2020年同等學(xué)力人員申請(qǐng)碩士學(xué)位

英語(yǔ)水平全國(guó)統(tǒng)一考試試題PartIOralCommiinication(10points)SectionADirections:InthissectiontherearetwoincompletedialoguesandeachdialoguehasthreeblanksandthreechoicesA,BandC,takenfromthedialogue.FillineachoftheblankswithoneofthechoicestocompletethedialogueandmarkyouranswerontheAnswerSheet.DialogueoneAreyoukidding?I'llgoovertothegymtoo.Iwanttodosomerunning.Steve：I'mgoingovertothegym,1Joseph：Whydon'tyourunoutside?Steve：2Doyouknowhowcolditistoday?Joseph：Yeah,Isuppose.Iguessitisn'thealthytoruninthisweather.Steve：No,it'snot.NotatalLTdprobablyfreezemylungs.Joseph：Wailaminute.3Steve：You?Joseph：Yes,whynot?Justletmegetmygymclothestogether.DialogueTwoA.Well,I'mnotreallyinterestedingoingthere.B.HowaboutgoingtoanIndianrestaurant?C.Uh,here'ssomethinginteresting.Man：So,whatdoyouwanttodotomorrow?Woman：Well,let'slookatthiscityguidehere4Whydon'twefirstvisittheartmuseuminthemorning?Man：Okay,Ilikethatidea,andwheredoyouwanttoeatlunch?Woman：5Theguiderecommendsonedowntownafewblocksfromthemuseum.Man：Thatsoundsgreat.Afterthat,whatdoyouthinkaboutvisitingthezoo?Well,itsaysherethattherearesomeveryuniqueanimalsnotfoundanywhereelse.Woman：6Whydon'twetakethesubwaydowntotheseashoreandwalkalongthebeach.slightlydifferentfromhowfacialrecognitionworksoniPhones,forexample,whichusedepthsensorsforextrasecurity?ensuringthatthealgorithmscan'tbefooledbyshowingthecameraapicture(adangerthatisnotpresentinthescenariosNISTisconcernedwith).Comment1Well,that'sonegoodthingtocomeoutofthepandemic.Masssurveillanceisnonsense.Timetopairmasksupwithsunglassestodeliverthedecisivestroke.Comment2“Wearingfacemasksthatadequatelycoverthemouthandnosecausestheerrorrateofsomeofthemostwidelyusedfacialrecognitionalgorithmstorisesharply“Rubbishtechnology!!would'veneverguessed.Comment3There'sareasonwhysomecountryisalreadyusinggail(步態(tài))analysis.Facialrecognitionistooeasytoblockortofool.Comment4Prettysoontheyaregoingtodo...analysis.WiththedevelopmentofAI,therewillbeawayout.Comment5TheAI'sgettingbetter,though,sosoonitwon'tmatter.JustlikehowyoucanpickoutarelativeorclosefriendeveninbadCCTVfootage,sotoocanAI.Yourheight,walkinggait,mannerisms,voice,ears,clothing,etc,alladduptoYOU.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?ThebestwaytodefendagainstCOVID-19.Effortstoimprovefacialrecognitiontechnology.Methodstofoolthefacialrecognitionsystem.Theimpactofmasksonfacialrecognitionaccuracy.TheNISTstudyfoundthatcomparedwithbluemasks,blackmasksweremorewidelyusedbythepubliccausedmoreerrorsinfacialrecognitionprovidedbetterprotectionagainstthevirusrequiredlesscomplexalgorithmsComment1seemstobeinfavoroftherulesforwearingfacemasksinfavorofthefacialrecognitiontechnologyagainstthewideuseoffacialrecognitionagainsttherequirementsforwearingfacemasksWhichcommentviewsthecuiTentfacialrecognitiontechnologywithcontempt?A.Comment2.Comment3.Comment4.Comment5.Whichofthefollowingispositiveaboutthefuturetechnologicaladvance?A.Comment2andComment