英語詞匯學知識點總結計劃英語詞匯學知識點總結計劃PAGE24英語詞匯學知識點總結計劃Word-formationWord-formationorword-buildingisthatbranchoflexicologywhichstudiesthepatternsonwhichalanguage,inthiscase,theEnglishlanguage,coinsnewwords.Percentageofnewwordscoinedbythedifferentword-formationprocessesafterWorldWarThethreemajorprocessesofwordformation:CompositionorCompoundingDefinition:Compoundingisaword-formationprocessconsistingofjoiningtwoormorebasestoformanewunit,acompoundword.Compoundingisthemostproductiveword-formationprocessincontemporaryEnglish.Identitycrisis個性危機stand-upcollarhit-and-runtactics打了就跑的spoon-feed填式灌，養無緣無故muddle-headed/minded笨口笨舌heavy-tongued無無carefree霜weather-beaten/worn令人心碎heart-breaking半死不活dead-alive/dead-and-alive不合宜ill-timed/badly-timed批量生mass-produceCompoundsareveryoftenusedbecauseoftheirbrevityandvividness.Forexample,Aschoolboyismoreconcisethan“aboyattendingschool”;“Up-to-the-minuteinformation”ismorevividthan“thelatestinformation”;“Theoldmanwouldsitforhours,thinkingsadlyofallthemight-have-beens”ismorecompactandexpressivethan“?thinkingsadlyofthedesirablethingsthatcouldhavehappenedinthepast.”TherelativecriteriaofacompoundwordOrthographiccriterion

(寫準):Compoundsarewritteninthreeways,.solid:airmail;hyphenated:air-conditioning;open:airforce,airraid.Phonologicalcriterion

(音準):Compoundaccent:asinglestressonthefirstelement;oramainstressonthefirstelementandasecondarystressonthesecondelement..'blackboard,'blue‘bottle(alargebuzzingflywithbluebody)Normalphraseaccent:asecondarystressonthefirstelementandamainstressonthesecondelement..‘blue'bottle(abottlewhichisblue)Semanticcriterion(準):Acompoundisacombinationformingaunitexpressingasingleidea.Thelexicalmeaningofthecomponentsarecloselyjoinedtogethertocreateacompoundwithameaningwhichonecaneasilyrecognize,.backdoor,sunset,workday.However,themeaningofacompoundisnotalwaysthesumofthemeaningsofitsparts,.dogdays,flatfoot(apoliceman),greenhouse,greenback(美)，green-hand(新手),greenroom（演歇息室）,motherwit（天生的智力）

,Indianpaper

（詞典紙）

.Moreexamples:homeletters(家書),homevoyage（歸途）,homelife（家庭生活）,homeaffairs（家庭事務），homebird（不愛出門的人）,homeeconomics（家政學）,homefront（大后方）,homegames（在當地舉行的競賽）,homehelp（家務女傭）,homemaker（主婦）,homeplate（棒球的本壘打）,homesickness（思家病）.Wordorder

:Aflowerpot(花盆)apotflower(盆花)tiptoe(SomeofthemwereinfluencedbyFrench:courtmartial(

腳尖)deaf-mute（聾啞者）軍事法庭);presidentelect（入選總統）

;ambassadordesignate

（還沒有上任的大使）ClassificationofcompoundsCompoundscanbeclassifiedaccordingtopartsofspeechofthecompounds.nouncompounds:airplane,flowerpotadjectivecompounds:weather-beaten,snowwhiteverbcompounds:proof-read,baby-sitpropositioncompounds:notwithstanding,alongsideofconjunctioncompounds:whenever,whereaspronouncompounds:another,myselfThethreecommonesttypesarenouncompounds,adjectivecompounds,andverbcompounds.nouncompoundsNoun+nounrainwater雨水;springwater泉水;firecracker爆竹;spacecraft/spaceship標墊DreamTeam；barcode條形碼；lip

houseplants室內植物;fireball火球;太空船；spacesuits太空服；mousemat；鼠service口頭上說得好聽的話；informationhighway

信息高速公路；

science

fiction

科幻小說；sugarcane

甘蔗；gaslight煤氣燈；Noun+verbdaybreak清晨；nightfalllandslip/landslide(山體滑坡drumbeat；footbeat腳步節拍water-supply自來水；snowfall

夜幕降臨；sunset/sunrise日落，earthquake地震；)；headachetoothache；stomachache；heartbeat；wingbeat翅翼振動；window-dress部署櫥窗；降雪量；toothpick牙簽；haircut；pickpocket；scarecrow稻草人(scarethecrow)Verb+nouncrybaby(愛哭的嬰兒)；playboy(花花公子)；glowworm(家狗),swearword（罵人話）,breakwater（防波提）,driveway兵跳傘服，連衣褲工作服）；rattlesnake(響尾蛇)

