住在富人區的她2022年考研考博-考博英語-西安建筑科技大學考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）（圖片可根據實際調整大小）題型12345總分得分一.綜合題(共50題)1.單選題

Factorsleadingtothecrisisincludedpoorregulation,mismanagemetanddeceptionintheindustry,andcompetitionfromothertypesoffinancialfirms.

問題1選項

A.pollution

B.cheating

C.abuse

D.unemployment

【答案】B

【解析】考查名詞辨析。deception“欺騙，欺詐”；A選項pollution“污染”；B選項cheating“行騙，欺詐”；C選項“abuse濫用；虐待；惡習”；D選項unemployment“失業；失業人數”。句意：導致危機的因素包括監管不力、管理不善和行業欺詐，以及來自其他類型金融公司的競爭。deception有“欺詐的”意思，因此B項正確。

2.單選題

Tomanypeople,ahusbandandwifealonedonotseemaproperfamily—theyneedchildrentoenrichthecircle,to_______familycharacterandtogathertheredemptiveinfluenceofoffspring.

問題1選項

A.repress

B.intimidate

C.validate

D.confine

【答案】C

【解析】考查動詞辨析。A選項“repress”意為“抑制；鎮壓（叛亂等）；約束”；B選項“intimidate”意為“恐嚇，威脅；脅迫”；C選項“validate”意為“驗證；確認；使生效”；D選項“confine”意為“限制；禁閉；（因疾病、殘疾）無法離開（床、家、輪椅）”。句意：對許多人來說，夫妻二人似乎并不構成一個真正的家庭——他們需要孩子來充實他們的小圈子，使家庭特征生效，并從后代那里獲得某種救贖的影響。由題干可知，ahusbandandwifealonedonotseemaproperfamily（夫妻二人似乎并不構成一個真正的家庭）夫妻需要孩子才能構成完整的家庭，所以家庭特征需要有孩子才能生效。因此C選項符合題意。

3.單選題

Hisremarkswere（）annoyeverybodyatthemeeting.

問題1選項

A.soasto

B.suchasto

C.suchto

D.asmuchasto

【答案】B

【解析】考查固定搭配。A選項soasto“以便；以致”；B選項suchasto“達到這樣的程度以致”；C選項suchto，沒有這樣的搭配，可排除；D選項asmuchasto“就像是”。由本句關鍵詞“annoyeverybody”（惹惱了所有人）可知，他的評論到達了很嚴重的程度以致惹惱所有人。句意：他的話讓會議上的每個人都很惱火。因此B選項正確。

4.單選題

Toabsorbayoungerworkforce,manycompaniesofferedretirementplansasincentivesforolderworkerstoretireandmakewayfortheyoungeroneswhoearnedlowersalaries.

問題1選項

A.rewards

B.opportunities

C.motives

D.stimuli

【答案】D

【解析】考查名詞辨析。incentive“激勵；獎勵；誘因”；A選項reward“獎勵；獎賞”；B選項opportunity（其復數形式為opportunities）“時機，機會”；C選項motive“動機，目的”；D選項stimuli（其為stimulus的復數形式）“激勵；刺激；促進因素”。句意：為了吸收更年輕的勞動力，許多公司推出了退休計劃，以激勵年齡較大的員工退休，為工資較低的年輕員工讓路。根據句中“retirementplans退休計劃”可知incentive在這里的意思應為“激勵”，因此D選項正確。

5.單選題

Herpanicwastransient,andceasedwhenshebegantospeak.

問題1選項

A.beyonddescription

B.unnoticed

C.passingquickly

D.vague

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容詞和詞組辨析。transient“短暫的；路過的”；A選項beyonddescription“無法形容，難以形容”；B選項unnoticed“被忽視的；不引人注意的；未被注意的”；C選項passingquickly“飛逝的”；D選項vague“模糊的；含糊的”。句意：她的驚慌是暫時的，一開口就停止了。由題干中的“ceasedwhenshebegantospeak一開口就停止了”可推知transient在這里有“短暫的”的意思，因此C選項正確。

6.單選題

Today,houseworkhasbeenmademucheasierbyelectrical（）.

問題1選項

A.facilities

B.appliances

C.instruments

D.equipment

【答案】B

【解析】考查名詞辨析。A選項facility（其復數形式為facilities）“設施；設備；容易”；B選項appliances“器械，裝置；家用電器”；C選項instrument“儀器；工具”；D選項equipment“設備，裝備；器材”。句意：如今，家務已因家用電氣而變得更容易。根據句中“housework家務”可知“家用電器”符合語境，因此B選項正確。

7.單選題

Icouldn’tworkoutwhyanyonewouldinventsomethingsoboring.