3.Comment1andComment4.Comment3andComment5.Comment4andComment5.Cloze(10points)Directions：Inthispart,thereisapassagewithtenblanks.ForeachblanktherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,C,andD.ChoosethebestanswerforeachblankandmarkyouranswerontheAnswerSheetTheEnglishcountrysidehasaclassicimage.Peopleimaginethatlifeinthecountryisslowandcalm;thattherearenotrafficjams,nopollution,andnocrime.Insomeplaces,thisistrue;butin46itisnot.Smalltownsandvillagesarebecomingmoreandmore47;peoplehavemorespaceandmosthouseshavegardens.Butproblemsare48Lotsofpeoplewanttoliveinthecountryandworkinthecity;somoreandmorepeopletravel49distanceseachday,togotowork.Ofcoursetheydon'tusebusesortrains;theyusecars.Littlevillagesnowhavetrafficproblemsinthemorning,just50bigcities!Theproblemsarcverycomplicated!Ifeveryonemovesintothecountry,thepeaceofthecountrysidewill51!Peopleleavecitiesandbigtowns,toescapefromurbanproblems;butmoreandmore,theyare52theirproblemswiththem.Onwarmsummerdays,andcoldwinterdays,airpollutioncanbeabigprobleminlarge53ofthesouthofEngland,notjustinLondon.Perhapsthereis54forthefuture.SoonBritain'spopulationwillstoprisingFromabouttheyear2030,itwillperhapsstarttofall.In100yearstime,therewillbelesspeopleinBritainthantoday-perhapstwomillionless.Nodoubttherewillbe55pollutiontoo;oilandpetrolwillprobablyberarebythen46.A.otherB.theothersC.othersD.another47.A.famousB.beautifulC.secureD.popular48.A.decliningB.growingC.solvedD.involved49.A.farB.shortC.remoteD.long50.A.likeB.asC.forD.to51.A.ariseB.emergeC.continueD.disappear52.A.developingB.bringingC.causingD.creating53.A.partsB.placesC.citiesD.blocks54.A.fearB.planC.hopeD.vision55.A.moreB.lessC.muchD.fewTextCompletion(20points)Directions：Inthispart,therearethreeincompletetextswith20questions(Rangingfrom56to75).Aboveeachtexttherearethreeorfourphrasestobecompleted.First,usethechoicesprovidedintheboxtocompletethephrases.Second,usethecompletedphrasestofillintheblanksofthetext.Noteyoushouldblackenthe1entersthatindicateyouranswersontheAnswerSheet.TextOneA.connectedB.healthyC.immuneA.cating56mealsatregulartimesB.canalsoimpairour57systemfunctionC.are58tothebodyclockAlackofqualitysleepnotonlyaffectshowwefeelduringthedaytime,but59,whichisvitalinprotectingusfromcommonviralillnesses.Effortsneededtosleepwellthatincludefollowingasleeproutine,60andnotdrinkingtoomuchcoffce.Allofthesethingsarcreallyinterconnectedintermsoftheirfunction.Allofthem61Thebodyislikeanorchestrawherethere'sanorchestraleaderthat'ssortofthemaintimer,buteverybodyelseisplayingittogetherandthey'reoptimizingwhattheyaredoing.TextTwoA.ShareB.demandsC.forceA.truehappiness62thatwchaveitinourlivesB.theyfreely63theirupsanddownsC.asitisadriving64inournatureOneofthebasicneedswehaveashumansistoconnectwithothers.Wehavedonethissincethebeginningoftime65.Closeintimatefriendshipsfillthatneed.Thereissimplynoreplacementforthisinourlives.Youcan'tbuyit,borrowitorstealit,but66.Expertsfoundthatpeoplewhocannameseveralclose