發光蟲)；watch-dog（車道）,jumpsuit

(看（傘?Verb+adv/prepchangeover(轉變進度slip-up（馬虎，不幸事故）

)

；setback(挫折)；breakdown(,put-off（推延，敷衍）,follow-up

崩潰)，show-off(（連續廣告法）

夸耀),sit-in,dropout,breakdown,walk-on,walkout,setback,take-off?Adjective+nounclear-way(超速道路),easy-chair,deadline,harddisk,softdisk，redtape(官樣文章)adverb+noununder-clothes(內衣),after-effect（后效，副作用）,upgrade（升級）,overburden?V+ing+nounchewinggum(口香糖),bakingpowder（發酵粉）,readinglamp（臺燈）,lodging（分間出租供人歇息用的房子），leadingarticle(社論),workingparty（作業隊）

house?Adverb+verboutlet(

出口),upset（推翻）,downfall

（倒臺，塌陷）

,upstart

（暴發戶）,onflow（滔滔向前）adjectivecompounds?

Pre-modifierVS.Post-modifier(describeanounphraseorrestrictmeaninginsomeway)

itsCompoundmodifiers,becauseoftheirexpressivenessandbrevity,areusedquiteflexiblyincurrentEnglish,especiallyinjournalisticwritings.noun+adjective?skin-hungry,power-hungry,news-hungry,career-hungry(急于成名的),bloodthirsty?duty-free,tax-free,fat-free,toll-free,maintenance-free,dust-free,interest-free,care-free,ice-free,danger-free,nuclear-weapon-free?water-proof,fire-proof,bullet-proof,rain-proof,bomb-proof,vibration-proof?air-sick,seasick,car-sick,home-sick,heartsick(喪氣的)user-friendly,reader-friendly?profit-conscious,time-conscious,class-conscious,environment-conscious,security-conscious?slap-happy(被打得蒙頭轉向的)boxer，trigger-happy(嗜殺成性的)gangster，travel-happy(對旅行著迷的)?accident-prone,crisis-prone(危機四伏的)，error-prone,?air-tight(不透氣的)，water-tight,light-tight(不透光的),rain-tight?work-shy(不肯工作的)，camera-shy(怕上鏡頭的)，publicity-shy(不肯出頭露面的)color-blind,night-blind?blood-weary(厭戰的)，travel-weary(旅途勞苦的)?stone-deaf,skin-deep,snow-white,ice-cold,knee-deep,paper-thin,mirror-bright,feather-light,fire-hot,crystal-clear,waist-high,shoulder-high,life-long,grass-green,dog-tired,threadbare（穿舊的）?college-bound/preparatory(準備考大學的)，labor-short(缺少勞動力的)，top-heavy(虎頭蛇尾的)，penny-wise(小事聰慧的)，oven-fresh(剛出爐的)line-dry(一晾就干的)，world-famousadjective+adjectivewet-cold,

