1、精品Unit 5 Materials Research: Today and Future材料研究:今天和未來useful terms:miniaturization 小型化synthetic adj 合成的 人造的biotechnology 生物技術 生物工藝學nanotechnology 納米技術sequence 分子的序列結構tacticity 立構規整度life cycle 壽命周期 使用壽命down scaling 減小尺度smart material 智能材料functional material 功能材料supramolecular chemistry 超分子化學molecula

2、r weight 分子量molecular weight distribution 分子量分布dendritic 樹枝狀的reshuffle 重新洗牌 重組 改組merger 合并 歸并extrapolate 推斷 外推pharmaceutical 制藥的 藥學的synergy 合力 協力 協同作用infrastructure 根底結構entrepreneurial 企業家的fullerene 富勒烯nanotube 納米管hyperbranched 超支化的dendrimer 樹枝狀單體non-covalent 非共價鍵的mindset 固定的習慣venture capital 風險投資Th

3、e future of the business in polymeric materials is influenced to a large extent by three factors：macro-trends in society, developments in science and technology and the outcome of the present turmoil in the chemical industryLooking at the future needs of the society，it is expected that an increasing

4、 pressure will be exerted in the next decades by the society at large on the chemical industry，to come to a higher level of sustainabilityThe development of really sustainable products and processes will become more and more important. On the other hand，the most striking development in material scie

5、nce and technology is an ever increasing control on the molecular and the supramolecular level，up to the nano length scaleThe interest of polymer scientists has shifted from new monomers and their (co) polymers towards functional and smart materials，resulting from the mimicking of the perfect contro

6、l of macromolecular structure and function as found in natureIt is expected that these developments will provide the solutions for more sustainable products and process.在聚合材料方面的市場的未來很大程度上受三個因素的影響：社會的宏觀趨勢，科學與技術的開展和目前化學工業中變動的成果。縱觀社會將來的需求，有人預料，由社會給化學工業帶來的越來越多的壓力將在隨后幾十年間將顯露出來，將到達一個很高的水平并持續下去。真正的可持續的產品和工

7、藝的開展將變得越來越重要。另一個方面，在材料科學與技術中最顯著的開展是不斷的增加對分子水平，超分子水平，一直到納米尺度的操控的能力。聚合物科學家的興趣已經從新的單體和它們的共聚物轉移到功能材料和智能材料，結果就出現了熟練的調控大分子結構和功能的模擬手段，這些大分子是在自然界中發現的。有人預料，這些開展將帶來更多為開發可持續的產品和工藝的解決方法。The third factor is a thorough reshuffling of the activities in the chemical industry. The position of the “advanced materials

8、 in this redistribution is not clear. It might even happen that a substantial part of this business disappears from the chemical industry toward for instance the electronic industry. Traditionally, industrial research tried to establish the link between there elements(Fi)：the running business，the fu

9、ture needs of society and the development in science and technologyAt this moment，change happen in all three spheres， which are so fundamental that industrial polymer research has to adapt in a dramatic way to a completely new situation.第三個因素是在化學工業中的活動的一個徹底的改組。先進材料在這個再分布中的位置不明顯。市場的實質局部從化學工業中消失，并轉向電子

10、工業的時候，它可能正好發生。傳統上,工業研究試圖建立鏈與那些元素之間的關系(Fi):企業經營,未來的社會需求和開展科學與技術。此刻,在所有的三個領域發生變化, 如此根本的工業聚合體研究必須要適應一個戲劇性的方式在一個全新的局面。The changing society 不斷變化的社會The evolution of our society can be illustrated with a series of S-curves, reflecting life cycles of eras (Fig.1.2).After having lived in an agricultural soci

11、ety for ages, we turned into an industrial society at the end of the l8th century. A couple of centuries later, after the second world war, we again entered a new era, triggered by the development of computers. Now, after just some decades, we are at the point to make a new jump into an era, charact

12、erized by an almost unlimited access to knowledge and information via the worldwide web, but also characterized by down scaling and miniaturization, thanks to smart material and function material. This will be the outcome of the integration of the natural and the synthetic approach to materials, the

13、 integration of biotechnology and advanced material science. R.W. Oliver labeled it “the Bioterials age.我們社會的進化可以給出一系列S曲線,反映時代的生命周期(Fig.1.2) 在長期處在一個農業社會之后,我們在18世紀結束的時候變成了一個工業社會。幾個世紀過去了,第二次世界大戰以后我們又進入了一個新的時代,引發電腦的開展。當今,只是幾十年,我們在這一點上使其跳進了一個新時代,其不但以通過全球資訊網獲取幾乎無限知識和資訊為特點,而且由于智能材料和功能材料的運用具有擴展性和小型化。這將是集成自