,supportivefriends——friendswithwhom67-livewithgreaterhealthandhappiness.TextThreeA.FutureB.shapeC.formD.safetyA.willadjustthemselvesforyour68andcomfortB.will69thewayweliveinastonishingwaysC.mimickedhuman70andthinkingD.gainsatruerglimpseofourrobotic71Tinytechnologiesareakeytothefutureofrobots.Theoldscience-fictionnotionofarobotpicturedalargemachinethat72ButavisitortotheArtificialIntelligenceLaboratoryatCambridge73.Inthismicroworld,scientistsandengineersarebuildingnewmachinesinotherfieldssuchasmedicineandaerospace.Soon,you'llbedrivingsmartcarandlivinginsmarthomethat74Itisalreadyclearthatourtinynewtools75.Bvuthinkingsmall,^scientistsanddreamersareenlargingandenrichingthefutureforallofus.PartVITranslation(10points)Directions：TranslatethefollowingpassageintoChinese.WriteyouranswerontheAnswerSheet.Personalityisthepatternofthoughts,feelingsandbehaviorsuniquetoaperson.Peopletendtothinkofpersonalityasfixed.Butaccordingtopsychologists,that'snothowitworks.Personalityisadevelopmentalphenomenon.It'snotjustastaticthingthatyou'restuckwithandcan'tgetover.That'snottosaythatyou'readifferentpersoneachdayyouwakeup.Intheshortterm,changecanbenearlyimperceptible.Longitudinalstudies,inwhichresearcherssurveythepersonalitiesofparticipantsregularlyovermanyyears,suggestthatourpersonalityisactuallystableonshortertimescales.參考譯文：性格是一個(gè)人獨(dú)一無二的思維、情感和行為模式。人們通常認(rèn)為性格是固定的。但是心理學(xué)家們認(rèn)為其實(shí)性格并不是這樣的。一個(gè)人的性格是一種不斷發(fā)展的現(xiàn)象。它不是一成不變的，無法改變的。當(dāng)然這并不是說，每天早上醒來，你都是一個(gè)不同的人。短期來看，性格的改變幾乎無法被察覺到的。而在長(zhǎng)期研究中，當(dāng)研究者長(zhǎng)時(shí)間定期觀測(cè)研究對(duì)象的性格特征后，表明性格穩(wěn)定這一觀點(diǎn)只在短期維度上成立。附1:翻譯評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn):（內(nèi)部）核心詞匯fij譯（5分）personality,pattern,behavior,unique,fixed,phenomenon,static,stuckwith,getover,perceive錯(cuò)譯或漏譯I個(gè)，扣0.5分句子翻譯（5分）：按照以下考點(diǎn)譯對(duì)一句就得相應(yīng)的分?jǐn)?shù)。1分（定語(yǔ)從句）It'snotjustastaticthingthatyou'restuckwithandcan'tgetover.I分（賓語(yǔ)從句+狀語(yǔ)從句）That'snottosaythatyou'readifferentpersoneachdayyouwakeup.3分（定語(yǔ)從句+賓語(yǔ)從句）:Long-termstudies.,inwhichresearcherssurveythepersonalitiesofparticipantsregularlyovermanyyears,suggestthatourpersonalityisstableonlyonshortertimescalesPartVIWriting（15points）Directions:Writeanessayinnolessthan150wordsonthetopic:Whatarethebenefisanddisadvantagesofonlinelearning?Youcouldwriteaccordingtothehintsgivenbelow.WriteyouressayontheAnswerSheet.Asthecoronavirus（COVID-19）pandemicseemstobeheretostay,weperhapshavetochooseonlineinstructionsometimes.Themodeofinstructionandlearningmayhaveitsadvantages,but...寫作思路作文標(biāo)題是"Whatarethebenefitsanddisadvantagesofonlinelearning?n給出的英文提綱的中文意思是“新冠肺炎疫情依然會(huì)長(zhǎng)時(shí)間內(nèi)存在，我們某些時(shí)候也許需要選擇在線學(xué)習(xí)。網(wǎng)絡(luò)教學(xué)可能有其優(yōu)點(diǎn)，但是……”從提綱可以看出，作文要求考生對(duì)“在線/網(wǎng)絡(luò)學(xué)習(xí)的利弊”進(jìn)行分析。段落展開第一段：現(xiàn)象/現(xiàn)狀說明段：--網(wǎng)絡(luò)在線學(xué)習(xí)非常普及與必要。對(duì)此，人們有兩種不同的觀點(diǎn)。第二段：分別描述利弊-一優(yōu)點(diǎn)與缺點(diǎn)，可分別列舉兩到三點(diǎn)原因。