icy-cold,

red-hot,

white-hot,

bitter-sweet,

deaf-mute,shabby-genteel(

窮酸的)，dead-alive(

半死不活的

)，dark-blue,

deep-blue,

light-blue,pale-blue,bright-red,bloody-red,yellow-green,yellowish-green，social-politicalV+ing+adjectivesteaming-hot/smoking-hot(滾燙的，如火如茶的)，soaking-wet/wringing-wet(濕淋淋的，濕得可擰出水來的)，biting-cold/freezing-cold(冷得透骨的，冰涼的)Adverb/Prep+adjectiveever-victorious(戰無不勝的)，over-cautious,all-round(全面的)，far-reaching(深遠的，寬泛的)，evergreen(tree),wide-awake(機敏的)，over-sensitive,over-anxious,under-ripe(不可以熟的)，too-rapidnoun+V+ingpeace-loving,time/space/energy/labor-saving,time-consuming,summer-flowering(夏天開花的),ocean-going(遠洋的)，fault-finding,record-breaking,heart-breaking,hair-raising,side-splitting(令人捧腹的)，thirst-quenching(解渴的)，man-eatingnoun+V+edheart-felt(由衷的),air-born（空降的，空運的）,home-made,travel-worn（旅行得疲備的）,hen-pecked,book-filled,poverty-stricken,weather-beaten,thunder-struck,suntannedadjective/adverb+V+ingfresh-frozen(速凍的),easy-going(平和的),familiar-sounding(聽起來熟習的)，hard-working,ever-lasting(永久的)adjective/adverb+V+ednewly-developed,well-balanced,far-fetched(勉強附會的)，half-baked(烤得半生不熟的，淺陋的),hard-won(來之不易的)，quick-frozen(速凍的),new-laid(eggs),so-called,fresh-caught,newly-built,well-informed,well-organizednoun+Noun+edhot-tempered(急性子的)，chicken-hearted(膽寒的，纖弱的)，honey-mouthed,paper-backed(平裝本的)，eagle-eyed(眼光尖利地)adjective/adv.+Noun+edshort-sighted,tender-hearted,sweet-hearted(性情平和的),green-fingered(擅長園藝的)，open-handed,single-handed,bald-headed,empty-headed,hot-headed,kind-hearted,light-hearted,whole/half-hearted,absent-minded,narrow/broad-minded,double-faced,straight-faced,blue-eyed,muddle-minded/headed(無緣無故),commercially-minded,heavy-tongued(笨口笨舌的)，middle-aged,cold-blooded,strong-bodied,rosy-cheeked,apple-cheeked,close/tight-fisted(小氣的)，bare-footed,white-haired,high-heeled,ill-intentioned,weak-kneed(易服氣的)，long-legged,close/tight-lipped(嘴緊的),ill-mannered,thick/thin-skinned(臉皮厚/薄)，high-spirited,iron-willed,quick/short/slow/bad-tempered,glib-tongued(油腔滑調的)，loose-tongued(嘴不嚴的)adjective+Nounlong-distance,full-length（未刪省的），white-collar,red-letter(喜慶的),，full-time,first-rate,high-speed,high-level,low-frequency,left-hand,real-time(及時的)，long-range,deep-sea(fish)Verb+Nounbreak-neck(危險的)，telltale(挑撥離間的)，cut-rate(減價的，次等的)Phrasesorsentencesat-risk（境危的）,in-your-face（明目膽的）,devil-may-care(不全部的),dog-eat-dog（狗咬狗的）,round-the-clock,on-the-spot,cards-on-the-table,matter-of-fact,never-to-be-forgotten,once-in-a-life-time,off-the-cuff(起的意)opinion,back-up(用)astand-upcollar(),awalk-incloset(入式大壁櫥)，asee-throughshirt（透明的衫）take-homepay，cross-border

想走raid，akeep-fitclass

（保健班）verbcompoundsThecommonwaytoformacompoundverbisbymeansofback-formation.Theback-formationisaprocessofwordformationbywhichawordiscreatedbydroppingthesupposedorimaginedaffixesHousekeeping→housekeep,test-drive()，machine-gun,nickname,spotlight,honeymoon,outline,speed-read,soft-land,vacuum-clean,mass-produce,sight-see,proof-read,tape-record,chain-smoke,ghost-write,air-condition,baby-sit,window-shop,spoon-feed,hen-peck,snowball,middle-road(走中道路),chain-react,face-harden(使表面硬化),wire-pull(幕后操)，daydream,skyrocket,sleepwalk,highlight,safeguard,whitewash,sweet-talk，job-hopAcompoundverbcanalsobeformedbymeansofanalogy:fromchain-smoke:feedfromabottle.frombreast-feed:?feedfromamother'sbreastAcompoundverbcanalsobeformedbymeansofverbphrasesoverwork,withhold(拘禁),cross-question()，upbuild(成立),uplift,fast-talk(花言巧地企服)，off-load(卸)，outeat(吃得比??多outgrow,ill-treat,overhear,overtake,undergo,underline,undermine,

uproot,)，outgo,undertake,AffixationorDerivationItisaprocessofformingnewwordsbytheadditionofawordelement,suchasaprefix,suffix,orcombiningform,toanalreadyexistingword.Acombiningformisaboundmorpheme,whichwasoriginallyafullwordinLatinorGreek,suchasauto-（fromGKautosself）.據統計以下14個詞根和20個詞綴出此刻詞典里10，000多個英語單詞中前根Preceptpre-(before)capere(take,seize)detainde-(away,from)tenere(hold,have)intermittentinter-(between)mittre(send)offerob-(against)ferre(bear,carry)Insistin-(into)stare(stand)monograph-(alone,one)graph(write)monoepilogue詞aspectuncomplicatednonextendedreproductionindisposedoversufficientmistranscribe

