2021AmericanThyroidAssociationHyperthyroidismGuidelines:

What’sNew?MerckThyr0idSymposiumApril22-23,2021Dalian,ChinaRebeccaBahnMDProfessorofMedicineMayoCliniccollegeofMedicineRochester,MNThyroid:21,593;2021Thyroid:25,1343;2021What’snewintheguidelines?ExpandeduseofTRAbmeasurementsInformationconcerningATDhepatotoxicityandsafetyoflong-termuseModifiedmanagementofGDbeforeandduringpregnancyOptimizationofcalciumandvitaminDmetabolismpriortothyroidectomyStillatthecoreofoptimummanagement:

Patient-centricdecisionmaking“Oncethediagnosishasbeenmade,thetreatingphysicianandpatientshoulddiscusseachofthetreatmentoptions,includingthelogistics,benefits,expectedspeedofrecovery,drawbacks,potentialsideeffectsandcost.Thissetsthestageforthephysiciantomakerecommendationsbasedonbestclinicaljudgmentandallowsthefinaldecisiontoincorporatethepersonalvaluesandpreferencesofthepatient.〞AdvantagesDisadvantagesAntithyroiddrugs

avoidlife-longLT4replacementavoidradiationexposureavoidrisksofsurgerypossibledrugreactionnotdefinitivetherapyRadioiodinedefinitivetherapyavoidrisksofsurgeryavoidadversedrugreactionradiationexposurelife-longLT4replacementpossibleGOworseningThyroidectomyrapidresolutionavoidradiationexposureavoidadversedrugreactionpossibleGOimprovementsurgicalrisk(hypoparathyroidism,recurrentlaryngealnervedamage)life-longLT4replacementAdvantagesandDisadvantagesofTreatmentoptionsforGDBahnetal.Thyroid:21,593;2021ToolforSharedDecisionMakingAbouttheTreatmentofGraves'Disease.BritoJPetal.Thyroid25(11):1191,2021UseofTRAbmeasurementsin:DiagnosisofGDDiscontinuingATDtherapyAssessingriskoffetal/neonatalGD2021:AradioactiveiodineuptakeshouldbeperformedwhentheclinicalpresentationofthyrotoxicosisisnotdiagnosticofGraves’disease.Athyroidscanshouldbeaddedinthepresenceofthyroidnodularity.2021:Ifthediagnosisisnotapparentbasedontheclinicalpresentationandinitialbiochemicalevaluation,diagnostictestingisindicatedandcaninclude,dependingonavailableexpertiseandresources,(1)measurementofTRAb,(2)determinationoftheradioactiveiodineuptake,or(3)measurementofthyroidalbloodflowonultrasonography.123Ior99mTcpertechnetatescanshouldbeobtainedwhentheclinicalpresentationsuggeststoxicadenomaortoxicmultinodulargoiter.TSIAssayUtilization:ImpactonCostsofGraves’

HyperthyroidismDiagnosis

McKeeA,PeyerlF.AmJManagedCare.2021;18(1):e1-e14Anevidence-basedeconomicmodelwasdevelopedinapopulationof100,000managedcareenrollees.InclusionofaTSItestearlyinthediagnosticpathwayresultedin:Netdirectcostsofdiagnosisreducedby43%.Netcostofavoidingmisdiagnosisandtreatmentofunexplainedsymptomsreducedby85%.Overallnetcostandtimetodiagnosiswerebothreducedby50%TheuseofcolordopplerUStomeasurethyroidbloodflowanddifferentiateGDfrompainlessthyroiditis