第三段：歸納結(jié)論段---權(quán)衡利弊，我們應(yīng)該提倡網(wǎng)絡(luò)學(xué)習(xí)。注意：不要應(yīng)為提綱出現(xiàn)COVID-19就通篇寫新冠對(duì)人們/世界的影響，因?yàn)樾鹿谥皇且粋€(gè)引子、背景，作文的關(guān)鍵詞是“網(wǎng)絡(luò)教育”，論述應(yīng)該緊扣教育、學(xué)習(xí)，而不是網(wǎng)絡(luò)診療或者網(wǎng)絡(luò)會(huì)議等其他領(lǐng)域。此外，題目明確要求利弊分析,如果考生只寫了利，沒寫弊是片面不完整的。評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn):13-1510-127-94-60-3切題與否切題切題基本切題基本切題思路紊亂內(nèi)容表述清楚清楚不夠清楚不清楚條理不清文字表達(dá)通順，連貫性較好連貫勉強(qiáng)連貫連貫性差談不上連貫語(yǔ)言表達(dá)能力表達(dá)靈活多樣；基本上無語(yǔ)言錯(cuò)誤，僅有個(gè)別錯(cuò)誤表達(dá)靈活：有少量語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤無法錯(cuò)誤相當(dāng)多，其中有些事嚴(yán)重錯(cuò)誤嚴(yán)重語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤較多語(yǔ)言支離破碎或大部分句子均有錯(cuò)誤，切多為嚴(yán)重錯(cuò)誤整體印象切題，內(nèi)容豐富，語(yǔ)言流暢連貫，表達(dá)能力較強(qiáng)切題，內(nèi)容較豐富，語(yǔ)言流暢可山基本切題，內(nèi)容能說明主題，語(yǔ)言基本可讀基本切題，表達(dá)能力差，文章勉強(qiáng)可讀思路紊亂，基本上不具備書面表達(dá)能力，文章不可讀參考范文1:Whatarethebenefitsanddisadvantagesofonlinelearning?Whenitcomestoonlinelearning,somepeoplebelievethatitisnotagoodidea,whileotherpeoplearguethatonlinelearningbringsalotofbenefitstous,Thereisprobablysometruthinbothstatements.Generallyspeaking,theadvantagesofonlinelearningcanbeseenclearlyinthefollowingaspects.Tobeginwith,onlinelearningmakesususeourlimeefficiently.Therearemuchmoreknowledgeonlinewhichwecannotlearnintheclassroom.Secondly,withtheonlinelearningpatten,wedon'tneedtoworryaboutourhealthproblemcausedbyCOVID-19orotherinfectiousviruses.Becausewedon'tneedtostayclosewithotherpeople.However,)ustastheproverbgoes,everycoinhastwosides.Thereisnoexceptiontotheabovediscussedissueofonlinelearning.Ontheonehand,spendingmoretimeonlinemaymakepeople'seyesightrapidlydecline,andthismaycauselifelonghurtforourbody;ontheotherhand,1kindsofnews,TVseries,movies,videogamesandonlinechattingwilleasilygetpeopledistractedfromstudy,whichmakeuscannotlearnefficiently.Weighingtheprosandconsofbothsides,wemayreasonablyreachtheconclusionthattheadvantagesoflearningonlinecarryfarmoreweightthanitsdisadvantages.Therefore,weshouldmanagetomakethemostofitsbenefits,whiletryingtoavoiditsharmfuleffects.參考范文2:Whatarethebenefitsanddisadvantagesofonlinelearning?Inthepastfewdecades,theworldhaswitnessedgreattechnologicaladvances.Onlinelearning,oneofthebenefitsofsuchdevelopmenthasbecomeindispensabletoourlife.Thereisnodenyingthatitalsohassomedrawbacks.!willdiscussbothsidesofthisissueasfollows.Ontheonehand,onlinelearningplaysanessentialroleinourlifebecauseitisafantasticwaytoacquireknowledgeandinformation.Tobeginwith,witheasyaccesstonetwork,learnersareenabledtostudyatanytimeandanywhere,whetherathomeorintheoffice.ThisisespeciallyhelpfulunderthespecialcircumstancesofCOVID-19pandemicin2020.Inaddition,thankstotheabundantresourcesontheInternet,learnerscanstudywhatevertheyareinterestedin.Ontheotherhand,wemustadmitthattherearesomenegativesidesofonlinelearning.Firstly,onlinelearningmayleadtolessefficientmonitoringoflearners'progressduetolessinteractionbetweenlearnersandinstructors.Secondly,onlinelearningmaycreateasenseofisolationamongindividualswhoenjoygroupsstudy.Intermsofbenefitsanddisadvantagesofonlinelearning,frommyknowledge,weshouldconsiderourspecificsituationsandlearninghabitswhentakingadvantageofthisadvancedtechnologytostudyonline.Man：Thatsoundslikeawonderfulplan.Directions：InthissectionthereisincompletedialoguewhichhasfourblanksandfourchoicesA,B,CandD,takenfromthedialogue.FillineachoftheblankswithoneofthechoicestocompletethedialogueandmarkyouranswerontheAnswerSheet.A.Anyway,theremustbesomesolution.B.Buttheydon'thaveanythingnow.C.Haveyoutriedsomepart-timejoboncampus?D.Youdon'thavetotellmethat.Natasha：Ineedtogetajob,orIwon'tbeabletostayherenextsemester.Idon'tknowwhattodo.Eric：7Natasha：Whatdoyoumean?Eric：Imeaninthelibrary,orinsomeinformationcenter.Oftentheuniversityhaspart-timepositionsforforeignstudents.Natasha：Yes,Iknow.Itriedthat.8Erie：Well,itsreallyhardsinceyou'reaforeignstudent.ItsactuallyillegalforyoutoworkinAmerica.Natasha：9IknowIhavetherighttoworkfortheuniversity.That'slegal.Buttheydon'thaveajob.Anditsillegalformetoworkelsewhere.Erie：10YouknowtherearemanypeopleworkingillegallyinNewYork.Natasha：ButIneedaprettydecentjob.Ineedtomakeenoughtopaymyrentaleast.PartIIVocabulary(10points)Directions：Inthisparttherearetensentences,eachwithonewordorphraseunderlined.ChoosetheonefromthefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandDthatbestkeepsthemeaningofthesentence.MarkyouranswerontheAnswerSheet..Therewillbeaten-minuteintervalhalfwaythroughtheperformance.A.periodB.timeC.lengtD.break.MostofEgyptsinhabitantsliveintheNilevalleyanddelta,withtherestofthecountrysparselypopulated.A.randomlyB.thinlyC.denselyD.evenly.Thehotelownerwasaulhorizedtosellalcoholicdrinksinhishotel.A.inclinedB.preparedC.requireD.licensed.Yourlawyer'spresenceinthecourtroomiscriticalsincehemaypreventyoufrombeingmisdirected.A.impressiveB.wonderfulC.favorableD.crucial.Somebooksarenotforyoutoleafthrough,butfbryoutothinkthrough.A.browseB.appreciateC.recommendD.debate1wasdeniedaccesstomyaccountafterItypedinthewrongpasswordtheretimesinarow.A.abandonedB.delayedC.warnedD.refused.Lotsofpeoplemakelong-distancecommulingtoworkdailyinbigcitiesA.contactB.discussionC.travelD.call.GuestsatFourSeasonsHotelscanenjoydeliciousmealsservedonfinechina.A.delicateB.specialC.shiningD.desirable.Theenergyvalueofdriedfruitsisconsiderablyinexcessofthatoffreshitems.A.shortofB.equaltoC.morethanD.differentfrom.Whendisasterslikethishappen,wesetasidewhateverprettydisagreementswemayhave.A.discussB.retainC.revealD.dismissPartIIIReadingComprehension(25points)SectionADirections：Inthissection,therearefourpassagesfollowedbyquestionsorunfinishedstatements,eachwithfoursuggestedanswersA,B,CandD.ChoosethebestanswerandmarkyouranswerontheAnswerSheetPassageOneItsoundslikesomethingstraightoutofasciencefictionmovieorasillycartoon：afuturistictravelingtubethatcanquicklyshootpeoplewherevertheywanttogo,insideatinypod.Butthismaybeiustaroundthecorn。