Unit2WorkingthelandLearningaboutlanguage_________brown(skin)fromspendingtoomuchtimeinthesun________tomakesomethingorsomebodyfreeof_________tobecomelargerinsize,numberoramountsunburntrid…ofexpandDiscoveringusefulwordsandexpressions

1Findthewordorphrasefromthetextforeachofthesemeanings.4.________tomakeinformationandideasknowntomanypeople5.____________wouldpreferto6.________totryextremelyhardtoachieversomethingcirculatewould

ratherstruggle7.______tosendthingstoforeigncountriesforsale8.___________pleasedbyhavingwhatonewantsorneeds9.______toprovidewiththingsnecessaryforacertainpurpose10._____plantsgrowninlargeamountsbyfarmers11._________becauseofexportsatisfiedwithequipcropthanks

toAnswerkeyforEx2:1.information:statistics;world:globe2.Strong:super;races:nationalities3.Nothavingenoughfood:hunger;

sickness:disease4.AsmallSoutheastAsiancountry:

Vietnam;jobs:occupations5.Openconditions:freedom

soldandsentabroad:exported3Completethepassagewiththewordsbelowintheirproperforms.disturbingexpandoutputstrugglebattlesgraincropsdecadeequipIn

thepast_______,someofthefarmersinthewestofChinahavemetwithsomesuccessinthe________againstthe__________desert._________withnewscientificfarmingmethods,decadestruggleexpandingEquippedtheyhavebeenabletouselessfarmlandthaninthepast.Their______of_____andother______,however,isstillthesame,whichmakesitpossibleforthemtousetheremainingfarmlandforplantingtrees.Theseandotherfarmersarestartingtowinsmall______inthegreatwaragainstthe__________growthofthedesert.outputgraincropsbattlesdisturbingThe–ingformastheSubjectandObjectGrammarHaveyoueverseenthesesigns?parking,spitting,littering,smoking-ingforms1.動詞-ing形式的構成:是在動詞末尾加-ing形式構成,因此又叫動詞的-ing形式。如:do-doing,be-being,ask-asking,etc.否定形式:not+-ing構成2.動詞-ing形式不能單獨作謂語,沒有人稱和數的變化,但可以有自己的賓語和狀語,還有時態和語態的變化。3.動詞-ing形式由動詞加-ing變化而成,它同時具有名詞和動詞的特征,在句中可以作主語、賓語等。一、動詞-ing形式作主語表示經常的、習慣性的動作或狀態,謂語動詞通常用單數。如：Walkingisagoodformofexerciseforbothyoungandold.無論對年輕人和老年人來講,走路是一種很好的鍛煉。Watching

newsonTVhasbecomearoutineforme.在電視上看新聞已經成了我的一種日常習慣。Going

to

Hangzhoubytraintakesabout16hours.乘火車去杭州要16個小時。Asking

awoman’sageisimpoliteinourcountry.在我們國家問一個女人的年齡是不禮貌的。

2.-ing形式作主語時常后置,此時須用it作形式主語,用形容詞或名詞作表語。常見的名詞或名詞短語有:nouse,nogood,fun,hardwork,ahard/difficultjob,awasteoftime等;形容詞有:dangerous,worthwhile,useless等。如:It’snousemakinganexcuseforthis.為這件事找借口是沒有用的。It’sawasteoftimetalkingaboutsuchauselessthing.談論這樣無用的事情簡直是浪費時間。It’sdangerousswimmingintheseaonwindydays.有風的天氣在海里游泳是危險的。Itisworthwhilediscussingthequestion.這個問題值得討論。3.在therebe結構中作主語,這種結構的意思相當于“Itisimpossibletodo…”。如：若要人不知,除非己莫為。Thereisnohidingofevilbutnottodoit．這種事開不得玩笑。Hereisnojokingaboutsuchmatter.無法知道他什么時候離開Therewasnoknowingwhenhewouldleave.動名詞與不定式做主語時的比較：動名詞表示的動作通常是一個泛指的動作,不定式則通常表示具體的動作。如：還是個孩子的時侯,她就覺得探視病人是一種責任,也是一種愉悅。Asachild,shefeltthatvisitingsickpeople

