1、Albers GW, Chair; J. CHEST 1998; 114:683S698S Paul HL Kaol動脈粥樣硬化動脈粥樣硬化l纖維肌發育不良纖維肌發育不良( (fibromuscularfibromuscular dysplasiadysplasia) )l高安氏病高安氏病（TakayasusTakayasus ArteritisArteritis）l血管炎（血管炎（vasculitis）(包括放療后包括放療后)l與神經纖維瘤病相關的狹窄與神經纖維瘤病相關的狹窄B-modePower angioColor mappingDopplerTCDFigure 3. Annual ri

2、sk of stroke or vascular death among patients in various high risk subgroups. Wilterdink JL, Easton JD. Arch Neurol 1992; 49:857 863. CarotidCarotidendartereendarterectomyctomy(CEA)(CEA) is a surgical procedure removing plaque material from the lining of an arteryThe procedure to remove plaque build

3、-up from an artery. A surgeon scrapes away the arterial lining, where plaque has formed, and the artery is stitched closed.NASCET. N Engl J Med 1991;325:445-453 ECST. Lancet 1991;337:1235-1243lHigh or bifurcation lesions High or bifurcation lesions 高位或分叉部病變高位或分叉部病變lLow or Low or ostialostial CCA les

4、ions CCA lesions 低位或靠近低位或靠近CCACCA開口處開口處lNeck radiation Neck radiation 頸部放射治療頸部放射治療lPrior radical neck dissection Prior radical neck dissection 既往頸部切開術既往頸部切開術lPrior carotid Prior carotid endarterectomyendarterectomy 既往既往CEACEAlShort, obese necks Short, obese necks 頸部粗短頸部粗短lSpinal immobility due to congenital /acquired Spinal immobility due to congenital /acquired conditions conditions 先天或后天性頸椎不穩定先天或后天性頸椎不穩定lAdditional Additional stenosesstenoses involving the