1、中 國 漢 字Chinese Characters壹貳叁肆contentonetwothreefour漢字的簡介 漢字的發明漢字的發展漢字的結構漢字的簡介q世界上最古老的，承傳的手寫文字q最早出現于5,000 多年前q中國的古老漢字構思來自形象和意象,簡單的形象結合在一起可以構成復雜的意象q漢字是方塊字The Chinese LanguageqIs the oldest, continuous written language in the WorldqFirst written over 5,000 years agoqThe inventors of the written languag

2、e drew pictures to express words or ideas,Simple pictures were combined to make more complex thoughtsqIs square-shaped.Chinese characters were initially meant to be simple pictures use to help people remember things. After a long period of development, it finally became a unique character system tha

3、t embodies phonetic sound, image, idea, and rhyme at the same time.漢字是從原始人用以記事的簡單圖畫，經過演變發展最終成為一種兼具音形意韻的獨特文字。形意音韻soundimageidearhyme Chinese characters are usually round outside and square inside, which is rooted in ancient Chinese beliefs of an orbicular sky and a rectangular earth.漢字結構漢字結構“外圓內方外圓內方

4、”源于古人源于古人“天圓地方天圓地方”的觀念的觀念。漢字的發明漢字的發明The invention of the Chinese charactersn Keep records by tying knots(結繩說）n The Eight Diagrams(八卦說）n Cangjie created the characters(倉頡造字說） 傳說上古時期有個名叫倉頡（傳說上古時期有個名叫倉頡（j）的人，他是黃帝的史官。據說他長著的人，他是黃帝的史官。據說他長著4只眼睛，上面兩只觀日月星辰，下面兩只眼睛，上面兩只觀日月星辰，下面兩只觀看山川鳥獸，據萬物的形狀創造了只觀看山川鳥獸，據萬物的形狀

5、創造了漢字。后人尊他為漢字。后人尊他為“造字圣人造字圣人”。實際。實際上，漢字這樣的文字系統，不是一人一上，漢字這樣的文字系統，不是一人一時所能創造的，而是在發明、積累及形時所能創造的，而是在發明、積累及形成過程中，由許多人慢慢豐富起來的。成過程中，由許多人慢慢豐富起來的。 In legend, there was a figure in remote antiquity named CangJie who was an official historian of Huangdi(known as the Yellow Emperor). It was said that he had 4 e

6、yes, and the upper 2 were for watching the sun, the moon and the stars while the lower 2 for watching mountains, rivers, beasts and birds. And it was he, as the legend goes, who had created the Chinese characters according to the shapes of all things. So he has the title of “Sage of Character-creati

7、on”, as later generations addressed him. Nevertheless, it is improbable for any single person to create a complicated character system at one time. The characters is actually developed by many people gradually in the long process of invention, accumulation, and evolution.漢字的發展漢字的發展the development of

8、 Chinese charactersl Oracle Bone Inscription 甲骨文甲骨文l Bronze Inscriptions 金文金文l Seal Script 篆書篆書l Official Script 隸書隸書l Regular Script 楷書楷書l Cursive Script 草書草書l Running script 行書行書 The oldest Chinese inscriptions are the Oracle bone script 甲骨文甲骨文(BC.14-11). Most of Oracle Bone Inscription are divina

9、tion records, engraved on the tortoise shells or animal bones. Now we have been found more than 4600 oracles, including about 1000 recognized. Oracle is carved with a knife, very little is written, because words have not unified, many words can write, write back, strokes simplified differ, Chinese c

10、haracter component is not fixed, and so many variant characters（異體字）（異體字）.divination Bronze InscriptionsBronze Inscriptions（金文）（金文） refer to ancient refer to ancient inscription cast or carved on the bronze wareinscription cast or carved on the bronze ware（青銅器）（青銅器）. . They are used From Shang,Zhou

11、to Qin,Han dynasties, but They are used From Shang,Zhou to Qin,Han dynasties, but the main findings are the words on the bronze ware of the main findings are the words on the bronze ware of western zhou dynasty.western zhou dynasty.Seal Script（篆書）（篆書） can also be called as “Script of Qin”, including

12、 “Dazhuan（大篆）（大篆）”and “Xiaozhuan（小篆）（小篆）”. At the beginning of the Qin Dynasty, The First Emperor contended the idea that the written script should be standardized in form because the character forms were different from area to area in Zhou times. It was said that Li Si（李斯）（李斯）compiled and The Scrip

