花卉在園林綠化美化建設中的作用我國目前正積極加速城市化的進程。城市化帶來了現代文明，同時也造成了一系列問題，最主要的問題是生態環境的破壞。自然給人以健康和美的享受，人們渴望與自然共融。現代社會的人們即向往自然又離不開城市化進程中的一大矛盾。為了改善并保護生態環境，滿足人們對自然的渴求，以植物造景為主，融生態、保健、科學、文化和藝術為一體的生態園林成了現代園林發展的主要方向，同時園林植物的應用情況也成為評價園林優劣的重要指標。Isactivelyacceleratestheprocessofurbanizationinourcountryatpresent.Urbanizationhasbroughtmoderncivilization,alsocausedaseriesofproblemsatthesametime,themainproblemisthedestructionoftheecologicalenvironment.Naturalhealthandbeautytoenjoy,peoplearelongingforcommunionwithnature.Inmodernsocietypeopleyearningnatureandwithoutabigcontradictioninurbanizationprocess.Inordertoimproveandprotecttheecologicalenvironment,satisfypeoplelongingfornature,mainlyonplantlandscape,ecological,health,science,cultureandartasawholehasbecomethemaindevelopmentdirectionofmodernlandscapeecologylandscape,atthesametime,theapplicationsituationofgardenplantsbecomeimportantindicatorsofevaluationoflandscape.1、花卉的含義及分類1,theflowers,themeaningandclassification花卉的種類極多，范圍廣泛，花卉是園林植物中的重要組成部分，是園林綠化中美化、香化的重要材料。花卉能夠快速形成芳草如茵、花團錦簇、五彩繽紛、荷香拂水等優美的植物景觀，給環境帶來勃勃生機，產生使人心曠神怡、流連忘返的藝術效果。狹義的花卉主要是指具有觀賞價值的草本植物，或稱之為草花。花卉植物種類繁多，性狀各異。根據生態習性和在園林中的栽培應用方式，可將花卉植物分為露地花卉和溫室花卉兩大類。Thekindsofflowers,abroadrange,flowersareanimportantpartofgardenplant,isoneoftheimportantmaterialinlandscapinglandscaping,aromatization.Canquicklyformplantssuchasflowers,bushesandflowers,colorful,fragrantlotuskissthebeautifulplantlandscapesuchaswater,bringvitalitytotheenvironment,makepeoplerelaxedandhappy,theartoflingereffect.Specialflowerismainlyreferstohastheornamentalvalueofherbs,orcallitsucks.Therearemanydifferentkindsofflowerplantsanddifferentcharacters.Accordingtotheecologicalhabitsandwayofcultivationapplicationinlandscapegardening,flowersplantcanbedividedintotwocategories:outdoorflowersandgreenhouseflowers.1.1露地花卉1.1openflowers能在自然條件下完成全部生長過程，不需要特殊防寒措施。這類花卉能直接地栽觀賞，但為調節花期或提高開花質量時也常溫室盆栽。根據生命周期的長短又可分為一、二年生花卉和多年生花卉。一、二年生花卉是指生命周期短，通常在一個或兩個生長季內完成生活史的花卉植物。Cancompletethewholegrowthprocessundernaturalconditions,nospecialprecautions.Thiskindofplantcandirectlywatchflowers,butalsotoadjustorimprovethequalityofflowerbloomingoftengreenhouse.Accordingtothelengthofthelifecyclecanbedividedintoa,biennialandperennialflowersflowers.One,thebiennialflowersisreferstotheshortlifecycle,usuallyinoneortwocompletelifecycleoffloweringplantsinthegrowingseason.1.2溫室花卉1.2thegreenhouseflowers原產熱帶、亞熱帶及南方溫暖的地區的花卉，在北方寒冷地區栽培須在溫室內培養，或冬季在溫室內越冬。這類花卉不能直接地栽觀賞，只能盆栽，多為室內觀賞或作切花。有些種類可于溫暖季節擺放室外，冬季放回室內。