問題1選項

A.drawup

B.bringabout

C.putforward

D.figureout

【答案】D

【解析】考查詞組辨析。workout“算出；實現；制定出；消耗完；理解；鍛煉”；A選項drawup“起草；使靠近”；B選項bringabout“引起；帶來”；C選項putforward“提出；拿出”；D選項figureout“解決；想出；理解；斷定”。句意：我搞不懂為什么會有人發明這么無聊的東西。根據句中“whyanyonewouldinventsomethingsoboring為何有人發明如此無聊的一些東西”可知workout在這里的意思應為“理解”，因此D選項正確。

8.單選題

Whendustsintheskyareatlevelswherelittleairisinmotion,theydonot_______formanyyears.

問題1選項

A.dismiss

B.disguise

C.disgrace

D.disperse

【答案】D

【解析】考查動詞辨析。A選項“dismiss”意為“解散；解雇；開除；讓……離開；不予理會”；B選項“disguise”意為“掩飾；假裝；隱瞞”；C選項“disgrace”意為“使……失寵；給……丟臉；使……蒙受恥辱”；D選項“disperse”意為“分散；使散開；傳播”。句意：當天空中的塵埃處于沒有空氣流動的高度時，它們要很多年才會消散。由題干可知，dustsintheskyareatlevelswherelittleairisinmotion（天空中的塵埃處于沒有空氣流動的高度），沒有空氣流動塵埃自然也不能飄動，所以要等很多年塵埃才能消散。因此D選項符合題意。

9.不定項選擇題

Thereisaquestion,however,thatmustbeansweredbeforethissynthesisisattempted,namely,whicharethesocialtendenciesthataregeneralhumancharacteristics?Itiseasytobemisledinthisrespect.Muchofoursocialbehaviorisautomatic.Somemaybeinstinctive,thatis,organicallydetermined.Muchmoreisbasedonconditionedresponses,thatis,determinedbysituationssopersistentlyandearlyimpresseduponusthatwearenolongerawareofthecharacterofthebehaviorandalsoordinarilyunawareoftheexistenceorpossibilityofadifferentbehavior.Thus,acriticalexaminationofwhatisgenerallyvalidforallhumanityandwhatisspecificallyvalidfordifferentculturaltypescomestobeamatterofgreatconcerntostudentsofsociety.Thisisoneoftheproblemsthatinduceustolayparticularstressuponthestudyofculturethatarehistoricallyaslittleaspossiblerelatedtoourown.Theirstudyenablesustodeterminethosetendenciesthatarecommontoallmankindandthosebelongingtospecifichumansocietiesonly.

Anothervistaopensifweaskourselveswhetherthecharacteristicsofhumansocietyareevenmorewidelydistributedandfoundalsointheanimalworld.Relationsofindividualsorofgroupsofindividualsmaybelookedatfromthreepointsofview:relationstotheorganicandinorganicouterworld,relationsamongmembersofthesamesocialgroup,andwhat,forlackofabetterterm,maybedesignatedassubjectivelyconditionedrelations.Imeanbythistermthoseattitudesthatarisegraduallybygivingvaluesandmeaningstoactivities,asgoodorbad,rightorwrong,beautifulorugly,purposiveorcausallydetermined.Relationswiththeorganicandinorganicouterworldareestablishedprimarilybytheobtainingofsustenance,protectionagainstrigoroftheclimate,andgeographicallimitationsofvariedkinds.Therelationsofmembersamongthesamesocialgroupincludetherelationofsexes,habitsofformingsocialgroupsandtheirforms.Obviously,thesephasesofhumanlifearesharedbyanimals.Theirfoodrequirementsarebiologicallydeterminedandadjustedtothegeographicalenvironmentinwhichtheylive.Acquisitionandstorageoffoodarefoundamonganimalsaswellasinman.Theneedofprotectionagainstclimateandenemiesisalsooperativeinanimalsociety,andadjustmenttotheseneedsintheformofnestsordensiscommon.Nolessaretherelationsbetweenmembersofsocialgroupspresentinanimallife,foranimalsocietiesofvariedstructureoccur.Itappears,therefore,thataconsiderablefieldofsocialphenomenadoesnotbyanymeansbelongtomanalonebutissharedbytheanimalworld,andthequestionsmustbeasked:whattraitsarecommontohumanandanimalsocieties?

1.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?Oursocialbehavioris（）.

2.Whyissocialbehaviordifficulttochange?

3.Inordertoanswerthequestion:“whicharethesocialtendenciesthataregeneralhumancharacteristics?”wehavetoemphasizeonthestudyof（）.

4.Thethreepointsofviewthatindicatetherelationsofindividualsare（）.