HiraiwaT,etal.EurThyroidJ2021;2:2120Superiorthyroidarterybloodflowvelocitysensitivity=0.87specificity=1.00.Thyroidtissuebloodflowsensitivity=0.71specificity=1.00.UseofTRAbindecisiontodiscontinueATDtherapy 2021IfmethimazoleischosenastheprimarytherapyforGD,themedicationshouldbecontinuedforapproximately12–18months,thentaperedordiscontinuediftheTSHisnormalatthattime.MeasurementofTRAblevelspriortostoppinganti-thyroiddrugtherapyissuggested…..2021IfMMIischosenastheprimarytherapyforGD,themedicationshouldbecontinuedforapproximately12–18months,thendiscontinuediftheTSHandTRAblevelsarenormalatthattime.TRAbpositiveafter18monthsMMIRx=89%relapserateTRAbnegativeafter18mosMMIRx=29%relapserateLaurbergPetal.EurJEndocrinol2021;158:69-752021:PatientsfoundtohaveGDduringpregnancy(orwhoweretreatedwithRAIorthyroidectomyforGDpriortopregnancy)shouldhaveTRAblevelsmeasuredatdiagnosisusingasensitiveassayand,ifelevated,againat22–26weeksofgestation.

2021:PatientsreceivingATDforGDwhenbecomingpregnant(orwhoweretreatedwithRAIorthyroidectomyforGDpriortopregnancy)orfoundtohaveGDduringpregnancyshouldhaveTRAblevelsmeasuredatinitialpregnancyvisitoratdiagnosisusingasensitiveassayand,iftheyareelevated,againat18–22weeksofgestation.UseofTRAbinassessingriskoffetal/neonatalGD

EarlySevereFetalGravesDiseaseinaMotherafterThyroidAblationandThyroidectomy

DonnellyMAetal.ObstetGynecol2021;125:1059–6236-year-oldwomanwithhistoryofsevereGD,radioiodineablationandthyroidectomyUSat18weeksshowedfetustobeseverelytachycardicwithagoiter.MaternalTSIandTRAbwere“toohightomeasure〞P.H.BisschopPH,vanTrotsenburgASP.NEJM370;13,2021NewinformationconcerningATDhepatotoxicity2021:LiverfunctionandhepatocellularintegrityshouldbeassessedinpatientstakingMMIorPTUwhoexperiencepruriticrash,jaundice,light-coloredstoolordarkurine,jointpain,abdominalpainorbloating,anorexia,nausea,orfatigue.2021:LiverfunctionandhepatocellularintegrityshouldbeassessedinpatientstakingPTUwhoexperiencepruriticrash,jaundice,light-coloredstoolordarkurine,jointpain,abdominalpainorbloating,anorexia,nausea,orfatigue.Antithyroiddrug‐relatedhepatotoxicityinhyperthyroidpatients:

apopulation‐basedcohortstudy

WangM-T,LeeW-J,HuangT-Y,ChuC-L,Hsieh,C-H.BJClinPharm78:(3)619-629,202171,379newusersofATDslistedinTaiwanNationalHealthInsuranceDatabaseMMIwasassociatedwithasignificantlyhigherrateofnoninfectioushepatitisthanPTU(0.25%vs.0.08%)PTUwasassociatedwithasignificantlyhigherrateofacuteliverfailurethanMMI(0.048%vs.0.026%)Nodifferenceonrateofcholestasis(0.019%vs.0.016%)Antithyroiddrug‐relatedhepatotoxicityinhyperthyroidpatients:

apopulation‐basedcohortstudy

WangM-T,LeeW-J,HuangT-Y,ChuC-L,Hsieh,C-H.BJClinPharm78:3,619-629

highdosePTUhazardratioSafetyoflong-termATDuse2021and2021:IfapatientwithGDbecomeshyperthyroidaftercompletingacourseofMMI,considerationshouldbegiventotreatmentwithRAIorthyroidectomy.Continuedlow-doseMMItreatmentforlongerthan12–18monthsmaybeconsideredinpatientsnotinremissionwhopreferthisapproach.However,newdatasupportsafetyoflong-termATDuseAntithyroidDrugSideEffectsinthePopulation

