體的快速發展，印刷報紙已經有些過時了。SectionA新視野大學英語（第四版）讀寫教程4Detailedstudyofthetext

★

unsustainable:a.1)unabletocontinueatthesamerateorinthesameway不能繼續的；無法維持的Growthatthislevelwillbeunsustainableunlesswefindahighlyefficientwaytomanagethedatanetwork.除非我們找到一種十分有效的方法來管理數據網絡，否則這種水平的增長將無法持續。SectionA新視野大學英語（第四版）讀寫教程4Detailedstudyofthetext

2)causingdamagetotheenvironmentbyusingmoreofsth.thancanbereplacednaturally枯竭式開采資源的；不符合可持續發展的；不可持續的Lossofforestsandunsustainablefarmingpracticescanleadtoextremesoilerosion.森林的消失和不可持續的耕作方式會導致極端的土壤侵蝕。SectionA新視野大學英語（第四版）讀寫教程4DetailedstudyofthetextSectionAMeaning:

Presently,theonlywaytopreventtheproblemfromgettingworseisthroughbuilding“smartcities”–arecentlyadoptedexpressioninEnglish.新視野大學英語（第四版）讀寫教程4Detailedstudyofthetext

★

escalate:v.becomemuchworseormoreserious,ormakesth.dothis（使）升級；（使）惡化Weshouldlearntocalmdownbeforerespondingtomeanlanguageonline,soasnottoescalatethesituation.在回應網絡上的不善言語之前，我們應該學會冷靜下來，以免事態升級。SectionA新視野大學英語（第四版）讀寫教程4Detailedstudyofthetext

★

jargon:

n.[U]wordsandexpressionsusedinaparticularprofessionorbyaparticulargroupofpeople,whicharedifficultforotherpeopletounderstand術語；行話Doctorsshouldspeakslowlyandavoidusingjargonwiththeirpatients.醫生與病人交談時，應放慢語速并避免使用術語。SectionA新視野大學英語（第四版）讀寫教程4DetailedstudyofthetextSectionAMeaning:

Theideaofsmartcities,thatis,citieswithsoftwareconnectingallelementsoftheirinfrastructure,isn’tnew,butitisdefinitelycool.新視野大學英語（第四版）讀寫教程4Detailedstudyofthetext

★

interlink:

v.connectorbeconnectedwitheachother（使）相互連接Nodoubt,theworldisnowmoreinterlinkedandinterdependentthanatanyothertimeinhistory.毫無疑問，當今的世界比歷史上任何時候都更加相互連接，互為依存。SectionA新視野大學英語（第四版）讀寫教程4DetailedstudyofthetextSectionAMeaning:

Whowouldn’twanttoliveinaplacewheretheirdailylivesareimprovedbyusingdataandevidence,ratherthanfeelingsandguesswork?新視野大學英語（第四版）讀寫教程4Detailedstudyofthetext

★

intuitive:

a.1)basedonafeelingratherthanonknowledgeorfacts直覺的；來自直覺的Accordingtoexperts,theeffectivenessofintuitivedecision-makingismainlydependentuponexperience.專家們認為，直覺決策的有效性主要取決于經驗。SectionA新視野大學英語（第四版）讀寫教程4Detailedstudyofthetext

2)abletounderstandsituationswithoutbeingtoldorhavinganyproofaboutthem有直覺力的Shehasanintuitivesenseforwhatpeopleneed,evenbeforetheyaskforit.她具有某種直覺力，能夠感知人們所需要的東西，甚至在他們表達出來之前。SectionA新視野大學英語（第四版）讀寫教程4DetailedstudyofthetextSectionAMeaning:

Inoneway,asmartcitycanbedescribedasonethatmakesthebestuseofalltheinterconnectedinformationpeoplecangettounderstandandcontrolthecity’soperationsinbetterwaysandtoputlimitedresourcesintobestuse.新視野大學英語（第四版）讀寫教程4Detailedstudyofthetext

★

definesth.as:

describeorlabelsth.assth.把…定義為；把…描述為Idefinesuccessasfindingone’spassion,beingabletofollowone’spassion,andbeinghappyinallareasofone’slife.我把成功定義為發現自己的激情，能夠追隨自己的激情，并在生活的各方面都感到快樂。SectionA新視野大學英語（第四版）讀寫教程4Detailedstudyofthetext

★

optimal:

a.(fml.)

thebestormostsuitable最佳的；最適宜的Itisimportanttolearnhowtocleanourcomputertoensureitsoptimalefficiency.學會如何清潔電腦以確保其最佳效能非常重要。SectionA新視野大學英語（第四版）讀寫教程4Detailedstudyofthetext

★

interconnected:

a.(fml.)

withdifferentpartsorthingsconnectedorrelatedtoeachother互相連接的；互相聯系的Mentalandphysicalhealthareinterconnected.心理健康和身體健康是相互關聯的。SectionA新視野大學英語（第四版）讀寫教程4Detailedstudyofthetext

★

operation:

n.1)[C,U]theworkoractivitiesdonebyabusinessororganization,ortheprocessofdoingthiswork業務；經營；操作Sendingawiretransferisasimpleoperation,butalmostallbankschargeinternationalwiretransferfeestosendorreceivefunds.

電匯是一項簡單的操作，但幾乎所有的銀行都要收取國際電匯費來發送或接收資金。SectionA新視野大學英語（第四版）讀寫教程4Detailedstudyofthetext

2)[C]theprocessofcuttingintosb.’sbodytorepairorremoveapartthatisdamaged手術Ifyouhavehadanoperationonyourstomachorbowels,youusuallywon’tbeabletoeatordrinkforafewdays.如果你的胃或腸做了手術，通常需要持續幾天不能進食或飲水。SectionA新視野大學英語（第四版）讀寫教程4Detailedstudyofthetext

★

optimize:

vt.improvethewaythatsth.isdoneorusedsothatitisaseffectiveaspossible使最優化；使盡可能完善Inordertoreducecostsandimproveefficiency,engineersmustoptimizethedesignoftheoperatingsystem.為了降低成本和提高效率，工程師必須優化操作系統的設計。SectionA新視野大學英語（第四版）讀寫教程4DetailedstudyofthetextSectionAMeaning:

Fortheresidents,asmartcityisaspacethathasalltheessentialfunctionsofacity.Thesefunctionsarelinkedandimprovedbytechnologytoensurethateveryonelivinginthecitycontinuestoenjoyanabundanceofresourcesandopportunitiesinthefuture.新視野大學英語（第四版）讀寫教程4Detailedstudyofthetext

★

inhabitant:

n.[C]oneofthepeoplewholiveinaparticularplace居民Thevillagehasbeenmakingeffortstopreservetheculturalheritageoftheancientinhabitantsthatoncelivedthere.這個村莊一直努力保護曾經居住在那里的古代居民的文化遺產。SectionA新視野大學英語（第四版）讀寫教程4Detailedstudyofthetext

★

equate:

vt.considerthattwothingsaresimilarorconnected使等同Somepeopleequatehavingagooddegreewithaguar