5.Formthedefinitionsofthethreepointsofview,accordingtothepassage,wecaninferthat（）.

問題1選項

A.morebasedonlearnedreactionsthannaturaltendency

B.moreinherentlydeterminedthanearlyimpressed

C.morespontaneousthaninborn

D.morebasedoninherentthanconstitutionalbehavior

問題2選項

A.One’sbehaviorisinbornsothatnothingcanbedoneaboutit.

B.One’sbehaviorisinstinctivesothathe/shecan’tactdifferently.

C.One’sbehavioristaughtfromchildhoodsothatitisfixedasnormalinhis/herchildhood.

D.Ifoneneverchangeshis/hergeographicaldwelling,his/hersocialbehaviorcanneverbechanged.

問題3選項

A.humanbehavior

B.humanorgans

C.culture

D.environment

問題4選項

A.relationscharacterizedbynaturaldevelopment;relationsthatareculturallydetermined;sociallyacceptedbehavioramongthegroup

B.relationstonaturalandunnaturalworld;relationsamongpeople;conditionedrelations

C.relationstoorganicandinorganicouterworld;relationsamonghumanbehavior;objectivelyconditionedrelations

D.relationstolivingenvironment;relationsamongmembersofthesamesocialgroup;subjectivelyconditionedrelations

問題5選項

A.conditionedrelationsareacquired

B.relationstotheorganicandinorganicouterworldareinstinctive

C.relationsamongmembersorthesamesocialgrouparelearned

D.alloftheabove

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:C

第3題:C

第4題:A

第5題:D

【解析】第1題:細節事實題。由題干定位到文章第一段中“Muchmoreisbasedonconditionedresponses,thatis,determinedbysituationssopersistentlyandearlyimpresseduponusthatwearenolongerawareofthecharacterofthebehaviorandalsoordinarilyunawareoftheexistenceorpossibilityofadifferentbehavior.更多的是建立在條件反應的基礎上，也就是說，條件反應是由長期的和早期的情況所決定的，我們不再意識到行為的特征，通常也沒有意識到不同行為的存在或可能性。”可知A項與原文相符。A項“更多的是基于習得的反應，而不是自然傾向”；B項“更多的是內在的決心而不是早期的印象”，與原文不符；C項“自發的多于天生的”，與原文不符；D項“更多地基于天生而不是本質的行為”，與原文不符，因此A選項正確。

第2題:推理判斷題。由題干定位到文章第一段中“Muchmoreisbasedonconditionedresponses,thatis,determinedbysituationssopersistentlyandearlyimpresseduponusthatwearenolongerawareofthecharacterofthebehaviorandalsoordinarilyunawareoftheexistenceorpossibilityofadifferentbehavior.更多的是建立在條件反應的基礎上，也就是說，條件反應是由長期的和早期的情況所決定的，我們不再意識到行為的特征，通常也沒有意識到不同行為的存在或可能性。”可推知C項與原文相符。A項“一個人的行為是與生俱來的，因此沒有什么可以改變它。”，與原文不符；B項“一個人的行為是本能的，所以他/她不會有不同的行為。”，與原文不符；C項“一個人的行為是從小就被教導的，因此在他/她的童年就被固定下來，作為正常的行為。”；D項“如果一個人永遠不改變他/她的居住地，他/她的社會行為也永遠不會改變。”，與原文不符，因此C選項正確。

第3題:推理判斷題。由題干定位到文章第一段中“Theirstudyenablesustodeterminethosetendenciesthatarecommontoallmankindandthosebelongingtospecifichumansocietiesonly.他們的研究使我們能夠確定哪些傾向是全人類共有的，哪些只屬于特定的人類社會。”可推知C項與原文相符。A項“人類行為”；B項“人類器官”；C項“文化”；D項“環境”，因此C選項正確。

第4題:推理判斷題。最后一段中提及的三個觀點：relationstotheorganicandinorganicouterworld、relationsamongmembersofthesamesocialgroup和conditionedrelations（有機和無機外部世界的關系、同一社會群體成員之間的關系和條件關系），B、C、D三個選項均不符合題干要求，所以A項與原文相符。A項“以自然發展為特點的關系；由文化決定的關系；群體間被社會所接受的行為”；B項“與自然和非自然世界的關系；人們之間的關系；條件關系”，與題意不符；C項“與外部世界有機和無機的關系；人類行為的關系；客觀條件的關系”，與題意不符；D項“與生活環境的關系；同一社會群體成員之間的關系；主觀條件關系”，與題意不符，因此A選項正確。

