1、Teaching contents1. Coordination and subordination 2.Subordinate clauses (finite) Nominal clauses Relative clauses Adverbial clauses3. Some few notes on adverbial clauses并列和從屬是兩種不同的連接手段。 eg. The rain stopped. The sun came out. The rain stopped and the sun came out. When the rain stopped, the sun cam

2、e out. 從句 主句 從屬：把次要思想置于結構上的從屬地位，從而突出句子的主要思想。1. Coordination and subordinationSubordinators 從屬連詞從屬連詞 Subordinate clauses are generally introduced by subordinators, which, in terms of word formation構詞法, can be classified into. ,簡單從屬連詞,復雜從屬連詞,關聯從屬連詞.邊際從屬連詞 after although because before directly for if

3、immediately lest like since that though till unless until when(ever) where(ver) whereupon while whilst,etcAlso known asSimple subordinator 簡單從屬連詞Also known as Some of these end in “that”assuming thatbut thatconsidering (that)except (that)excepting (that)for all (that)given (that)granted (that)granti

4、ng (that)in thatin order thatinsofar thatin the event thatnow (that)provided (that)providing (that)save thatseeing (that)so (that)such thatsupposing (that)Complex subordinators復雜從屬連詞Some of these end in “as”according asas far asas long as as soon asforasmuch asinasmuch asinsofar asinsomuch asOthers

5、include:as ifin caseas though Subordinators of this group are composed of as asas sonot so assuch asthe the, etcbarely /hardly/ scarcely whenmore / (-er) / less thanno sooner thanwhether or.This group is sometimes hard to distinguish from complex subordinators.even ifif onlyjust asonly ifevery time

6、(that)the instant (that)the moment (that)due to the fact thatin the sense thatfor the reason thatby reason thatfor fear (that)in spite of the fact thatin the light of the fact thaton account of the fact thaton the grounds thatregardless of the fact that2. Subordinate clauses (finite) 限定從屬從句限定從屬從句 St

7、ructurally, subordinate clauses may be finite, non-finite, or verbless. A finite subordinate clause is one whose predicator is a finite verb phrase.SNominal clauses(名詞性分句，主名詞性分句，主/賓賓/補補/同位同位)SRelative clauses(關系分句，定語從句關系分句，定語從句)SAdverbial clauses(狀語分句，狀語狀語分句，狀語)Nominal clauses名詞性分句名詞性分句Also known as

8、 It can perform most functions of NPsUsually “” or by a wh-word such as etc.Nominal clauses can Nominal clauses名詞性分句名詞性分句It is quite clear the crime was done deliberately. I cant imagine made him behave like that. The mystery is he ever went there at all. My original question, he did it at all, has

9、not yet been answered. You must give it back it belongs. (subject)(object)(subject complement)(appositive)(prepositional phrase)主語從句主語從句 the subject clause 你所說的話是正確的。 is quite true. 我們在什么地方做這個實驗還在討論。 is still under discussion. 大家對他怎樣完成這項工作的都很感興趣。 is of interest to us all. 為什么早晨的太陽看上去比中午的太陽大，這事很有趣。 i

10、s very interesting.Fixed Patterns of Fixed Patterns of Fixed Patterns of 表語從句表語從句 the predicative clause 這就是她昨天請假的原因。 That . 問題在于我們能不能在明天晚上以前完成這項工作。 The question 看起來天要下雪。 It 事物并不總是如其表象。 Things not always are as they seem to be.賓語從句賓語從句 the object clause我知道他很友好而且好客。 I . 我問他是否確信知道自己在做什么？ I him ? 歷史語言學

11、家研究語言是如何隨著時間的推移而發展的。 Historical linguists study how languages evolve over time. 賓語從句賓語從句 the object clause同位語從句同位語從句 the appositive clause 簽訂了合同這件事本身很重要。 was important. 我不相信他殺了他女兒的謠言。 I dont believe . 我們聽到我們中國運動員贏得了許多金牌的消息非常激動。 We were very excited at .同位語從句同位語從句 the appositive clauseor 定語從句定語從句 the

12、 object clause 對約翰昨天告訴的消息我倆都不感興趣。 Neither of us showed any interest in the news John told us yesterday. 聽到暑假將要在大連度過的消息，我們非常高興。 We are delighted at the news we are going to spend our summer vacation in Dalian.狀語從句狀語從句Adverbial clauses 1.時間狀語從句；(adverbial clause of time) 2.地點狀語從句；(adverbial clause of

13、place) 3.原因狀語從句；(adverbial clause of cause) 4.條件狀語從句；(adverbial clause of condition) 5.讓步狀語從句；(adverbial clause of concession) 6.目的狀語從句；(adverbial clause of purpose) 7.結果狀語從句。(adverbial clause of result) 8.方式狀語從句；(adverbial clause of manner) 1.時間狀語從句時間狀語從句(adverbial clause of time) not until, as soo

14、n as, the moment (that) 等我做完作業我才和你一起去。 I wont go with you until I finish my homework. 我們一到家，電話就響了。 As soon as we got home, the telephone rang. 我一看見她就立刻認出她來了。 I recognized her immediately I saw her. 她一來到我就要見她。 I want to see her the moment that she arrives.1.時間狀語從句時間狀語從句(adverbial clause of time) dire

15、ctly, no soonerthan, hardlywhen 老師一進來，大家就靜了下來。 everyone was quiet. 他剛到機場，飛機就起飛了。 had he reached the airport . 這些話剛一出口，他就意識到自己本來應該保持沉默。 had the words been spoken he realized that he should have remained silent.2.地點狀語從句地點狀語從句(adverbial clause of place) Where, wherever, everywhere, anywhere 有志者事竟成。, th

16、ere is a way. 這些天你可以去你想去的地方。 You can go these days. 他們每到一處，都受到熱烈的歡迎。, they were warmly welcomed. 你喜歡哪兒我就帶你去哪兒。 Ill take you .3.原因狀語從句；原因狀語從句；(adverbial clause of cause) now that, seeing that, considering that, in that 你駕駛考試既已及格，就可以獨自開車了。, you can drive on your own. 由于天氣不好，我們要呆在家里了。, well stay at hom

17、e. 考慮到他只學了一年，他的英文講得相當不錯了。, he speaks it very well. 廣告不同于其他交際形式，因為登廣告的人要為其所提供的信息付費。 Advertisement is distinguished from other forms of communication 4.條件狀語從句條件狀語從句(adverbial clause of condition) 如果我能存下足夠的錢，我就買臺計算機。 Ill buy a computer . 除非天氣不好，我的父親晚上總是去散步。, my father always used to take a walk in the

18、evening. 假如你有一百萬英鎊-你怎么花呢？ how would you spend it? 假如你為我負擔費用，我就同意去。 I will agree to go .5.讓步狀語從句；讓步狀語從句；(adverbial clause of concession) 他們雖然沒有得到官方的支持，但仍繼續奮斗。, they continue their struggle. 即使我再次失敗，我也絕不會放棄實驗。, I will not give up the experiment. 盡管她有時很惱人，但我還是喜歡她。 I like her .5.讓步狀語從句；讓步狀語從句；(adverbial clause of concession)5.讓步狀語從句；讓步狀語從句；(adverbial clause of concession)6.目的狀語從句；目的狀語從句；(adverbial clause of purpos