Nativetothetropical,subtropical,andwarminthesouthregionofflowers,inthenorthcoldareacultivationmustbeinsidethegreenhousecultivation,orwinteringreenhouseinwinter.Thiskindofplantcan'tdirectlyseeflowers,pottedplant,onlyforindoorornamentalorcutflowers.Somespeciescanbeputinwarmseason,outdoorwinterbackindoors.2、溫室花卉的種類和作用2,thekindsofgreenhouseflowersandrole溫室花卉不耐低溫，是原產于熱帶或亞熱帶地區的花卉。這種花卉在我國北方寒冷地帶種植必須安排在溫室內栽培，在我國溫暖的南方地區栽培，其冬季也需用溫室進行保護才能安全過冬。主要種類有：一是宿根花卉，如萬年青、君子蘭、四季海棠等。二是球根花卉，如仙客來、馬蹄蓮、朱頂紅等。三是蕨類花卉，如鐵線蕨、腎蕨、蜈蚣草等。四是亞灌木花卉，如天竺葵、香石竹、倒掛金鐘等。五是木本花卉，如一品紅、變葉木、扶桑等。六是蘭科花卉，如惠蘭、建蘭、卡特蘭等。七是一、二年生花卉，如瓜葉菊、蒲包花、香豌豆等。八是多漿植物和仙人掌，如龍舌蘭、仙人球、仙人掌等。了解花卉的種類，我們就能按照它對環境的要求進行科學栽培，就能更好地發揮花卉的作用。一般來說，溫室花卉都是用盆栽的花卉。它既可用來布置室內環境，如車站、賓館、大會堂及其它場所，又可裝飾室外環境，如機場、廣場、碼頭、路旁、河畔及湖泊周邊地區。在園林建設中，人們常用各種花卉作為美化材料來裝飾環境，創造出綠草如茵，空氣清新，花團錦簇的景觀景帶和景區，以滿足人們對文化娛樂、環境保護、風景藝術等方面的需求，滿足人們對環境的審美感。Greenhouseflowersnotgoodlowtemperatureresistance,flowersandplantsarenativetotropicalorsubtropicalregions.TheflowersgrowincoldzoneinthenorthofChinamustbearrangedincultivationingreenhouse,growninwarmsouthernareasofChina,thewinteralsoneededprotectioningreenhousetosecurityforthewinter.Maintypesare:oneistheperennialrootflowersandplants,suchasthefourseasonsevergreen,clivia,hitom,etc.Second,bulbousflowers,suchascyclamen,callas,zhured,etc.3itisfernsflowers,suchasfernadiantum,kidney,suchasthecentipedegrass.Fouristheshrubsandflowerssuchasgeranium,carnation,fuchsia,etc.Fiveiswoodyflowers,suchaspoinsettia,changeit,fusang,etc.Sixisorchidsflowers,suchaswhelan,facilities.we,carter,etc.Sevenisabiennialflowers,suchasmelon,calceolariasflower,sweetpea.Pulpplantandmorethaneightiscactus,suchastequila,celestialbeing,cactus,etc.Understandthekindsofflowers,wecanaccordingtothecultivationrequirementsofenvironmentscience,itcanbetterplaytotheroleoftheflowers.Ingeneral,greenhouseflowerswerepottedflowers.Itcanbeusedtodecoratetheindoorenvironment,suchasrailwaystations,hotels,hallandotherplaces,alsocandecorateoutdoorenvironment,suchasairport,square,dock,road,riverandlakearea.Inlandscapeconstruction,peopleusedtouseallkindsofflowersasabeautificationmaterialstodecoratetheenvironment,tocreategreen,theairisfresh,theflowersofthelandscapelandscapeandscenicspot,inordertosatisfypeople'sculturalentertainment,environmentalprotection,landscapeartneeds,satisfypeople'saestheticfeelingtotheenvironment.3、露地花卉的種類和作用3,openthekindsofflowersandrole從一般情況來說，能在自然氣候條件下完成全部生長過程，不需特殊防寒措施保護的花卉稱為露地花卉。這種花卉既能直接進行露地栽培供人們觀賞，又可作為盆栽花卉或進行溫室栽培。礦用錨索張拉機具根據其生長周期的長短可分為多年生或一、二年生花卉兩大類。根據花卉生長習性的不同，凡是生長期生命周期短，通常在一個或兩個生長季內完成其生活史的花卉，如一串紅、萬壽菊、孔雀草、紫羅蘭等稱為一、二年生花卉。個體壽命超過兩年，能多次開花結籽（果實）的花卉則稱為多年生花卉。地下部形態正常，不發生變態的花卉，如芍藥、萱草、福綠考等常稱為宿根花卉。