第5題:推理判斷題。由題干定位到文章最后一段中“Imeanbythistermthoseattitudesthatarisegraduallybygivingvaluesandmeaningstoactivities…我用這個術語意指那些通過賦予活動價值和意義而逐漸產生的態度……”，可知A項“條件關系是獲得的”與原文相符；由題干定位到文章最后一段中“Relationswiththeorganicandinorganicouterworldareestablishedprimarilybytheobtainingofsustenance,protectionagainstrigoroftheclimate,andgeographicallimitationsofvariedkinds.與有機和無機外部世界的關系主要是通過獲得食物、抵御嚴酷的氣候和各種地理限制來建立的。”可知B項“與有機和無機外部世界的關系是本能的”與原文相符；最后一段提到“Relationswiththeorganicandinorganicouterworldareestablishedprimarilybytheobtaining…”，即成員與群體間的關系是習得的，C選項正確。所以D項“以上各選項”正確。A項“條件關系是獲得的”；B項“與有機和無機外部世界的關系是本能的”；C項“成員或同一社會群體之間的關系是習得的”；D項“以上各選項”，因此D選項正確。

10.單選題

Astherewasnoroad,thetravelers（）uparockyslopeontheirwayback.

問題1選項

A.ran

B.hurried

C.scrambled

D.crawled

【答案】C

【解析】考查詞組辨析。四個選項均與up搭配，分別是run、hurry、scramble、crawl的過去式。A選項ranup“匆匆制成；積欠；迅速積累；向上跑”；B選項hurriedup“（使）趕快”；C選項scrambledup“攀爬；巴結；攪混起來”；D選項crawlup“爬上；爬到”。由本句關鍵詞“arockyslope”（巖石邊坡）可知，旅行者們需要攀爬邊坡，才能返回，所以攀爬的意思在此處符合題意。句意：因為沒有路，旅行者們在返回的路上攀爬了一個巖石斜坡。因此C選項正確。

11.單選題

Ididn’tlistentoMomandIwasnotsurprisedatthelookof（）onherface.

問題1選項

A.indifference

B.compliment

C.negligence

D.reproach

【答案】D

【解析】考查名詞辨析。A選項indifference“漠不關心；不重視；中立”；B選項compliment“恭維；稱贊；問候”；C選項negligence“疏忽；忽視”；D選項reproach“責備；責罵”。句意：我沒有聽媽媽的話，看到她臉上責備的表情，我并不感到驚訝。題干中說到“Ididn’tlistentoMom我沒有聽媽媽的話”，而“責備”符合語境，因此D選項正確。

12.單選題

BritishForeignSecretaryFrancisPymhascancelledavisittoRiyadh.ReportsfromLondonsaidtheForeignOfficeplayeddownsuggestionofadiplomatic（）andsaidonlythatthedatesofSecretaryPym’stripwerenotconvenientinRiyadh.

問題1選項

A.raft

B.raffle

C.rift

D.riffle

【答案】C

【解析】考查名詞辨析。A選項raft“筏；救生艇”；B選項raffle“廢物，垃圾；抽彩出售”；C選項rift“裂痕；不和”；D選項riffle“淺灘；急流，漣漪”。句意：英國外交大臣弗朗西斯?皮姆已取消了去利雅得的訪問。來自英國的報道稱外交部淡化了一種外交裂痕的暗示，且還稱只有外交大臣弗朗西斯?皮姆出行的日期在利雅得是不方便的，因此C選項正確。

13.不定項選擇題

MostAmericansbelievethatoursocietyofconsumption-happy,fun-living,jet-travelingpeoplecreatesthegreatesthappinessforthegreatestnumber.Contrarytothisview,Ibelievethatourpresentwayoflifeleadstoincreasinganxiety,helplessnessand,eventually,tothedisintegrationofourculture.Irefusetoidentifyfunwithpleasure,excitementwithjoy,businesswithhappiness,orthefaceless,buck-passing“organizationman”withanindependentindividual.

Fromthiscriticalviewourratesofalcoholism,suicideanddivorce,aswellasjuveniledelinquency,gangrule,actsofviolenceandindifferencetolife,arecharacteristicsymptomsofour“pathologyofnormalcy”.Itmaybearguedthatallthesepathologicalphenomenaexistbecausewehavenotyetreachedouraim,thatofanaffluentsociety.Itistrue,wearestillfarfrombeinganaffluentsociety.Butthematerialprogressmadeinthelastdecadesallowsustohopethatoursystemmighteventuallyproduceamateriallyaffluentsociety.Yetwillwebehappierthen?TheexampleofSweden,oneofthemostprosperous,democraticandpeacefulEuropeancountries,isnotveryencouraging:Sweden,asisoftenpointedout,inspiteofallitsmaterialsecurityhasamongthehighestalcoholismandsuicideratesinEurope,whileamuchpoorercountrylikeIrelandranksamongthelowestintheserespects.Coulditbethatourdreamthatmaterialwelfareperseleadstohappinessisjustapipedream?

