TheColonialPeriod關(guān)鍵詞:AmericaPuritanismCalvinism特點(diǎn):totaldepravity,Unconditionalelection,Limitedatonement,Irresistiblegrace,PerseveranceofthesaintsAnneBradstreet(P17):aPuritanpoetbeknownas“TheMuse”ThomasPaine:oneofcontinual,unswervingfightfortherightsofman.

works:“CommonSense”“AmericanCrisis”“TheRightsofMan”“TheAgeofReason”理性時代PhillipFreneau(P22):美國文學(xué)史上的重要人物

dawningnationalism代表人物Poems:TheWildHoneysuckle野生的金銀花

firstmodernAmerican&thelastmedievalmanJonathanEdwards(Calvinism)

acriticalroleinshapingtheFirstGreatAwakening

works:“TheFreedomoftheWill”《自由意志論》“TheGreatDoctrineofOriginalSinDefended”《偉哉原罪論辯》“TheNatureofTrueVirtue”“AmericanDream”“Self-made”BenjaminFranklin(puritanism)

“PoorRichard’sAlmance”“autobiography”新文學(xué)形式

“18thcenturyenlightenment”RomanticismWashingtonIrving（1783-1859）

①titles:“thefatherofAmericanliterature”

“theAmericanGoldsmith”

②works:TheSketchBook(markedthebeginningofAmericanRomanticismandthebeginningofshortstoriesasagenreinAmericanliterature)

RipVanWinkle(P47—P48)TheLegendofSleepyHollowJamesFenimoreCooper（1789-1851）

①OneofthefirstwritertowriteAmericanWestwardmovement

②“TheLeatherstockingTales”(novel)

firstis“ThePioneers”

---Plot:---themeconflictbetweenNattyBumppoandJudgeTemple----character:

NattyBumppo---innocent,simple,honestandgenerous,forfreedom,againstcivilization,wildernessisgoodJudgeTemple---just,reasonable,forcivilizationandlaw

③Writingstyle:intriguingplotmajesticlandscapedescriptionsrichimaginationwoodencharacterization

notauthenticdialectNewEnglandTranscendentalism---theculminationofAmericanRomanticism

BeginningoftheTranscendentalism---1836,Nature,Emerson(1830s–theCivilWar)

Features：a:emphasizingonspiritortheOver-soul；b:stressingtheimportanceoftheindividual；c:offeringafreshperceptionofnatureassymbolicoftheSpiritorGod.RalphWaldoEmerson：ThefounderoftheTranscendentalistclubandtheeditorforatimeofthejournaltheDial

Works:Nature---“theManifestoofAmericanTranscendentalism”“theBibleofNewEngland”:ThePoet(fromNature)TheAmericanScholar---“IntellectualDeclarationofIndependence”HenryDavidThoreau

Masterpiece:Walden(Failurefirst,successinthe20thcentury)

Content---afaithfulrecordofhisreflectionincommunicatingwithnatureNathanielHawthorne

“TheScarletLetter”

Plot(P74)Theme:---(generaltheme)evilandsinexistinhumanheartandwillbepunishedoneday

moral,emotionalandpsychologicaleffectofthesinonthepeopleingeneral---(specifictheme)ahymnonthemoralgrowthofthewomanHesterwhensinnedagainst

symbolism象征主義:“A”—Adultery—able—angel

“pearl”—treasureHermanMelville

works:MobyDick(1851)---littleresponse,famousuntilthe20thcentury

Content:---(generalcontent)anencyclopediaofeverything---(specificcontent)atragedyofmanfightingagainstoverwhelmingpowerinanindifferentevenhostileworldEdgarAllanPoe

Theme:ThedeathofbeautySenseofloss

Works:Poem---“TheRaven”“ToHelen”“AnnabelLee”Writingstyle:MusicalRepetitionofwordsParalleledstructureMelancholyatmosphere(tone)④背景:MississippiRiverNaturalism(是現(xiàn)實(shí)主義的高級階段)Time:attheendofthe19thcenturySubjectofnaturalist:detaileddescriptionoflivesofthelowandtheabnormal,frankdescriptionofhumanpassionandsexuality,andportrayalofmenoverwhelmedbynatureThemeofnaturalists:pessimistic,deterministic自然主義的起源：EmileZola“surroundingandheredity遺傳candecideone’sdestiny”寫作手法：ironic諷刺,lesssympathy,moreseriousthanrealism,deterministic決定論StephenCrane

①Works:(novels)Maggie:AGirloftheStreets(1893)andTheRedBadgeofCourage(1895)(shortstories)“TheOpenBoat”

