Lesson9

ConstructionManagement精品資料BuildingConstructionisaspecializedbranchofcivilengineeringconcernedwiththeplanning,executionandcontrolofconstructionoperationsforsuchprojectsashighways,buildings,dams,airports,andutilitylines.construction 施工(shīgōng)utilitylines 公共設(shè)施精品資料Planningconsistsofschedulingtheworktobedoneandselectingthemostsuitableconstructionmethodsandequipmentfortheproject.Executionrequiresthetimelymobilizationofalldrawings,layouts,andmaterialsonthejobtopreventdelaystothework.Controlconsistsofanalyzingprogressandcosttoensurethattheprojectwillbedoneonscheduleandwithintheestimatedcost.execution 實(shí)行,實(shí)施(shíshī)，施工mobilization 動(dòng)員layouts 規(guī)劃,設(shè)計(jì),(工廠等的)布局圖精品資料PreparationofsiteThisconsistsoftheremovalandclearingofallsurfacestructuresandgrowthfromthesiteoftheproposedstructure.Abulldozerisusedforsmallstructures,largerstructuresmustbedismantled.bulldozer:推土機(jī)，開土機(jī)，壓路機(jī)dismantled:拆除，拆卸(chāixiè)，粉碎精品資料EarthmovingThisincludesexcavationandtheplacementofearthfill.Excavationfollowspreparationofthesite，andisperformedwhentheexistinggrademustbebroughtdowntoanewelevation.Excavationgenerallystartswiththeseparatestrippingoftheorganictopsoil，whichislaterreusedforlandscapingaroundthenewbuilding.Thisalsopreventscontaminationoftheinorganic

materialwhichisbelowthetopsoilandwhichmayberequiredforfill.Excavationmaybedonebyanyofseveralexcavators(Fig9.1),suchasshovels,draglines，clamshells，cranes，andscrapers[1].

contamination 玷污(diànwū)，污染，污染物inorganic 無機(jī)的精品資料Efficientexcavationonlandrequiresadryexcavationarea，becausemanysoilsareunstablewhenwetandcannotsupportexcavatingandhaulingequipment.Dewateringbecomesamajoroperationwhentheexcavationliesbelowthenaturalwatertableandinterceptsthegroundwaterflow.dewatering 降水(jiàngshuǐ)intercepts 攔截精品資料Whenthisoccurs，dewateringandstabilizingofthesoilmayheaccomplishedbytrenches,whichconductseepagetoasumpfromwhichthewaterispumpedout.Dewateringandstabilizingofthesoilmayinothercasesbeaccomplishedbywellpointsandelectroosmosis.wellpoint:降低(jiàngdī)地下水位的井點(diǎn)，深坑點(diǎn)electroosmosis：[物]電滲精品資料Somematerials，suchasrock，cementedgravels，andhardclays,requireblastingtoloosenorfragmentthematerial.Blastholesaredrilledinthematerial;explosivesarethenplacedintheblastholesanddetonated.Thequantityofexplosivesandtheblast-holespacingaredependentuponthetypeandstructureoftherockandthediameteranddepthoftheblastholes.fragment:斷片(duànpiàn)，碎塊，使成為碎片blastholes：炸藥孔detonated：突然大爆炸,使爆炸精品資料Afterplacementoftheearthfill，itisalmostalwayscompactedtopreventsubsequentsettlement.Compactionisgenerallydonewithsheep's-foot,grid,pneumatic-tired，andvibratory-typeroller，whicharetowedbytractorsoverthefillasitisbeingplaced.Hand-held,gasoline-drivenrammersareusedforcompactionclosetostructureswherethereisnoroomforrollerstooperate[2].earthfill:回填土compaction：土體壓實(shí)精品資料FoundationtreatmentWhensubsurfaceinvestigationrevealsstructuraldefectsinthefoundationareatobeusedforastructure，thefoundationmustbestrengthened.Waterpassages,cavities,fissures,faults,andotherdefectsarefilledandstrengthenedbygrouting.cavities 孔洞(kǒngdòng)fissures 裂縫grouting 注漿精品資料Groutingconsistsofinjectionoffluidmixturesunderpressure.Thefluidssubsequentlysolidifyinthevoidsofthestrata.Mostgroutingisdonewithcementandwatermixtures,butothermixtureingredientsareasphalt,cementandclay,andprecipitatingchemicals.injection 注漿solidify 固化，固結(jié)(ɡùjié)，凝固void 空的精品資料