Certainlythehumanistthinkersoftheeighteenthandnineteenthcenturies,whoareourideologicalancestors,thoughtthatthegoaloflifewasthefullunfoldingofaperson’spotentialities,whatmatteredtothemwasthepersonwhoismuch,nottheonewhohasmuchorusesmuch.Forthemeconomicproductionwasameanstotheunfoldingofman,notanend.Itseemsthattodaythemeanshavebecomeends,thatnotonly“Godisdead”asNietzschesaidinthenineteenthcentury,butalsomanisdead;thatwhatisalivearetheorganizations,themachines;andthatmanhasbecometheirslaveratherthanbeingtheirmaster.

Eachsocietycreatesitsowntypeofpersonalitybyitswayofbringingupchildreninthefamily,byitssystemofeducation,byitseffectivevalues(thatisthosevaluesthatarerewardedratherthanonlypreached).Everysocietycreatesthetypeof“socialcharacter”whichisneededforitsproperfunctioning.Itformsmenwhowanttodowhattheyhavetodo.Whatkindofmendoesourlarge-scale,bureaucratizedindustrialismneed?

Itneedsmenwhocooperatesmoothlyinlargegroups,whowanttoconsumemoreandmore,andwhosetastesarestandardizedandcanbeeasilyinfluencedandanticipated.Itneedsmenwhofeelfreeandindependent,yetwhoarewillingtobecommanded,todowhatisexpected,tofitintothesocialmachinewithoutfriction;menwhocanbeguidedwithoutforce,ledwithoutleaders,promptedwithoutanaimexcepttheaimtobeonthemove,tofunction,togoahead.

1.TheauthorusestheexampleofSwedeninthesecondparagraphtoshowthat（）.

2.Comparedwiththinkersofthe18thand19thcenturies,peopletoday（）.

3.Itcanbeinferredfromthe3rdparagraphthat（）.

4.Accordingtotheauthor,whichtypeofindividualmightbemostwelcomeintoday’ssociety?

5.Theauthorwritesthisarticleto（）.

問題1選項

A.anaffluentsocietywillbefreefromthosepathologicalphenomena

B.SwedenisabettersocietythananyotherinEurope

C.aprosperouscountrywillhavehigheralcoholismandsuicideratesthanapoorcountry

D.happinesshasnothingtodowithmaterialwelfare

問題2選項

A.aremoreconcernedabouthowtobringintofullplaypeople’spotentials

B.carelessaboutthematerialthingsoflifethanaboutthespiritualthings

C.regardmaterialthingsthemostimportantinlife

D.haveabsolutecontroloftheworld

問題3選項

A.theauthorstronglyopposeseconomicproduction

B.theauthorisinfavoroftheideologyofthethinkersofthe18thand19thcenturies

C.theauthorisfollowerofNietzsche

D.theauthorthinksthatprioritiesshouldbegiventoeconomicproduction

問題4選項

A.Peoplewhoarerebellious.

B.Peoplewhohavetheorganizingability.

C.Peoplewhoareconformists.

D.Peoplewhocanoperatemachinesproperly.

問題5選項

A.describe

B.inform

C.narrate

D.comment

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:C

第3題:B

第4題:C

第5題:D

【解析】第1題:推理判斷題。由題干定位到文章第二段第六句“TheexampleofSweden,oneofthemostprosperous,democraticandpeacefulEuropeancountries,isnotveryencouraging…瑞典是歐洲最繁榮、民主、和平的國家之一，它的例子并不令人鼓舞……”可知D項“幸福與物質享受無關”與原文相符。A項“一個富裕的社會將不會有這些病態現象”，原文并沒有相關表達；B項“瑞典是一個比歐洲其他任何國家都更好的社會”，原文并沒有相關表達；C項“一個繁榮的國家會比一個貧窮的國家有更高的酗酒率和自殺率”，原文并沒有相關表達。因此D選項正確。

第2題:細節事實題。由題干定位到文章第三段第三句“Itseemsthattodaythemeanshavebecomeends...如今，這個手段似乎已經變成了目的……”可知C項“視物質為生命中最重要的東西”與原文相符。A項“更關心如何充分發揮人的潛力”，原文并沒有相關表達；B項“更關心精神上的事，而不是物質上的事”，原文并沒有相關表達；D項“絕對控制世界”，原文并沒有相關表達。因此C選項正確。