AndersenSL,OlsenJ,LaurbergP.JClinEndocrinolMetab2021;101(4):1606-1614.Durationoftreatmentuptotheevent(days)28,998patients:Most(83%)developedthesideeffectwithin3monthsofATDinitiationorre-initiationafterrelapseAnalysisof90casesofATD-inducedseverehepatotoxicityover13yearsinChina

YangJetal.Thyroid25(3);278,2021Hepatotoxicityoccurredwithin12weeksofstartingATDtherapyin80%ofpatients.SeverehepatotoxicitydidnotdifferbetweenMMIandPTU(p=0.188).Frequencyofcholestatichepatotoxicitydidnotdiffer(p=0.069).Analysisof754CasesofAntithyroidDrug-InducedAgranulocytosisOver30YearsinJapan

NakamuraH,etal.ClinEndocrinolMetab98:4776–4783,2021ModifiedmanagementofGDbeforeandduringpregnancy2021:WomenwithGDthatiswellcontrolledonMMIandwhodesirepregnancyhaveseveraloptions:Patientscouldconsiderde?nitivetherapybeforetheybecomepregnant.PatientscouldswitchtoPTUbeforetryingtoconceive.PatientscouldswitchtoPTUassoonaspregnancyisdiagnosed.AppropriatelyselectedpatientscouldwithdrawfromATDtherapyassoonaspregnancyisdiagnosed.IfATDtherapyiswithdrawn,thyroidfunctionshouldbeassessedweeklythroughoutthe?rsttrimester,thenmonthly.2021:WesuggestthatpatientstakingMMIwhodecidetobecomepregnantobtainpregnancytestingattheearliestsuggestionofpregnancyandbeswitchedtoPTUassoonaspossibleinthefirsttrimester.2021:WomentakingPTUduringthe?rsttrimesterofpregnancymaybeswitchedtoMMIatthebeginningofthesecondtrimester,ortheymaycontinuePTUtherapyfortheremainingpartofpregnancyifATDisneeded.Norecommendation;insuf?cientevidencetoassessbene?tsandrisks.2021:WesuggestthatwomentakingPTUduringthe?rsttrimesterofpregnancybechangedbacktoMMIatthebeginningofthesecondtrimester.Similarly,wesuggestthatpatientsstartedonPTUduringthefirsttrimesterbeswitchedtoMMIatthebeginningofthesecondtrimester.Weakrecommendation;poorqualityevidence BirthDefectsAfterEarlyPregnancyUseofAntithyroidDrugs:ADanishNationwideStudyAndersenS,OlsenJ,WuHenSen,LaurbergP.JClinEndocrinolMetab98:4373,2021BothMMI/CMZwereassociatedwithbirthdefects,butthespectrumofmalformationsdiffered.Prevalenceofbirthdefectswashigh:PTU=8.0%;OR=1.03MMI/CMZ=9.1%;OR=1.66PTU+MMI/CMZ=10.1%;OR=1.82Notexposed=5.7%OptimizationofcalciumandvitaminDmetabolismpriortothyroidectomyNewin2021Calciumand25-hydroxyvitaminDshouldbeassessedpreoperativelyandrepletedifnecessary,orgivenprophylactically.Calcitriolsupplementationshouldbeconsideredpreoperativelyinpatientsatincreasedriskfortransientorpermanenthypoparathyroidism.Preventingpostoperativehypocalcemia

inpatientswithGraves’disease

OltmannSCetal.2021AnnSurgOncol22:952–958GDpatients(n=45)given1.0gofcalciumcarbonate(CC)threetimesadayfor2weeksbeforetotalthyroidectomy(TT);HistoriccontrolswithGD(n=38)orotherindicationforTT(n=40)PostoperativecalciumlevelsGDw/oCCpre-treatment(8.3mg/dL)vs.GDwithCCorControlw/oGDorCC(both8.6mg/dL;p=0.05)PostoperativenumbnessandtinglingGDw/oCC(26%)vs.GDwithCC(9%)orControlw/oGDorCC(10%;p<0.05)Meta-analysisofpredictorsofpost