wasadutyandapleasure．到美國人家里做客對我來說將是一個極好的經歷。Being

aguestinanAmericanhomewillbeagoodexperienceforme.一直不做就是作惡。

Doingnothingisdoingill．他說:“繼續這樣下去是無用的。”Hesaid,“To

go

on

like

thisisnouse.”我很榮幸被邀請參加這個晚會。It’sanhonorformeto

be

invitedtotheparty．歸納:常用-ing形式作主語的句型有：It+be+awasteoftimedoing

做……是浪費時間的Itis/wasnogood/usedoing

做……是沒用處的Itis/washardly/scarcelyworthdoing

做……不值得Itis/wasworth/worthwhiledoing

做……是值得的Thereisnodoing

無法……;不允許……Thereisnosenseindoing做…沒有道理Thereis/wasnousedoing干…無意義Thereis/wasnothingworsethandoing沒有比…更糟的Thereis/wasnopointdoing干…無意義我們不知道要去哪兒。Therewasnoknowingwherewewouldgo.做這件傻事毫無意義。Thereisnopoint

doing

suchasillything.注意:Thereisnoneedtodosth干……沒必要,在此句式中todo不可換為doing.沒有必要告訴她。Thereisnoneedtotellher.提示:當動名詞用作主語時,其邏輯主語由形容詞性物主代詞和名詞所有格構成。我姐姐病了,使我很擔心。Mysister’sbeingillmademeworried.你正確未必就意味著我錯了。Yourbeingrightdoesn’tnecessarilymeanmybeingwrong.二、動名詞用作賓語

動名詞作賓語有兩種情況。1.只能后接動名詞作賓語的動詞,常見的有avoid,consider,enjoy,keep,finish,suggest,dislike,delay,escape,cannothelp,imagine,mind,miss,practise,cannotstand等。如：我不能不去。Ican’tavoidgoing．你是否考慮過找一位摯友?Haveyouconsidered

looking

foronespecialfriend?我們必須設法避免犯同樣的錯誤。Wemusttrytoavoidrepeatingthesamemistake．晚飯后你想和我一起散步嗎?Doyoufeel

like

havingawalkwithmeaftersupper?人們忍不住嘲笑那個愚蠢的人。Peoplecouldn’t

help

laughingfoolishman．

這類動詞還有:excuse,fancy,giveup,putoff,risk,insiston,lookforward,feellike等。2.既可接動名詞又可接不定式作賓語的動詞,常見的有:begin,start,continue,like,love,prefer,by,mean,forget，remember,hate等。在like,love,hate,prefer等動詞之后，用-ing或不定式意義上沒有什么不同,只是側重點有些不同,動名詞表示泛指的動作,不定式表示具體的一次性動作。B.在begin/start,continue之后,用動名詞和不定式,意義無甚區別,尤其是當主語是人的時候。

C.在動詞forget,remember,regret之后,用動名詞與不定式意義不同。動名詞表示動作先于謂語發生,不定式表示后于謂語動作,

如：我記得我已把信寄了。Irememberpostingtheletter．我會記著去寄信的。I’llremember

to

posttheletter．我永遠不會忘記見到過那位著名作家。Ishallneverforget

seeingthefamouswriter．不要忘了給你母親寫信。Don’tforget

to

writetoyourmother．我真后悔沒趕上那次報告會。Iregret

missingthereport．我遺憾地告訴你我不能接受你的建議。Iregret

to

sayIcan’ttakeyouradvice．D.在try,mean之后,意義各不相同,如trytodo(設法),trydoing(試試),meantodo(打算,有意要做),meandoing(意思是,意味著)。如:我們必須設法及時把一切搞好。Wemusttrytogeteverythingdoneintime．我們用別的方法做這工作試試。Let’stry

doingtheworkinginsomeotherway．我并不想叫你生氣。Ididn’tmean

to

makeyouangry．你的計劃意味著要花費幾個小時。Yourplanwouldmean

spendinghours．

E.動詞need,require,want意為“需要”時，后跟動名詞的主動式或不定式的被動式作賓語，意義沒有區別。如：Thewindowneeds／requires／wantscleaning／tobecleaned．F.goondoing和goontodogoondoing繼續做一直在做的事;goontodo接著做另一件事。如：請接著做這同一個練習。Pleasegoondoingthesameexercise．請做另外一個練習。Pleasego