第3題:推理判斷題。由題干定位到文章第三段第三句“Itseemsthattodaythemeanshavebecomeends...thatwhatisalivearetheorganizations,themachines;andthatmanhasbecometheirslaveratherthanbeingtheirmaster.如今，這個手段似乎已經變成了目的……似乎活著的是組織機構和機器；似乎人類已變成了它們的奴隸，而不是主人。”可知B項“作者贊成18、19世紀思想家的思想”與原文相符。A項“作者強烈反對經濟生產”，原文并沒有相關表達；C項“作者是尼采的追隨者”，原文并沒有相關表達；D項“作者認為應該優先考慮經濟生產”，原文并沒有相關表達。因此B選項正確。

第4題:細節事實題。由題干定位到文章最后一段第二句“Itneedsmenwhofeelfreeandindependent,yetwhoarewillingtobecommanded,todowhatisexpected...它需要感覺自由和獨立的人，但他們愿意被命令，去做所期望的事……”可知C項“墨守成規的人”正確。A項“叛逆的人”；B項“有組織能力的人”；D項“能夠正確操作機械的人”，均不符合題意。因此C選項正確。

第5題:推理判斷題。由題干定位到文章第一段第二句“Contrarytothisview,Ibelievethatourpresentwayoflifeleadstoincreasinganxiety,helplessnessand,eventually,tothedisintegrationofourculture.與這種觀點相反，我認為我們目前的生活方式導致越來越多的焦慮和無助，并最終導致我們文化的解體。”以及最后一段中“Itneedsmenwhofeelfreeandindependent,yetwhoarewillingtobecommanded,todowhatisexpected…它需要感覺自由和獨立的人，但他們愿意被命令，去做所期望的事……”可知這篇文章屬于評論文章，由此知D項“發表評論”正確。A項“描述”；B項“告知”；C項“敘述”，均不符合題意。因此D選項正確。

14.單選題

TheAustrianmanufacturingindustryconsistsofafewlargeorganizations,manyofwhichoperateundergovernmentauspices.

問題1選項

A.supervisions

B.orientations

C.regulation

D.sponsorship

【答案】D

【解析】考查名詞辨析。auspice“贊助，主辦”；A選項supervision“監督，管理”；B選項orientation“方向；適應；向東方”；C選項regulation“管理；規則；校準”；D選項sponsorship“贊助；發起”。句意：奧地利的制造業由幾個大型組織組成，其中許多是在政府的支持下運作的。auspice本身有“贊助”的意思，因此D選項正確。

15.單選題

Itisanticipatedthatthiscontractwillsubstantiallyincreasesalesoverthenextthreeyears.

問題1選項

A.apparently

B.slightly

C.considerably

D.steadily

【答案】C

【解析】考查副詞辨析。substantially“實質上；充分地；大幅地”；A選項apparently“顯然地；似乎，表面上”；B選項slightly“些微地，輕微地”；C選項considerably“相當多地；非常地”；D選項steadily“穩定地；穩固地”。句意：預計該合同將在未來三年內大幅增加銷售額。根據句中“increasesales增加銷售額”可知substantially在這里的意思為“大幅地”，因此C選項相當多地正確。

16.不定項選擇題

Muchoftheworld’selectronicwasteisbeingshippedtoChinaforrecyclingandthecottageindustrythathassprunguptheretorecoverusablematerialsfromcomputers,cellphones,televisionsandothergoodsmaybecreatingsignificanthealthandenvironmentalhazards.ScientistsfromChinaandtheUnitedStateshaveidentifiednumeroustoxicelementsintheemissionsfromane-wasterecyclingworkshopinsouthernChina,whichuseslow-techmethodstoseparatereusableelectroniccomponentsfromthecircuitboards.Itisnotanisolatedcase,thescientistspointout:suchmethodsareusedalloverChina.

ResultsoftheirstudyhavebeenpublishedintheJournalAtmosphericEnvironment.

“Themostimmediateproblemisthehealthoftheworkersandthepeoplewholiveinthecity,”saidBerndR.T.Simoneit,aretiredprofessoratOregonStateUniverseandoneoftheauthorsofthestudy.“Butthismayalsobecontributingtoglobalcontamination.Forexample,previousstudieshavefoundcarcinogens（致癌物）inwind-carrieddustfromAsia.”

Simoneitisawidelypublishedscientistwhohasbeeninvolvedinnumerousstudiesidentifyingchemical“signatures”foremissions,includingcoalsmoke,biomassburning,petroleum-basedfuelsandeventheburningofmunicipalrefuse.Byusingmassspectrometers（質譜儀）andothersophisticatedinstrumentation,theresearcherscanpinpointthecontributionsofspecificemissionstotheatmosphere.