Stee1erectionTheconstructionofasteelstructureconsistsoftheassemblyatthesiteofmill-rolledorshop-fabricatedsteelsections[3].Thesteelsectionsmayconsistofbeams，columns、orsmalltrusseswhicharejoinedtogetherbyriveting，bolting,orwelding.Itismoreeconomicaltoassemblesectionsofthestructureatafabricatingshopratherthaninthefield，butthesizeofpreassembledunitsislimitedbythecapacityoftransportationanderectionequipment.riveting 鉚接bolting 螺栓連接welding 焊接連接preassemble 預(yù)先(yùxiān)裝配精品資料Thecraneisthemostcommontypeoferectionequipment，butwhenastructureistoohighorextensiveinareatobeerectedbyacrane，itisnecessarytoplaceoneormorederricksonthestructuretohandlethesteel.Inhighstructuresthederrickmustbeconstantlydismantledandreerectedtosuccessivelyhigherlevelstoraisethestructure.crane 起重機(jī)derrick 懸臂(xuánbì)起重機(jī)dismantled 拆除精品資料Forriverbridgesthesteelmaybehandledbycranesonbarges,or,ifthebridgeistoohigh,bytravelingderrickswhichrideanthebridgebeingerected.Cablesforlongsuspensionbridgesareassembledinplacebyspecialequipmentthatpullsthewirefromareel,setupatoneanchorage,acrosstotheoppositeanchorage,repeatingtheoperationuntilthebundleofwiresisoftherequiredsize[4].barge:駁船(bóchuán)suspension:懸掛anchorage:錨固點(diǎn)精品資料

ConcreteconstructionConcreteconstructionconsistsofseveraloperations:forming，concreteproduction，placement，andcuring(Fig9.2).Formingisrequiredtocontainandsupportthefluidconcretewithinitsdesiredfinaloutlineuntilitsolidifiesandcansupportitself.Theformismadeoftimberorsteelsectionsoracombinationofbothandisheldtogetherduringtheconcreteplacingbyexternalbracingorinternalties.Theformsandtiesaredesignedtowithstandthetemporaryfluidpressureoftheconcrete.forming 成型curing 養(yǎng)護(hù)timber 木材(mùcái)external 外部的精品資料Theusualpracticeforverticalwallsistoleavetheformsinpositionforatleastadayaftertheconcreteisplaced.Theyareremovedwhentheconcretehassolidifiedorset.Slipformingisamethodwheretheformisconstantlyinmotion(Fig9.3)，justaheadoftheleveloffreshconcrete.Theformisliftedupwardbymeansofjackswhicharemountedonverticalrodsembeddedintheconcreteandarespacedalongtheperimeterofthestructure.Slipformsareusedforhighstructuressuchassilos,tanks,orchimneys[5].slip-forming 滑模施工(shīgōng)perimeter 周邊silo 筒倉tank 盛液體或氣體的大容器罐精品資料Concretemaybeobtainedfromcommercialbatchplantswhichdeliveritinmixtracks[6].Concreteproductionatthejobsiterequirestheerectionofamixingplant,andofcementandaggregatereceivingandhandlingplants.Aggregatesaresometimesproducedatornearthejobsite.Thisrequiresopeningaquarryanderectingprocessingequipmentsuchascrushers(碎石機(jī))andscreens(篩子(shāizi)).mixingplant:混凝土攪拌車間(chējiān)cement：水泥aggregate：骨料quarry：采石場精品資料Curingofexposedsurfacesisrequiredtopreventevaporationofmixwaterortoreplacemoisturethatdoesevaporate.Theproperbalanceofwaterandcementisrequiredtodevelopfulldesignstrength.evaporation 水分(shuǐfèn)蒸發(fā)balanceofwaterandcement 水灰比develop 發(fā)展，達(dá)到designstrength 設(shè)計(jì)強(qiáng)度精品資料Concretepavingforairportsandhighwaysisafullymechanizedoperation.Batchesofconcreteareplacedbetweentheroadformsfromamixtruckoramovablepaver，whichisacombinationmixerandplacer.Aseriesofspecializedpiecesofequipment，whichrideontheforms,followtospreadandvibratetheconcrete,smoothitssurface，cutcontractionjoints,andapplyacuringcompound.paving:路面Batches：一批批的movablepaver：可移動(dòng)式鋪路(pùlù)機(jī)vibrate：震動(dòng)精品資料PrestressedConcreteconstruction：ThecommonconstructionmethodofprestressedConcreteispre-tensioningandpost-tensioning.(Fig9.5)prestressedconcrete 預(yù)應(yīng)力混凝土pre-tensioning 先張法post-tensioning 后張法精品資料Prestressedconcreteusesteelsandconcretesofveryhighstrengthincombination.Thesteel,mostlyintheshapeofwiresorstrandsbutsometimesasbars,isembeddedintheconcreteunderhightensionwhichisheldinequilibriumbycompressionstressedinthesurroundingconcreteafterhardening.Becauseofthisprecompression,theconcreteinaflexuralmemberwillcrackonthetensionsideatamuchlargerloadthanwhennotsoprecompressed.wire 鋼絲strand 鋼鉸線bar 粗鋼筋(gāngjīn)precompression 預(yù)先壓縮精品資料Thisreducesradicallyboththedeflectionsandthetensilecracksatserviceloadsinsuchstructuresandtherebyenablesthesehighstrengthmaterialstobeusedeffectively.Prestressedconcreteisparticularlysuitedtoprefabricationonmassproductionbasis,althoughitisbeingusedaswellwithoutsuchprefabrication.Itsintroductionhasextendedtoaverysignificantdegree,therangeofstructuralusesofthecombinationofthesetwomaterials.deflection 構(gòu)件撓度tensilecracks 裂縫(lièfèng)寬度massproduction 大批量生產(chǎn)精品資料