on

to

dotheotherexercise．F.stopdoing與stoptodo:Stopdoing停止做，stoptodo停下正在干的事去干另一件事。如:我們停止了交談。Westopped

talking．我們停了下來去談話。Westopped

to

talk．goondoing繼續做原來做的事goontodo接著做另一件事

meandoing意味著要做某事meantodo想要做某事stopdoing停止做某事stoptodo停下來(別的事)開始做某事trydoing試著做某事trytodo努力做某事beusedtodoing習慣于做某事

beusedtodo被用來做某事can'thelpdoing禁不住做某事can'thelptodo不能幫助做某事3.作介詞賓語動名詞可與介詞一起構成介詞短語。A.介詞+動名詞,

如：我們得想些法子改變人們的習慣。We’vegottothinkofwaysofchanging

people’shabits.我向你道歉,剛才對你那樣生氣。Iapologizefor

beingsoangrywithyou.離開幾年之后再回到你的家鄉,感覺有點怪。After

beingawayforseveralyears,itisastrangeexperiencetoreturntothehometown.B.動詞+介詞+動名詞,如：我堅持為這次出行帶足需要的食物。Iinsistontakingproperfoodforthisexpedition．同學們臉上沒有笑容,相反都做了怪臉。Instead

of

smiling,eachofthemmadeaface．她對為我們公司工作很感興趣。Shewasveryinterestedinworkingforourcompany．下列短語中的to都是介詞,所以后面跟名詞或-ing形式:devoteto,objectto,payattentionto,getdownto,leadto,lookforwardto,stickto,beusedto等。1.Ifyoucankeep________(read)Englishnewspapers,yourEnglishwillbeimproved.2.Hehaspromised__________(come)tomybirthdayparty.3.Ihate_________________(tell)lies!4.Iwillneverforget__________(go)toBeijingwithhimlastsummer.Iforgot________(tell)herthenews;sosheknewnothingaboutit.Completethesesentences:readingto

cometelling/to

tellgoingto

tell—Let'shavearest．—Notnow.Idon’twanttostop__________yet．A.study

B.tostudyC.forstudying

D.studying解析：stopstudying意為“停止學習”。練習—Letmetellyousomethingaboutthejournalists．—Don’tyouremember________methestoryyesterday？A.told

B.tellingC.totell

D.tohavetold解析:remembertellingme意為“記得曾經告訴過我”。1.出國旅行是很激動人心的。2在這兒等是沒用的,我們走吧。3我記得在哪里見過他。4我后悔沒聽你的勸告。5幫助別人就是幫助你自己。Travellingabroadisveryexciting.It’snousewaitinghere.Let’sgo.Irememberseeinghersomewhere.Iregretnotfollowingyouradvice.Helpingothersmeanshelpingyourself.Translation

-ingform動名詞動詞的ing分詞動名詞：在句子中起名次作用，可作主，賓，表，定的成分。方法一：Myjobisteaching.Teachingismyjob.Theboyissleeping.Sleepingistheboy.Agirlisdancing.Dancingisthegirl.找出右邊成立的句子。動名詞現在分詞現在分詞在做表語的時候：右邊能成立的句子是動名詞，不能成立的是現在分詞作表語（1）動名詞Myjobisteaching.=Teachingismyjob.Herfull-timejobislayingeggs.=Layingeggsisherfull-timejob.作表語（2）現在分詞Theplayisexciting.≠Excitingistheplay.Thestoryhetolduswasveryinteresting.≠Interestingwasthestoryhetoldus.方法二：在做定語的時候：AdrinkingcupAcupfordrinkingThesleepingboyAboyforsleepingAcookingpanApanforcooking找出右邊意思通順的短語。動名詞動名詞現在分詞右邊意思通順的短語是動名詞，不通順的是現在分詞現在分詞作定語表示動作。如果是單詞，放在被修飾的名詞前；如果是短語，放就放在被修飾的名詞之后。動名詞作定語表示性質或用途。總結：1.Allthestaffonourcompanyareconsidering_____tothecitycentreforthefashionshow.(2007年上海春)A．togo B．going C．tohavegone D．havinggone高考鏈接2.Peterreceivedaletterjustnow________hisgrandmawouldcometoseehimsoon.（2007年四川卷）A．said B．says C．saying D．tosa