epi(upon)egein(say,study)前綴詞根ad-(to,toward)spicere(see)-(not);-(together)plicare(fold)uncomnon-(not);ex-(outof)tendere(stretch)re-(back,again);pro-(forward)ducere(lead)in-(not);dis-(apartfrom)ponere(put,place)over-(above);sub-(under)facere(make,do)mis-(wrong);trans-(across)scribere(write)Number-relatedprefixesfromLatinprefixmeaningexamplesuni-oneuniformduo-twoduet(二重唱/奏）tri-threetrio(三人組）quad-,quart-fourquadruplets(四胞胎）quint-fivequintupletssextsixsexet(六人組）septsevenseptember(7thmonth,Romancalendar)oct-eightoctobernonaninenonagenarian(90-99歲的人）Number-relatedprefixesfromLatindeca-tendecadecent-hundredcentigrade(一百度的）multi-manymultiplyprim-,prin-firstprimarysecundsecondsecondaryambiboth(雙）ambivalent(兩種價值觀的，有矛盾心理的）equi-equalequidistant(等距離的）omni-allomnipotence(全能）semi-,semhalfsemester(halfayear學期）demi-halfdemitasse(halfacupforservingcoffee(一小杯清咖啡）Number-relatedprefixesfromGreekprefixmeaningexamplesMono-onemonologueduo-,di-twodialoguetri-threetriangletetra-fourtetrameter(四音步詩）penta-fivepentameter，pentagonhexa-sixhexagonhepta-sevenheptagondeka-,dec-tendecathlonhemi-halfhemispherepan-allpandemic(大流行病）ThedefinitionofprefixationPrefixationistheformationofnewwordsbyaddingprefixestostems.Prefixesdonotgenerallychangetheword-classofthestembutonlymodifyitsmeaning.However,thereisaninsignificantnumberofclass-changingprefixesNon-class-changingprefixes:natural-unnatural,like-dislike,fair-unfairClass-changingprefixes:force-enforce,danger-endanger,form-deform,little-belittle,war-postwar,college-intercollegeTheclassificationofprefixesInsomereferencebooks,prefixes(andsuffixes)areclassifiedaccordingtotheirsource,butthisdoesnotseemtohelpfromapracticalpointofview.Itseemsmorehelpfultoclassifythemostimportantproductiveprefixesbytheirmeaningintothefollowingtencategories:ThemostproductiveprefixesPrefixeswhicharenegativea-,dis-,in-,non-,un-Prefixeswhicharereversativeorde-,dis-,un-privativePrefixeswhicharepejorativemal-,mis-,pseudo-Prefixeswhichareofdegreeorsizearch-,extra-,hyper-,macro-,mini-,out-,over-,sub-,super,sur-,ultra-,under-Prefixeswhichareofattitudeanti-,co-,contra-counter-,pro-Prefixeswhicharelocativeextra-,fore-,inter-,intra-,super-,tele-,trans-,Prefixeswhichareoftimeandorderex-,fore-,pre-,post-,re-Prefixeswhichareofnumbersemi-,uni-,mono-,bi-,di-,tri-,multi-,poly-??PrefixeswhichareofamiscellaneousAuto-,neo-pan-,proto-,vice-categoryprefixa-/an-amoral,asexual,atheism,anacid,anarchy,dis-dishonest,discontent,disobey,disagreein-Incomplete,inconsistent,incorrect,invulnerable,illogical,illegal,impolite,immoral,imbalance,irrational,irregularnon-nonviolent,non-cooperation,nonautomatic,nonadjustable,nonalcoholicun-uninformative,unexpected,unease,unrestorprivativeprefix含“除去”意思de-defrost,deregulation,degeneration,denationalize，dehydratedepollute,devalue,decentralizeun-undo,unpack,untie,unwrap,unmaskdis-disconnect,dishearten,disinterested(公正的，無私的),disambigulateprefixmis-misguide,misapplication,misbehavior,mischoice,mal-maladjustment,maldigestion,malfunction,maldevelopment,maltreat,malodorous,malnutritionpseudo-pseudonym,pseudoscience,pseudoclassic,pseudo-friend,pseudodemocratic,4)Prefixesofdegreeorsizehyper-hyperactive,hypercritical,hyperaggressive,hypercautiousultra-ultramodern,ultrasecret,ultraclean,ultrasonic,ultraconservativemini-minibus,minicamera,miniskirtout-outdo,outgrown,outliveover-overwork,overestimate,overemphasize,overabundance,overburdenunder-underdeveloped,underpopulation,undergraduatesuper-supermarket,superpower,superstarsub-subadult,subtitle,subbreed,subatom5)Prefixesoforientationandattitudeco-Co-author,co-star,co-prosperity,cooperationcounter-

Counterexample,counterclaim,counterattack,counterculture,counterpart

counteractive,anti-

anti-abortion,anti-art,

antiwar,

antibacterial,antisocial,anticancer,antibodypro-

pro-American,pro-American

親美的

,pro-Communist,pro-student,proslavery6)Locativeprefixesfore-forearm,foreheadinter-international,

intergovernmental,

interdisciplinary,intercollegetrans-transatlantic,transoceanic,t