rforpeoplelookingforafaster,easier,andcheaper-than-everwaytotravel.SouthAfrican-AmericaninventorandbillionaireElonMusk,who,inthepast,hasworkedonbothprivatespaceflightandelectriccars,recentlyannouncedhehasbeenworkingonthedesignofthistravelingtube,whichcouldforeverchangethewaywetraveltheworld.Inaninterview,Muskdescribedthenewtubeasafifthkindoftransportation."Wehaveplanes,trains,automobiles,andboats,"heexplained/'Whatiftherewasafifthmode?Ihaveanameforit.It'scalledtheHyperloop.""ThissystemIhaveinmind...cannevercrash,isimmunetoweather,itgoesthreeorfourtimesfasterthanthebullettrain...itgoesatanaveragespeedoftwicewhatanaircraftwoulddo.YouwouldgofromdowntownL.A.todowntownSanFranciscoinunder30minutes.HPeopleusingtheHyperloopwouldshootaroundinpods,whichareeachjustoversix-and-a-halffeetacross,andthepodswouldtravelthroughtubeslocatedeitheraboveroundorunderwater.TheHyperloopcouldevenrun24/7,becheap,andallowpeopletotravelontheirownschedule.PeoplecouldshowupattheHyperloopstationwhenevertheywantandbequicklysentontheirway.AdditionallyMuskbelievestheHyperloopcouldbecompletelypoweredbythesun——makingitmoreenvironmentallyfriendlythancars,airplanes,ortrainsystems.SomedayitcouldpossiblymovepeoplebetweentheEastandWestCoastsoftheUnitedStatesinlessthananhour.EventuallytheHyperloopwouldbeabletomovepeoplearoundtheworld.Muskisnotthefirstpersonoutsideofsciencefictionnoveliststodreamupvacuumtubetechnologyformovingpeople.Theideahasbeenaroundforsometime,andinventorsinothercountries,includingChina,arereportedlyworkingonsimilartechnologyoThephrase'Justaroundthecorncr"(Para.l)mean"2preferableforthcomingreliableavailableThe^od^mentionedinthepassageisa(n)tube-shapedmusicplayerwirelessearphoneenginethatprovidesadrivingforcevehiclethatcarriespassengersWhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueofElonMusk?Hedrawsinsightsfromsciencefictions.Hehastriedhishandatspaceflight.Hehasmanufacturedelectriccars.Hecaresforenvironmentalprotection.WhatcanbelearnedabouttheHyperloop?Itcouldbedevelopedatalowcost.Itwouldremindpeopleoftheirschedule.Itcouldoperateroundtheclock.Itwouldrunatregularintervals.ChinaismentionedinthelastparagraphinordertodemonstratethatitisaninnovativecountrygiveanexampleofthoseworkingonsimilartechnologyshowasuccessfulmodelofvacuumtubetravelingindicateapotentialforinternationalcooperationPassageTwoHowareyoufeelingtoday?I'vegotafewachesandpains,butnothingserious.However,whenthingsbecomemorecritical,1wouldnormallybookmyselfanappointmentwithmydoctor-althoughbythetimeIgettoseehim,theproblemwillhaveprobablygoneaway.ThafsbecauseintheUKatleast,weusuallyhavetowaitafewdaysbeforethedoctorcanfitusin.Luckilytoday,technologyhascometoourrescue.Therearethousandsofappsavailableonoursmartphonesthatcanofferfirstaidadviceandallowustoself-diagnoseoursickness-rangingfromasimplecoldorflutosomeexoticdisease.Andtogetherwiththeinternet,wehaveanoceanofmedicalinformationatourfingertips.Butistoomuchknowledgeagoodthing?Byreadinguponanillness,wcdiscoveritsside