TheirworkinChinawasconductedinShantouCity,atownof150,000peoplelocatedinsouthernChina’sGuangdongProvince.Theycollectedsamplesduringfourworkingdays,whenworkerswereremovingtheelectroniccomponentsbyheatingthecircuitboardsovergrillsonstovesburningcoalbriquettes（煤塊）.

Theworkshophad24stovesalongthreewalls,andanestimatedfivetonsofcircuitboardsstackedalongthefourthwallforprocessing.Workerswouldusethegrillstomeltthesolder,andthenremovereusableportionsofthecircuitry.

TheresearchteamincludedfiveChinesescientistsandSimoneit,whohasdualappointmentsinOSU’sCollegeofOceanicandAtmosphericSciencesandtheDepartmentofChemistry.Theresearchersfoundthatthroughthis“roastingprocess”,numerousorganicchemicals,heavymetals,flameretardantandpersistentorganicpollutantswereemittedintotheairviathesmoke.Thechemicalsignaturecreatedbythisprocessofroastingortoastingcircuitboards“isunmistakable.”

“Thenextstepistoseetowhatextentthisisharmingtheenvironmentandcreatingahealthhazardforboththeworkers,andpeoplelivinginthepathoftheemissions—eitherthroughinhalation,orexposuretotheskin,”Simoneitsaid.“Someofthesechemicalcompoundsmaybecarcinogens;othersmaybejustasharmfulbecametheycanactas‘environmentaldisruptors’,andmayaffectbodyprocessesfromreproductiontoendocrine（內分泌的，激素的）function.”

TheChineseauthorsofthestudyareaffiliatedwiththeChineseAcademyofSciencesandincludeleadauthorXinliuiBi,withZhenZhenWang,XinmingWang,GuoyingShengandJiamoFu.

SimoneitalsoisworkingwithscientistsinIndiatoidentifychemicalsignaturesfromtheburningofwireandothermaterials,whichisdonetorecyclecopperandotherminerals.AndheisworkinginSaudiArabiaonadifferentproblem—helpingdevelop“greenchemistry”methodsforrecyclingthatcountry’smassiveurbanwastetocreatemethane.

1.Thepassagemainlytellsusthat（）.

2.Thethirdparagraphindicates（）.

3.Themeaningoftheunderlinedwordinparagraph7isclosestto（）.

4.Wecaninferfromthelastsentence（）.

5.WhichstatementisNOTtrueaccordingtothepassage?

問題1選項

A.Chinarecyclesthelargestamountofthee-wasteintheworld

B.notonlyAsiabutalsootherplacesintheworldareinfluencedbythedevelopmentofsuchindustryinanegativeway

C.theburningofthee-wasteisbadforpeople’shealth

D.theburningofthee-wasteisbadfortheenvironment

問題2選項

A.thatsuchworkshopscanonlydogreatharmtothelocalpeople

B.thatsuchworkshopscandogreatharmtoboththelocalpeopleandpeopleinotherplaces

C.thatsuchworkshopscanimmediatelyinfluencepeople’slives

D.thatpeopleinAsiacanbeinfectedwithcancer

問題3選項

A.plain

B.likely

C.undoubted

D.surely

問題4選項

A.thatscientistshavebeenworkingveryhardtosolvetheprobleminSaudiArabia

B.thatthescientisthelpstheproductionofmethaneinSaudiArabia

C.thattheprobleminSaudiArabiaisdifferentfromthatoftheothercountries

D.thattheseeminglyuselesswastecanbeturnedintousefulenergy

問題5選項

A.TheworkshopinShantoucityispoorlyequippedforrecyclingthee-waste.

B.The“roastingprocess”mayproducealargeamountofharmfulpollutants.

C.Chinahasbeensounderdevelopedthatpeopleusesolow-techmethodstodealwithe-wastes.

D.Peoplemaygetharmedeitherbybreathingthepollutedairorbyexposingtheirskintoit.

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:B

第3題:C

第4題:C

第5題:C

【解析】第1題:主旨大意題。由本題題干可定位到第三段，由教授和研究者的話“Themostimmediateproblemisthehealthoftheworkersandthepeoplewholiveinthecity”，“Butthismayalsobecontributingtoglobalcontamination”（最緊迫的問題是工人和城市居民的健康，但這也可能是造成全球污染的原因之一）可知不僅僅是亞洲，全球很多地區都受到了負面影響。A選項“中國是世界上回收電子垃圾最多的國家”在文中沒有依據；C選項“燃燒電子垃圾對人們的健康有害”、D選項“燃燒電子垃圾對環境有害”說法是正確的，但不是文章的大意，不能概括燃燒電子垃圾的全部負面影響。因此B選項正確。

第2題:判斷推理題。由本題題干可定位到第三段“Themostimmediateproblemisthehealthoftheworkersandthepeoplewholiveinthecity”，“Butthismayalsobecontributingtoglobalcontamination”（最緊迫的問題是工人和城市居民的健康，但這也可能是造成全球污染的原因之一）可知不僅僅是對當地的居民有影響，甚至對全球其他地方也造成了不好的影響，所以這種產業對當地和其他地方的人都有很大的危害。A選項“這種產業只會對當地人民造成極大的傷害”說法錯誤，還對全球其他地方的人也造成了傷害；C選項“這種產業可以立即影響人們的生活”說法錯誤，“立即”過于絕對；D選項“亞洲人可能會感染癌癥”與第三段的內容無關。因此B選項正確。

第3題:語義推測題。由題干關鍵詞“unmistakable”定位到第七段最后一句話“Thechemicalsignaturecreatedbythisprocessofroastingortoastingcircuitboards‘isunmistakable’”（這種烘烤或烘烤電路板的過程所產生的化學特征是不會弄錯的）可知劃線單詞表示的是肯定的意思。unmistakable“明顯的；不會弄錯的”；A選項plain“簡單的；樸素的”；B選項likely“很可能的；合適的；有希望的”，代表可能性，但不十分確定；C選項undoubted“無疑的；確信的”；D選項surely“當然；無疑；堅定地；穩當地”為副詞，劃線處為形容詞，所以排除。因此C選項正確。

第4題:判斷推理題。由題干定位本文最后一句話“AndheisworkinginSaudiArabiaonadifferentproblem—helpingdevelop‘greenchemistry’methodsforrecyclingthatcountry’smassiveurbanwastetocreatemethane”（他還在沙特阿拉伯從事另一個問題的研究——開發“綠色化學”方法，回收該國大量城市垃圾產生甲烷）可知，另一個問題即表示沙特阿拉伯的問題是與其他地區的問題不同的；A選項“科學家們一直在努力解決沙特阿拉伯的這個問題”，科學家在從事研究，但沒有提到一直致力于解決沙特阿拉伯的問題；B選項“科學家幫助沙特阿拉伯生產甲烷”說法錯誤，是幫助回收，而不是生產；D選項“看似無用的廢物可以轉化為有用的能源”在原文沒有依據，只是在研究，還沒有成功。因此C選項正確。

第5題:判斷推理題。A選項“汕頭市的這家工廠設備簡陋，無法回收電子垃圾”，由本文第五、六段可知，在汕頭的處理工作極其耗時和繁雜；B選項“‘焙燒過程’可能產生大量有害污染物”、D選項“人們可能會因為呼吸污染的空氣或暴露在污染的空氣中而受到傷害”均說法正確。C選項“中國一直是如此不發達，以至于人們使用如此低技術含量的方法來處理電子垃圾”說法錯誤，文中只提到了汕頭，而且“一直”這個說法過于絕對。因此C選項正確。

17.不定項選擇題

Asinthecaseofsomanywordsusedbythebiologistandphysiologist,thewordacclimatizationishardtodefine.Withincreaseinknowledgeandunderstanding,meaningsofwordschange.Originallythetermacclimatizationwastakentomeanonlytheabilityofhumanbeingsoranimalsorplantstoaccustomthemselvestonewandstrangeclimaticconditions,primarilyalteredtemperature.Apersonorawolfmovestoahotclimateandisuncomfortablethere,butafteratimeisbetterabletowithstandtheheat.Butasidefromtemperature,thereareotheraspectsofclimate.Apersonorananimalmaybecomeadjustedtolivingathigheraltitudesthanthoseitwasoriginallyaccustomedto.Atreallyhighaltitudes,suchasaviatorsmaybeexposedto,thelowatmosphericpressurebecomesafactorofprimaryimportance.Inchangingtoanewenvironment,apersonmay,therefore,meetnewconditionsoftemperatureorpressure,andinadditionmayhavetocontendwithdifferentchemicalsurroundings.Onhighmountains,theamountofoxygenintheatmospheremayberelativelysmall;incrowdedcities,apersonmaybecomeexposedtorelativelyhighconcentrationsofcarbondioxideorevencarbonmonoxide,andinvariousareasmaybeexposedtoconditionsinwhichthewatercontentoftheatmosphereisextremelyhighorextremelylow.Thusinthecaseofhumans,animals,andevenplants,theconceptofacclimatizationincludesthephenomenaofincreasedtolerationofhighorlowtemperature,ofalteredpressure,andofchangesinthechemicalenvironment.

Letusdefineacclimatization,therefore,astheprocessinwhichanorganismorapartofanorganismbecomesusedtoanenvironmentwhichisnormallyunsuitabletoitorlethalforit.Byandlarge,acclimatizationisarelativelyslowprocess.