13、t emerged finally.In order to make writing more time-saving, he invented a new form which was appreciated by The First Emperor.It is Lishu(隸書）隸書）The formation of the Official script is an important turning-point in history because it lays a foundation for the squatter shape of Chinese characters.Its

14、 said that the Regular script （楷書（楷書）emerged in the Later Han period. It is a kind of more beautiful and simpler form and could set an good example for writing. So it is called “Kaishu” in Chinese because “Kai” means good examples.In addition, famous calligraphers such as Yan Zhenqing（顏真卿）（顏真卿） and

15、Liu Gongquan（柳公權）（柳公權） left quantities of masterpieces for us. The development of Chinese characters grew into a higher level. Regular script（楷書）It became popular in the Jin Dynasty （晉朝（晉朝）as we know the famous calligraphers such as Wang Xizhi（王羲之）王羲之）, Wang Xianzhi（王獻之）（王獻之） and the like.Regular sc

16、ript（楷書）Cursive script Cursive script 草書草書 Cursive Script（草書）（草書） include Zhangcao, Jincao and Kuangcao, all hard to recognize. Zhangcao emerged at Zhang emperor of eastern Han; Jincao emerged at the end of the Later Han period. Kuangcao was created in the tang dynasty, changing, and very difficult

17、to identify, turned into a pure art, there are few practical value. Running script（行書）（行書） emerged at the end of the Eastern Han period. it is a kind of form between regular script and cursive script. It has high artistry and practicality.漢字的結構漢字的結構the structure of the Chinese characteruThe structur

18、e unite of the Chinese character 漢字的結構單位漢字的結構單位uThe order of strokes of character 漢字的漢字的筆順筆順uThe formation of character 漢字的造字法漢字的造字法1、The structure unite of the Chinese character （漢字的結構單位）（漢字的結構單位） There are three aspects to the structure of a Chinese character: the strokes, the components and the w

19、hole character.For example, the character “木木” consists of the strokes ,丨丨,丿丿,乀乀 . It is a basic character and is also used as a component for some other characters.For example,“林林”consists of two 木木 characters. The components are the core structure of a Chinese character. Chinese characters can be

20、divided into character-parts and non-character-parts. For example, 院院 can be divided into the following three parts:阝阝,宀宀,元元 of which 元元 is a character-part, while 阝阝 and 宀宀 are the non-character-parts. The key to learning Chinese characters well is to master their components. Chinese characters are

21、 written by combining various kinds of strokes. These strokes can be divided into basic strokes and combined strokes. Structurally speaking, Chinese characters fall into categories: the single-component characters and the multi-component characters. All of the basic Chinese characters are simple-com

22、ponent characters, such as人人,口口,目目,山山,火火,手手,刀刀,馬馬,牛牛, 日日,月月,羊羊 . The multi-component characters consist or more components, such as 爸爸,媽媽,你你,們們,朋朋. The order of writing components in a character is similar to the stroke order of writing a character. There are three basic types of configuration for m

23、ulti-component characters.The basic rule of Chinese characters stroke order is:2、The order of strokes of character （漢字的筆順）（漢字的筆順）3、The formation of character （漢字的造字法）漢字的造字法） The formation of character refers to the method to create the Chinese characters. Generally speaking, Ancient Chinese method o

24、f creation there are four categories: pictographs(shape), self-explanatory(mean), semasiography(knowing), and Pictophonetic . The current compared with the ancient Chinese characters, and there are some special cases.R R n npeopleK K u umouthm m eyemountainsh nsunfirer r huhu goatswordy y ngngdodo H

25、ieroglyphic Characters（象形）（象形），this creation method is closer to the picture, but complex things, abstract concept cant pictograph, so rely on pictograph can create very few characters, but it is the basis of the formation of Chinese characters. The way to form a character using symbols to indicate

26、the characters meaning is called Self-explanatory Characters（指事）（指事） . There are two types of indication: one is purely symbolic, e.g. shorter horizontal over a longer means 上（上（up）, and the opposite means 下（下（down）;the other type is to add a symbol to hieroglyphic character ,e.g. e.g. adding a 一一to

27、木木,if up means the end of a tree(末末)，if down means the root of a tree(本本). Here, the 一一 is not the numeric. For instance, a knife (刀刀) with an additional dot indicates where the blade is. The left and right in 人人 indicates armpits. The dots here are all indication symbol. Characters formed with two or more independent characters to indicate a new meaning are called Associat