-effectsandwhatcouldhappeninaworst-casesituation.Moreworryingisthatwegiveourselvesthewrongdiagnosis,andthenworryourselvessickthatwe'regoingtodie.Thishealthanxiety,fueledbytheinternet,iscalled"cyberchondriau.Itgivessufferersadeepfearofdiseasesand,accordingtoexperts,it'sontherise.ProfessorPeterTyrerfromImperialCollegeLondonsaid,"Wefindthatapproximatelyfouroutoffiveofourpatientswithhealthanxietyspendliterallyhoursontheinternet.Oneofthefirstthingswedointreatmentistotellthemtostopbrowsingtheinternet."Astudyafewyearsagoalsofoundmanydoctorsfeltintimidatedbytheincreasingnumbersofweb-wisepatientsarrivinginsurgeries.Oncdoctoradmittedtonotbeingveryhappyaboutpatientsusingtheinternet,saying："TheyallseemedtocometomewiththingsI'dneverheardofandveryoftenwiththingswhichseemratherbizarreorinappropriate.1'Ofcoursethereisnodoubt,theworldwidewebhasmostoftheinformationweneedtodiagnoseoursymptoms,butDoctorTyrerpointsout,“itdoesn'thaveanyjudgmentassociatedwithit."Thisiswhyhavingaconsultationwithadoctorface-to-facestillhasitsbenefits.Itwouldseemthenthatavirtualonlinedoctorcanprescribeadoseofusefuladvice,buttechnologyhasn'treplacedthehumanmedicalexpertjustyet.WhatdoestheauthortrytoemphasizeinParagraphI?Thelowefficiencyofthehealthcaresystem.Thetipsformakingappointmentswithdoctors.Thetreatmentforcommonhealthproblems.Thecriticalchallengesforgeneralhospitals.Cyberchondria(Para3)canbedefinedasoverdependenceontheinternetformedicaladvicetoomuchknowledgeabourhealthproblemshealthconcernscausedbyonlineinformationinconectdiagnosisbasedonwebknowledgeAccordingtothedoctors,cyberchondriacanbepreventedisnotunusualishardtopredictmaynotlastlongHowdodoctorsingeneralfeelaboutweb-wisepatients?Theyarcsurprisedatpatients'wiseuseofonlineinformation.Theyarefrightenedbypatients'blindtrustofinternetinformation.Theyaresatisfiedwithpatients'suficientknowledgeaboutdiseases.Theyaretroubledbypatients'excessivesearchforhealthinlormation.AccordingtoDoctorTyrer,whatistheproblemwithonlinemedicalinformation?A.Itisusuallynotsufficient.B.Itisnotalwaysaccurate.Itfailstogivejudgment.Itprovidestoomuchinformation.PassageThreeManyofthemajorsupermarketchainshavecomeunderfirewithaccusationsofvariousunethicalactsoverthepastdecade.They'vewastedtonsoffood,They*veunderpaidtheirsuppliersandthey'vecontributedtoexcessiveplasticwasteintheirpackaging,whichhashaditsimpactonourenvironment.Butsupermarketsandgrocersarestartingtositupandtakenotice.Inresponsetogrowingconsumerresentmentagainstthehugeamountsofplasticwastegeneratedbyplasticpackaging,someofthelargestUKsupermarketshavesigneduptoapactpromisingtotransformpackagingandcutplasticwastage.Inapledgetoreuse,recycleorconvertallplasticwastageby2025,supennarketsarenowbeginningtotakesomeresponsibilityfortheparttheyplayincontributingtothedamagetoourenvironment,withonemajorsupermarketannouncingtheirplantoeliminateallplasticpackagingintheircwm-brandproductsby2023.Inresponsetocriticismsoverfoodwaste,somesupermarketsaredonatingsomeoftheirfoodsurplus.However,charitiesestimatethattheyareonlyaccessingtwopercentofsupermarkets'totalfoodsurplus,sothishardlyseemstobesolvingtheproblem.Somesaythatsupermarketsaresimplynotdoingenough.Mostsupermarketsoperateunderaveilofsecrecywhenaskedforexactfiguresoffoodwastage,andwithoutmoretransparencyitishardtocomeupwithasystematicapproachtoavoidingwasteandtoredistributingsurplusfood.Somesmallercompaniesarenowtakingmattersintotheirownhandsandofferingconsumersagreeneroption.ShopslikeBerlin'sOriginalUnverpaktandLondon'sBulkMarketareplastic-freeshopsthathaveopenedinrecentyears,encouragingcustomerstousetheirowncontainersorconvertiblebags.OnlinegrocerFarmdropeliminatestheneedforlargewarehousesandtheriskofhugefoodsurplusbydeliveringfreshproducefromlocalfannerstoitscustomersonadailybasisviaelectriccars,offeringfarmersthelion'sshareoftheretailprice.Thereisnodoubtthatwestillhavealongwaytogoinreducingfoodwasteandplasticwastc.Butperhapsthemajorsupermarketsmighttakeinspirationfromthesesmallergrocersandgraduallymovetowardsamoresustainablefuturefbrusall.WhichisNOTmentionedasanunethicalactofmajorsupermarketchains?WastinglargeamountsoffoodProducingexcessiveplasticwaste.UnderpayingtheirsuppliersSellinggoodsofpoorquality.Theword"pact"(Para.2)isclosestinmeaningto""AgreementorganizationCampaignprogramAccordingtoParagraph3,supermarkets'donationoftheirfoodsurplusreceiveshighpraisesisconsideredasagoodcharityisregardedasnotdoingenougharousesmorecriticismsFarmdropismentionedasanexamplethatprovidesplastic-freebagsandcontainerseasieraccesstofreshproduceagreatvarietyofhealthyfoodsgoodsatmorecompetitivepricesItcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthatsomebusinessesarereluctanttoreducetheirwastemajorsupermarketsrefusetodopublicgoodsomesmallcompaniesbetterprotecttheenvironmentamoresustainablefuturefbrallissoontocomePassageFourWeallknowpeoplewhosaytheyhave"nosenseofdirection.^Yetfbrsomepeoplethatdescriptionistrueinallcircumstances：Iftheytakeasinglewrongturnonanestablishedroutetheyoftenbecometotallylost.ThishappensevenwhentheyarejustafewmilesfromwheretheyliveThisconditioniscalleddevelopmentaltopographicdisorientation(DTD),theinabilitytoorientwithintheenvironment.ltdidn'tevenhaveaformalnameuntil2009,whenGiuseppelariareportedhisfirstcaseinthejournalNcuropsychologia.EllenRosehadbeenapatientofmineforyearsbeforeIrealizedthatshehadthislife-longlearningdisability.LikeotherpeoplewithDTD,shecanfollowarouteinpieces,butitneverbecomespartofalargerspatialunderstanding.That'sbecauseshedoesnothavealargerspatialunderstandingofherenvironment.Iaskedhertodrawadiagramofthesecondfloorofthehousesheshareswithherdaughterandson-in-law.Itwasadifficulttaskforher(shelivesonthefirstfloorbutisveryfamiliarwiththesecond).Shedescribedhereffortnotasabirdlookingdownfromabove,butasaspidercrawlingacrossthepapertracingaroutefromoneroomtotheEllenhasalwayswonderedwhatwaswrongwithher.Sheknewthatwhenothersascribedherproblemstosimplynotpa