②Writingstyle:psychologicaldescription,visualbeautywithsymbolsFrankNorris

①works:(Novel)McTeague麥克提格(1899)首部全面展示自然主義的作品theOctopus章魚(bestwork)(1901)railwayWritingstyle:richmaterialfreshimagerypoeticmodeoffictionpreciseandexactword(Essayofliterarycriticism)TheResponsibilitiesoftheNovelists(1903)O.Henry(aprolificAmericanshort-storywriter)多產(chǎn)短篇小說家Realname:WilliamPorterTheGiftoftheMagiWritingstyle:short,interestingandcleverplot,good-naturedhumor,surprisingend,keenobservationofdetails,slangandcolloquialexpressionsTheodoreDreiser西奧多·德萊塞

works:SisterCarrie(1990)《嘉麗妹妹》JennieGerhardt(1911)《珍妮姑娘》（姐妹篇）TheFinancier(1912)《金融家》“TrilogyofDesire”(欲望三部曲)TheTitan(1914)《巨頭》TheStoic(1947)《斯多葛》

The"Genius"(1915)《天才》--autobiographicalnovel

AnAmericanTragedy--greatestandmostsuccessfulPoliticalcommentarysetJackLondon

Works:---ReflectionofhisInvolvementinthesocialistmovement:TheIronHeel,ThePeopleoftheAbyss---ReflectionofhisbeliefinDarwinism:TheCalloftheWild(1903)適者生存,TheSeaWolf(1904)---Reflectionoftheconflictingview:autobiographicalnovelMartinEden(1909)ModernismTwoliteraryperiods1920s---TheFirstWorldWar(adecadeofgreatjoyandhappenings)1930s---TheGreatDepressionEzraPound---thefounderofImagistmovement(深受中國文化的影響)

works:translationsofLipo’spoems“TheRiver-Merchant’sWife”翻譯李白的《長干行》

InaStationoftheMetroTheapparitionofthesefacesinthecrowd;Petalsonawet,blackbough.—EzraPoundT.S.Eliot

PoemsTheWasteLand(1922)---spiritualcrisisofpostwarEurope,likeamanifestoofthe“Lostgeneration”TheLoveSongofJ.AlfredPrufrock(1917)---apoemwithanotablemodernemotionalcolor，意識流，現(xiàn)代主義情感色彩WallaceStevens

Basictheme:interrelationshipbetweenrealityandart,powerofimaginationWorks:“AnecdoteoftheJar”古壇軼事WilliamCarlosWilliams

Works:Famouspoem:Paterson帕特森(1946–58).Subject:everydaycircumstancesoflifeandthelivesofcommonpeople.Writingstyle:unusualmetersandstyles,easyandenjoyabletoreadCarlSandburg---OneofThegreatestpoetsinthe“ChicagoRenaissance”---ChicagoPoemsRobertFrost

Subject:thepeopleandlandscapeofNewEngland.(Misconceptionofhimasalyricpoetorasanauthenticpainteroflocallandscape)Theme:(universalandabstract)thecomplexityofhumanexistenceWorks:poemcollection：ABoy’sWill(1913),NorthofBoston(1914)NewHamphshire(1923),CollectedPoems(1930),AFurtherRange(1936),AWitnessTree(1942)Somefamouspoems:“AfterApplePicking”“MendingWall”“StoppingByWoodsOnASnowyEvening”“TheRoadnotTaken”“Design”“TheWood-Pile”Writingstyle:---formtoretaintraditionalformsofpoetry---themedeceptivelysimple(trivialsubjects)---languagelucid,easy,fluentWilliamFaulkner:oneofthetwentiethcentury’sgreatestwriters---oneofthesouthernwriters(fictionalYoknapatawphaCounty)---theNobelPrize-winningnovelist(1949)---afamousshortstorywriterWorks:19novels,3volumesofshortstoriespoemcollection:TheMarbleFaun,1924)Novel:TheSoundandtheFury,1929喧嘩與躁動AsILayDying,1930LightinAugust,1932Absalom,Absalom!,1936GoDown,Moses,1942shortstory:“ARoseForEmily”Theme:generalhumansituationWritingstyle:difficultandexperimentalVividcharacterization(characterwithgreatindependence)MultiplenarratorsStory-novel(emphasisonnarrative)Modernstreamofconsciousness(fragmentaryandobscure)AvarietyofEnglishF.ScottFitzgerald

work:TheGreatGatsby(1925)

Themes:Thedecline