地下部會變態和肥大的花卉，如美人蕉、大麗花和唐菖蒲等常稱為Fromthemoregeneralcase,cangrowinthenaturalclimateconditionstocompletealltheprocess,withoutspecialprotectivemeasurestoprotecttheflowercalledopenflowers.Thiskindofflowercandirectlyopenforpeopletowatch,alsocanbeusedaspottedflowersoringreenhousecultivation.Accordingtothelengthofitsgrowthcyclecanbedividedintotwotypes:a,biennial,orperennialflowers.Dependingontheflowergrowthhabit,everygrowthperiodshortlifecycle,usuallyinoneortwotocompleteitslifehistoryingrowingseasonofflowers,suchasstring,marigold,peacock,violet,etc.Iscalledabiennialflowersandgrass.Individuallifeformorethantwoyears,canrepeatedlyflowerseedfloweriscalledperennialflowers(fruit).Undergroundpartshapeisnormal,notoccurabnormalflowers,suchaspeony,daylilies,andthegreenexamisoftenreferredtoasaperennialrootflowersandplants.Departmentofundergroundabnormalconditionandhypertrophyofflowers,suchascanna,dahlias,andoftencalledtangcalamus,etc球根花卉。從實際應用結果來看，露地花卉是園林中應用最多、最廣泛的花卉。根據其實際應用方式來看，主要有以下幾種形式：Bulbousflowers.Fromtheactualapplicationresult,openflowerismost,themostwidelyusedingardenflowers.Accordingtoitspracticalapplicationmethods,mainlyhasthefollowingform:3.1花壇應用方式3.1flowerbedapplicationway在一些大中城市的廣場和街道及農村公路的中央及兩側或企事業、機關單位辦公場所，常用花壇方式來綠化、美化環境。其方法是常選用一、二年生花卉或球根花卉，組成單獨或連續帶狀對稱圖案，并保持色彩鮮艷整齊的輪廓，供游客觀賞。因為植株的高度和形狀對表現圖案效果好差有密切的關系，因此組裝時常選用植株低矮，花期集中，生長整齊，株叢緊湊，花色鮮艷，適合于表現平面圖案變化的花卉，如五色莧類、三色堇、白草等進行裝飾和組合，同時也可用草坪來鑲嵌進行配合布置。Insomelargeandmedium-sizedcitysquaresandstreetsandruralroadsonbothsidesofthecentralandagencyunitsorenterprises,offices,commonflowerbedtoafforest,beautifytheenvironment.Itsmethodisoftenchoosea,biennialflowersorbulbflowers,singleorcontinuouszonalsymmetricpatterncomposed,andkeepthebrightcolorsofthecontours,forvisitorstosee.Becauseoftheplantheightandshapeonthepoorperformancedesigneffectisgoodhasacloserelationship,sooftenchooseassemblyplants,lowconcentratedflowering,growth,compactplantclump,designandcolorisbright,suitableforplanarpatternchangesofflowers,suchascoloredamaranth,pansy,whitegrass,decorationandcombination,atthesametime,itcanbeinlaidwithlawntocooperate.3.2花叢和花群應用方式3.2theflowersandflowergroupofapplications采用花群和花叢布置，方法比較簡單，應用較靈活。株少則為叢，叢多則連成群。這是將自然風景中野生的花卉應用到園林景觀中的一種方法。花卉的選擇是常選用莖稈挺直、不易倒伏，花朵繁密，株型豐滿的花卉進行裝飾。花叢布置在開闊的草坪周圍，或布置在公路轉折處；HDPE防水板或點綴于庭院之中，均有較好的觀賞效果。若采用花叢花壇裝飾，則要選擇開花時間較長，整體效果較好的花卉，如一串紅、萬壽菊、三色堇、矮牽牛等花朵繁茂、色彩鮮明艷麗的花卉。這樣群體和群體間容易形成絢麗色彩和優美外貌，所產生的直觀效果更好。裝飾時花壇中心要選用高大而整齊的花卉，如美人蕉、毛地黃、金魚草等進行裝飾。另外也可選用蘇鐵、蒲葵、龍柏等進行裝飾。花壇的周圍常選用矮小的灌木綠籬或常綠草本花卉，如紫葉小檗、沿階草等作鑲邊進行種植。