14、然和材料合成方法，生物技術和先進的材料科學的結果。奧利弗R.W.標示:“這時期。Major changes in society are almost always brought about by technological revolutions. In this respect, I remember Sir George Porter stating that James Watt had liberated more slaves from slavery than any politician ever did by inventing the steam engine. In f

15、act, by this invention, James Watt initiated the industrial era.主要的社會變遷所帶來的幾乎總是技術革命。在這方面,我記得喬治先生波特說過詹姆斯·瓦特通過創造了蒸汽機比任何政治家曾經所做的事兒從奴隸制下解放了更多奴隸。Which are the m or technologies that lie at the basis of present transformation ? 哪個主要的技術是目前轉型的根底?In a study performed by the Study Centre for Technology T

16、rends in the Netherlands, but also in many other studies, it was concluded, at this turn of the centuries, three major waves of technology are affecting society: the silicone technology, the biotechnology and the nanotechnology. Silicon technology took off in the fifties and in fact brought about th

17、e former jump. One can say that it changed the world completely in 50 years. It is expected to level off now and even decline, because further developments will be taken over partly by a new technology: nanotechnology.(Fig.1.3). 荷蘭趨勢研究中心進行了研究，而且很多研究結果說明,在世紀之交,三大波浪影響社會技術：有機硅技術,生物技術和納米技術。硅技術興起于50年代并引起

18、了標志性的跳躍！有人說,它改變世界整整五十年。現在預計已呈平穩趨勢甚至下降,因為事態的進一步開展將由一個新技術:納米技術接管局部。In the mean time , another technology developed: biotechnology. Started in the 1970s, it is now in its fast growing phase. The next wave is the nanotechnology , only in its embryonic phase at this moment . It is the combination or the

19、integration of the latter two technology waves that will bring about the next change . 同時,另一種開發的技術:生物技術。它是從1970年開始的,現在處于快速開展的階段。下一波浪是納米技術,現在只處在它的初級階段在這片刻。化合或后兩者的綜合技術波浪將帶來未來改變。It is hard to predict what the needs of this changing society will be .But, as far as materials are concerned, one can forese

20、e that functional or smart materials for “communication hardware and materials for medical application will certainly boom.很難預測這個變化著的社會將來需要什么。但是,對于材料而言,任何人都可以預見功能材料或智能材料在通訊硬件和醫用材料上必將迅速開展。Changes in science and technology 科學技術領域的變化The integration of biotechnology and nanotechnology can best be illust

21、rated by a picture that I borrowed from Jean-Marie Lehn. I have taken the liberty to adapt it slightly. In the last chapter of this book on “supramolecular chemistry, Jean-Marie Lehn compares natural and “synthetic compounds in a very nice picture in which he puts “controlled complexity against “div

22、ersity and put forward that nature reached a tremendous level of control and complexity with a limited number of chemistry system. In synthetic chemistry on the contrary, we can synthesize an unlimited number of monomers, building blocks and backbones but, until recently, with very limited control a

23、nd complexity.(Fig.1.4).我借杰馬里萊恩圖能更好的說明生物技術和納米技術。我獲得特權改編萊恩的這本書的“超分子化學最后一章，他通過一個非常漂亮的圖畫比擬“自然和“人工化合物, 通過這樣他用“受控制的復雜性來對抗“多樣化并且提出在一定數量化學系統的單體有高的可控性和復雜性。在化學合成上恰恰相反,我們能合成無限數量的單體、原子團和主鏈,但直到現在,也只有限的可控性和復雜性。(Fig.1.4)In recent years progress has been made in two ways . The diversity in molecules synthesized by

24、 living organisms is increased by biotechnology . on the other hand a substantial jump has been made in synthetic chemistry towards more control and complexity, the so-called molecular J.M. Lehn drew an arrow in the diagram and said that progress would be made in that direction . This means that con

25、tinuous mutual interaction between the two fields-biotechnology and molecular nanotechnology-could offer countless opportunities for new concepts.Nanotechnology or nanochemistry.近年來研究在兩方面取得了很大進展。通過生物技術提高了活體合成的多樣性的生物分子。另一方面，在生物化學的可控性和復雜性有了許多突破，所謂的分子的杰馬里萊恩圖在圖解中畫了一個箭頭,這個圖說明反響進程會朝著這個方向前進。這意味著連續兩個領域相互之間的相互作用 生物技術和分子納米技術能夠通過新概念提供無數的時機。 納米技術或納米化學。Time &technology 時間&技術Looking at the developments in