TestsonCompletionandEmployer'sTaking-Over

Thecontractorshallprepare,andkeepup-to-date,acompletesetof"as-built"recordsoftheexecutionoftheworks,whicharecalledAs-BuiltDocuments,showingtheexactas-builtlocations,sizesanddetailsoftheworkasexecuted.Theserecordsshallbekeptonthesite.Twocopiesshallbesuppliedtotheengineerpriortothecommencementofthetestsoncompletion.Inaddition,thecontractorshallsupplytotheengineeras-builtdrawingsoftheworks,showingallworksasexecuted,andsubmitthemtotheengineerforreview.testsoncompletionandemployer‘sTaking-Over 竣工(jùngōng)初驗(yàn)和雇主的接收“as-built”records “竣工(jùngōng)”記錄精品資料Priortocommencementofthetestsoncompletion,thecontractorshallsupplytotheengineerprovisionalOperationandMaintenanceManualsinsufficientdetailfortheemployertooperate,maintain,dismantle,reassemble,adjustandrepairtheplant.ThecontractorshallcarryoutthetestoncompletionafterprovidingtheAs-BuiltDocumentsandOperationandMaintenanceManuals.testoncompletion 竣工初驗(yàn)OperationandMaintenanceManuals 《操作和維修(wéixiū)手冊》精品資料Iftheworks,orasection,failtopassthetestsoncompletion,theengineerorthecontractormayrequirethefailedtests,andtestsoncompletiononanyrelatedwork,toberepeatedunderthesametermsandconditions.contractor 承包商thesametermsandconditions 按照相同(xiānɡtónɡ)的條款和條件精品資料[1].Excavationmaybedonebyanyofseveralexcavators，suchasshovels，draglines，clamshells，cranes，andscrapers.土體開挖可由下列(xiàliè)任何一種開挖機(jī)械實(shí)施，比如：單斗挖土機(jī)、拉鏟挖土機(jī)、抓鏟挖土機(jī)、起重機(jī)、鏟運(yùn)機(jī)等。back精品資料[2].Compactionisgenerallydonewithsheep's-foot,grid,pneumatic-tired，andvibratory-typerollers，whicharetowedbytractorsoverthefillasitisbeingplaced.Hand-held,gasoline-drivenrammersareusedforcompactionclosetostructureswherethereisnoroomforrollerstooperate.土體壓實(shí)常用羊足碾、平碾、氣胎碾、震動(dòng)碾壓路機(jī)，由牽引機(jī)拖拉(tuōlā)在回填土上進(jìn)行碾壓。當(dāng)沒有操作壓路機(jī)的空間時(shí)，常用手持式和煤油驅(qū)動(dòng)錘來進(jìn)行土體壓實(shí)。back精品資料[3].Theconstructionofasteelstructureconsistsoftheassemblyatthesiteofmill-rolledorshop-fabricateds