Withflowersandflowerarrangement,methodissimple,theapplicationmoreflexible.Strainsarelesscluster,clustermore,eveningroups.Thisisthenaturallandscapeofwildflowerisappliedtothelandscapeinaway.Flowerofchoiceisoftenchoosestemstraight,noteasytolodging,flowersmany,plantdecorationfullofflowers.Flowersarrangedintheopenlawnaround,ordecorateinhighwayturningpoint;Ortheornamentinthecourtyard,hasgoodviewingeffect.Ifuseflowersfloweradornment,shouldchoosetobloomforalongtime,theoveralleffectgoodflowers,suchasstring,marigold,pansy,petuniaflowersflourish,colorfulgorgeousflowers.Suchgroupsandgroupsformagorgeouscolorandbeautifulappearance,easilyproducedbythedirecteffectisbetter.Decorativeflowerbedcentershouldchoosetallandstraight,flowerssuchascanna,foxglove,goldfishgrassundertakesdecorating.Alsocanchoosecycads,decorativesabal,Sabinachinensis,etc.Flowerbedaroundoftenchooseshortshrubhedgeroworevergreenherbflowers,suchaspurpleleafbarberry,alongthegrassedgetogrow.3.3花鏡、花臺和花缽應用方式3.3convexglass,flowerterracesandflowerpotapplicationway在園林建設中若采用花鏡式進行裝飾，常常是選用多種花卉，讓其組成自然的帶狀形式。其花鏡的邊緣，根據環境的不同可選用直線，也可選用自然曲線，但各種花卉的配植則是自然斑狀混交而成的。破壁靈芝孢子粉膠囊這是利用自然風景中自然生長的花卉加以藝術提煉而應用到園林裝飾中的一種方式。若采用花臺形式進行裝飾，則要將花卉栽植在高出地面的臺座上，形狀類似花壇但比花壇小，一般設置在庭院中央或兩側角。由于面積較小，因此一個花臺內常選用一種花。因花臺高于地面，因此應選用株型較矮，花朵繁密匍匐或莖葉下垂的花卉，如玉簪、芍藥、沿階草等進行裝飾。若采用花缽進行裝飾時，應選用一串紅、萬壽菊、矮牽牛、金魚草等花卉進行裝飾。因為花缽是隨著現代城市發展、花卉種植逐步完善而推出的花卉應用形式，是一種活動的花壇。因此在造型上既要大方美觀，又要豐富多彩，新穎別致。有圓形的、方形的、六角形的、八角形的，也有高腳杯形或其它形狀的。先將營養土裝在缽內或木箱里，再種植花卉，以其豐富的色彩美化重點部位，形成園林景觀。所以說露地花卉是園林綠化美化中應用最多，最廣的一種花卉。它對綠化、美化大自然，滿足人們審美感，保護人們身體健康有著重要的作用。因此我們一定要重視花卉的種植和管理，讓它為人類美化環境做出更大的奉獻。Ifusedinlandscapeconstructiondecorativeconvexglasstype,isoftenavarietyofflowers,letthetapeformofnature.Itsconvexglassedge,dependingontheenvironmentcanchoosestraightline,alsocanchoosenaturalcurve,butavarietyofflowersandshrubsarenaturalporphyriticmixed.Thisistheuseofthenaturalsceneryinthenaturegrowsflowersofartrefiningandappliedtoawayofgardendecoration.Ifusingflower-standformtodecorate,itwillflowerplantinginapedestalabovetheground,theshapesimilartobutsmallerthanflowerbeds,flowerbedgenerallysetupinthemiddleoftheyardoronbothsidesoftheAngle.Becausetheareaislesser,sooftenchooseafloweraflowerterraces.Becauseflowerterracesabovetheground,soshouldchooseshorteranddroopingflower,theflowerincrediblyprostrateorleaffragrantplantainlily,peony,grassalongtheorderofdecoration.Whenusingflowerpottodecorate,shouldchoosestring,marigold,petunias,snapdragonflowersfordecoration,etc.Becauseflowerpotiswiththedevelopmentofmoderncity,flowersgrowgraduallyimprovethelaunchoftheapplicationform,isakindofflowerbed.Sobegenerousonmodellingbeautiful,andrichandcolorful,novelandchic.Withround,square,hexagonal,octagonal,andtherearegobletshapeorothershapes.Firstthenutriti